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Abstract. Forecasting avalanche danger at a regional scale is a largely data-driven yet also experience-based decision-making process by human experts. In the case of public avalanche forecasts, this assessment process terminates in an expert judgment concerning summarizing avalanche conditions by using one of five danger levels. This strong simplification of the continuous, multi-dimensional nature of avalanche hazard allows for efficient communication but inevitably leads to a loss of information when summarizing the severity of avalanche hazard. Intending to overcome the discrepancy between determining the final target output in higher resolution while maintaining the well-established standard of assessing and communicating avalanche hazard using the avalanche danger scale, avalanche forecasters at the national avalanche warning service in Switzerland used an approach that combines absolute and relative judgments. First, forecasters make an absolute judgment using the five-level danger scale. In a second step, a relative judgment is made by specifying a sub-level describing the avalanche conditions relative to the chosen danger level. This approach takes into account the human ability to reliably estimate only a certain number of classes. Here, we analyze these (yet unpublished) sub-levels, comparing them with data representing the three contributing factors of avalanche hazard: snowpack stability, the frequency distribution of snowpack stability, and avalanche size. We analyze both data used in operational avalanche forecasting and data independent of the forecast, going back 5 years. Using a sequential analysis, we first establish which data are suitable and in which part of the danger scale they belong by comparing their distributions at consecutive danger levels. In a second step, integrating these findings, we compare the frequency of locations with poor snowpack stability and the number and size of avalanches with the forecast sub-level. Overall, we find good agreement: a higher sub-level is generally related to more locations with poor snowpack stability and more avalanches of larger size. These results suggest that on average avalanche forecasters can make avalanche danger assessments with higher resolution than the five-level danger scale. Our findings are specific to the current forecast set-up in Switzerland. However, we believe that avalanche warning services making a hazard assessment using a similar temporal and spatial scale as currently used in Switzerland should also be able to refine their assessments if (1) relevant data are sufficiently available in time and space and (2) a similar approach combining absolute and relative judgment is used. The sub-levels show a rank-order correlation with data related to the three contributing factors of avalanche hazard. Hence, they increase the predictive value of the forecast, opening the discussion on how this information could be provided to forecast users.

A autoestima é um construto da personalidade, que consiste na avaliação que o indivíduo faz de si mesmo, nas atitudes de aprovação ou desaprovação demonstradas por relatos verbais e no comportamento dos indivíduos, com base em Coopersmith (1967, 1989) e Pacheco (2004). O objetivo deste artigo é mensurar a autoestima de trabalhadores de uma empresa brasileira de segurança e limpeza, por meio da Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI), obtendo-se uma amostra de 902 trabalhadores. O desenho metodológico apresenta quatro fases, avaliação da dimensionalidade, análise dos itens pela TRI, criação da escala e posicionamento dos trabalhadores na escala. Utilizou-se o Generalized Graded Unfolding Model (GGUM) para o estabelecimento de uma escala com 16 itens. Destaca-se que onze itens representaram um baixo nível de autoestima, atribuindo a responsabilidade da tomada de decisão a outras pessoas ou a algo externo à vontade ou controle do trabalhador. Cinco itens refletiram uma elevada autoestima. Os trabalhadores desse nível da escala demonstraram maior controle sobre a própria vida, em função de suas escolhas e não apenas do destino. A escala de autoestima permitiu comparar os escores entre os trabalhadores, obtendo medidas individuais. Em conclusão, é possível aplicar esta escala a outras populações com amostras de pelo menos um trabalhador, considerando a propriedade de invariância da TRI.

Palavras-chave: Unfolding Model Psychometric. Teoria de Resposta ao Item. Graded Response Model. Ergonomia. Desenvolvimento de escala.

