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Quantifying groundwater recharge in crystalline rocks presents great difficulties due to the high heterogeneity of the underground medium (mainly, due to heterogeneity in fracture network, which determines hydraulic parameters of the bedrock like hydraulic conductivity or effective porosity). Traditionally these rocks have been considered to have very low permeability, and their groundwater resources have usually been neglected; however, they can be of local importance when the bedrock presents a net of well-developed fractures. The current European Water Framework Directive requires an efficient management of all groundwater resources; this begins with a proper knowledge of the aquifer and accurate recharge estimation. In this study, an assessment of groundwater resources in the Spanish hydrologic district of Galicia-Costa, dominated by granitic and metasedimentary rocks, was carried out. A water-balance modeling approach was used for estimating recharge rates in nine pilot catchments representatives of both geologic materials. These results were cross-validated with an independent technique, i.e. the chloride mass balance (CMB). A relation among groundwater recharge and annual precipitation according to two different logistic curves was found for both granites and metasedimentary rocks, thus allowing the parameterization of recharge by means of only a few hydrogeological parameters. Total groundwater resources in Galicia-Costa were estimated to be 4427 hm3 yr−1. An analysis of spatial and temporal variability of recharge was also carried out. ; This work has been co-funded by Augas de Galicia and the Galician government Xunta de Galicia, within the framework of research project INCITE09 203 072 PR and by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The first author has been granted a F.P.U. fellowship by the Spanish Ministry of Education ; SI

Finn. Zsfassung u.d.T.: Järvien ainetasemallien kehittäminen

Dass Ulla Schmalz einmal selbst Betroffene war (ihr alkoholkranker Mann starb an Leberzirrhose noch vor seinem 50. Geburtstag) ist in ihrem Angehörigenratgeber unverkennbar. Die mit vielen Fallbeispielen unterlegten Informationen über das Krankheitsbild, das Geschehen in einer Suchtfamilie (Stichwort: Ko-Abhängigkeit), den Weg des Angehörigen aus der Verstrickung inklusive der Frage: "Gehen oder bleiben", die Angebote der Suchthilfe und die Begleitung des Abhängigen aus der Sucht sind getragen von Empathie und Authentizität und gestatten es den Betroffenen, durch vielerlei Übungen zu Reflexion und positiver Veränderung der eigenen Situation in Richtung Selbstwertgefühl und -verantwortung zu gelangen.

The article presents the mass and energy balances of the sucrose crystallization process in a continuous evaporating crystallizer. The developed algorithm allows to assess the working conditions of the continuous evaporating crystallizers and the technological and energy parameters. The energy balance algorithm takes into account the heat released during the crystallization of sucrose, which was analyzed in this study, heat losses to the environment and heat losses due the vapor used for inert gas removal.

Ingestion of soil by young children may be an important source of exposure to environmental contaminants. Estimates of soil ingestion have been made by several studies using trace elements in a mass‐balance approach, but differ substantially between studies and trace elements. We conduct a meta‐analysis of four major mass‐balance soil ingestion studies conducted on children between one and seven in the summer/fall in the northern United States. The analysis takes advantage of primary data from all studies, and provides a more complete description of soil ingestion among children. The meta‐analysis uses data based on the two most reliable trace elements, Al and Si, that have passed a screening to identify and exclude measures with a high likelihood of bias. Details are described in a companion paper. The best linear unbiased predictor is used in a mixed model to estimate soil ingestion for study subjects. Overall, 11% of subject‐periods are identified as outliers and excluded from the analysis. An analysis on 216 children based on Al and Si as tracer elements indicates that the mean (median) soil ingestion is 26 mg/day (33 mg/day), with the 95th percentile estimated as 79 mg/day. This systematic approach provides more reliable estimates than individual study results. There is some evidence that soil ingestion increases with a child's age, but insufficient data to distinguish soil ingestion by gender.