LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT ROGALAPUR (4D5B1J1g) MICROWATERSHED Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka ; Not Available

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Abstract

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Rogalapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 618 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 556 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 62 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 3 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 15 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 13 per cent area very low (57 kg/ha), 78 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 387(63) 91(15) Guava - - Maize - 477(77) Sapota - - Bajra - 478(77) Pomegranate - 387(63) Groundnut - 91(15) Musambi 292(47) 94(15) Sunflower 292(47) 94(15) Lime 292(47) 94(15) Redgram - 387(63) Amla - 478(77) Bengal gram 387(63) 91(15) Cashew - - Cotton 292(47) 185(30) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 478(77) Jamun - 387(63) Tomato - 364(59) Custard apple 387(63) 91(15) Brinjal 156(25) 321(52) Tamarind - 387(63) Onion 368(59) 91(15) Mulberry - - Bhendi 156(25) 321(52) Marigold - 478(77) Drumstick - 387(63) Chrysanthemum - 478(77) Mango - 62(10)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Rogalapur is located at North latitude 160 44' 14.656" and 160 42' 25.406" and East longitude 770 12' 38.501 and 770 10' 14.78" covering an area of about 617.94 ha coming under Pogalapura, Kuyyalura and Mushthuru villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Rogalapur micro watersheds of Haligeri subwatershed, Yadagiri taluk, Yadagiri District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 12 (34.29 %) were marginal, 10 (28.57%) were small and 10 (28.57 %) were Semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 106 (58.56%) men and 75 (41.44 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (37.57%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 51.93 per cent illiterates, 0.55 percent was functional literates, 9.39 per cent pre university education and 3.87 per cent attained graduation.  About, 68.57 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 22.86 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural laborers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 30.39 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 60.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 31.43 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 48.57 per cent possess TV, 22.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.43 per cent possess mobile phones and 51.43 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess tractor, 2.86 per cent possess bullock cart and 20.00 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 34.29 per cent possess local cow and 8.57 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.17, women available in the micro watershed was 1.5, hired labour (men) available was 9.58 and hired labour (women) available was 7.25.  In the study area, about 0.55 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 700.00 kms for about 48.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 53.35 per cent (35.43 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 44.02 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 4.00 live bore wells and 5.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 11.43 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Cotton, Paddy, Groundnut and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.71 percent possessed bank account and 28.57 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 11.43 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 50.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 50 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 46.67 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, 20.00 per cent higher rate of interest and 33.33 per cent Forced to sell the produce at low price to repay loan in time.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Cotton, Paddy, Groundnut and Green gram was Rs.18334.91 , 33748.35, 37527.77, 45424.48, and 25758.41 with benefit cost ratio of 1: 1.2, 1: 2.1, 1: 3.4, 1:0.8 and 1:1.9, respectively.  Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The farmer has annual gross expenditure of Rs. 162406.36 in micro-watershed, of which Rs. 30228.57 is from agriculture itself.  Sampled households have grown 4 horticulture trees and 84 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1742.86 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, the sources of finance raised from bank as a loan and from own sources for land development were 11.43 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 60.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 31.43 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 82.86 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (62.86%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  About, 2.86 per cent of farmers practicing Farm Pond and 5.71 per cent of farmers practicing Bore Well Recharge Pit as soil and water conservation structures.  Fire wood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 60.00 per cent of the households and 28.57 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 91.43 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 54.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (22.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (91.43%) wild animal menace on farm field ( 85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (91.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (65.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.43%), high rate of interest on credit (80.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (97.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.86%), inadequate extension services (34.29%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (65.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project