Abstract
Self-esteem is a personality construct, consisting to the evaluation that the individual makes of himself, attitudes of approval or disapproval shown by verbal reports, and behavior of the individuals, based on Coopersmith (1967, 1989) and Pacheco (2004). The aim of this article is to measure self-esteem among workers of a security and cleaning Brazilian company, using Item Response Theory (IRT). We obtained a sample of 902 workers. The methodological design presents four phases, dimensionality evaluation, items analysis using IRT, creation of scale, and placement of the workers on the scale. We used the Generalized Graded Unfolding Model (GGUM) for establishing a scale with 16 items. We highlighted that eleven items represented a low self-esteem level, assigning the decision-making responsibility to other people or to something external to the will or control of the worker. Five items reflected a high self-esteem. The workers in this scale level showed greater control over their own lives, as a result of their choices and not merely of fate. The self-esteem scale allowed comparing scores between workers, obtaining individual measures. In conclusion, it is possible to apply this scale to other populations with samples of at least one worker, considering the invariance property of IRT.

Keywords: Unfolding Model Psychometric. Item Response Theory. Graded Response Model. Ergonomics. Scale Development.

AbstractBackgroundThe restoration of lake ecosystems requires a good knowledge of the lake's history and the driving mechanism of environmental changes. In this study, we used Lake Datong, the largest inland lake in Hunan Province China, as an example to study the effects of aquaculture, based on historical data of aquatic creature, diatom inferred-total phosphorous (DI-TP) data, and an Ecopath model. Lake Datong has undergone several stages of aquaculture from 1980, with a rapid increase in fish production and fish feed supplementation at each stage. Its water quality has deteriorated since the introduction of aquaculture and the lake has become moderate eutrophic status.ResultsAccording to the DI-TP data, before 1930, Lake Datong was in a mesotrophic status (50–60 μg/L DI-TP). Between 1930 and 1980, the number of nutrient-tolerant species increased slightly, which indicates a nutrient increase in the lake (66–83 μg/L DI-TP). From the 1980s to 2010 and especially since 2000, eutrophication increased rapidly, with eutrophic species dominating the diatom assemblage, such asStephanodiscus hantzschii,S. minutulus, and a sudden decrease inAulacoseira granulata(< 10%). The annual average DI-TP concentration was 202 μg/L. After 2010, DI-TP decreased to 127–152 μg/L. In 2019, consumer biomass in Lake Datong was very low because the large-scale aquaculture was restricted by local government. The biomass of submerged macrophytes was relatively high, indicating that excessive primary producers had not been used by consumers and therefore, had not entered the food web. This led to a reduction in the energy transfer efficiency (TE) of the ecosystem.ConclusionsThe succession of the water ecosystem of Lake Datong is reappeared by DI-TP analysis and historical reference data. Lake Datong has experienced four stages of eutrophication succession following the introduction of aquaculture activities, with dramatic changes in the composition and biomass of its aquatic creatures. After comprehensive management in 2017, the consumer biomass of Lake Datong was at a relatively lower level, and the biomass of submerged macrophytes was higher, meaning a large quantity of primary producers had not been used by consumers, thus had not entered the food web, which consequently reduces the energy TE of the ecosystem. Future management needs to pay attention to making a suitable macrophyte harvest plan, stocking herbivorous and omnivorous fish, and establishing rational fishing, which can not only enhance the energy flows and nutrient cycling of the ecosystem, but also improve the food web structure. Our results provide important reference values and theoretical support for decision-makers and stakeholders in the subsequent management of similar shallow lake-water ecosystems.

Background: To control epidemic waves, it is important to know the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and its evolution over time in relation to the control measures taken. Aim: To assess the evolving SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and seroincidence related to the first national lockdown in Belgium, we performed a nationwide seroprevalence study, stratified by age, sex and region using 3,000-4,000 residual samples during seven periods between 30 March and 17 October 2020. Methods: We analysed residual sera from ambulatory patients for IgG antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein with a semiquantitative commercial ELISA. Weighted seroprevalence (overall and by age category and sex) and seroincidence during seven consecutive periods were estimated for the Belgian population while accommodating test-specific sensitivity and specificity. Results: The weighted overall seroprevalence initially increased from 1.8% (95% credible interval (CrI): 1.0-2.6) to 5.3% (95% CrI: 4.2-6.4), implying a seroincidence of 3.4% (95% CrI: 2.4-4.6) between the first and second collection period over a period of 3 weeks during lockdown (start lockdown mid-March 2020). Thereafter, seroprevalence stabilised, however, significant decreases were observed when comparing the third with the fifth, sixth and seventh period, resulting in negative seroincidence estimates after lockdown was lifted. We estimated for the last collection period mid-October 2020 a weighted overall seroprevalence of 4.2% (95% CrI: 3.1-5.2). Conclusion: During lockdown, an initially small but increasing fraction of the Belgian population showed serologically detectable signs of exposure to SARS-CoV-2, which did not further increase when confinement measures eased and full lockdown was lifted. ; This work received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program - project EpiPose (No 101003688), the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement 682540 TransMID), the Flemish Research Fund (FWO 1150017N) and from The Antwerp University Fund, which is a community of donors who contribute to research and education with their personal commitment through a donation, gift, bequest or through academic chairs. The funders had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, writing or submitting of the report. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. We acknowledge the Belgian laboratories that voluntarily collected sera and data for this study: Algemeen Medisch Laboratorium (AML, Antwerpen), Laboratoire Luc OLIVIER (Fernelmont), Declerck Klinisch Laboratorium (Ardooie), Klinisch Labo RIGO (Genk), Labo Anacura/Nuytinck (Evergem), Labo Somedi (Heist-op-den-Berg), Labo LBS (Brussels), Laboratoire Bauduin (Enghien), Medisch labo Bruyland (Kortrijk), Synlab (Luik).

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade da Coruña/CISUG ; [Abstract] Medical imaging, and particularly retinal imaging, allows to accurately diagnose many eye pathologies as well as some systemic diseases such as hypertension or diabetes. Registering these images is crucial to correctly compare key structures, not only within patients, but also to contrast data with a model or among a population. Currently, this field is dominated by complex classical methods because the novel deep learning methods cannot compete yet in terms of results and commonly used methods are difficult to adapt to the retinal domain. In this work, we propose a novel method to register color fundus images based on previous works which employed classical approaches to detect domain-specific landmarks. Instead, we propose to use deep learning methods for the detection of these highly-specific domain-related landmarks. Our method uses a neural network to detect the bifurcations and crossovers of the retinal blood vessels, whose arrangement and location are unique to each eye and person. This proposal is the first deep learning feature-based registration method in fundus imaging. These keypoints are matched using a method based on RANSAC (Random Sample Consensus) without the requirement to calculate complex descriptors. Our method was tested using the public FIRE dataset, although the landmark detection network was trained using the DRIVE dataset. Our method provides accurate results, a registration score of 0.657 for the whole FIRE dataset (0.908 for category S, 0.293 for category P and 0.660 for category A). Therefore, our proposal can compete with complex classical methods and beat the deep learning methods in the state of the art. ; This research was funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Government of Spain, DTS18/00 136 research project; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación y Universidades, Government of Spain, RTI2018-095 894-B-I00 research project; Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Universidade, Xunta de Galicia through the predoctoral grant contract ref. ED481A 2021/147 and Grupos de Referencia Competitiva, grant ref. ED431C 2020/24; CITIC, Centro de Investigación de Galicia ref. ED431G 2019/01, receives financial support from Consellería de Educación, Universidade e Formación Profesional, Xunta de Galicia, through the ERDF (80%) and Secretaría Xeral de Universidades (20%). The funding institutions had no involvement in the study design, in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Funding for open access charge: Universidade da Coruña/CISUG ; Xunta de Galicia; ED481A 2021/147 ; Xunta de Galicia; ED431C 2020/24 ; Xunta de Galicia; ED431G 2019/01

ABSTRACT The Palu City Government plans to reactivate the biogas power plant (PLTBg) project in Kawatuna landfill, which was operated in 2013. Both economic and environmental benefits of the project are important for decision makers. The environmental benefit include the potential reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions by the project. The economic benefits are important to estimate as the financial attractiveness of the project, which include the electricity generated and revenue from Certified Emission Reduction (CER). This study aims (1) to estimate the potential GHGs emissions produced by the Kawatuna landfill before PLTBg project, (2) to estimate the potential GHGs emissions reduction due to the project, (3) to calculate the potential CER that can be obtained from the project. This study employs Clean Development mechanism (CDM) AMS-III.G method to estimate the potential GHGs reduction and a simple quantitative analysis to calculate the potential CER of the project. The results show that based on the BAU Scenario in 2021, the estimated baseline GHGs emissions is 16.148,74 t CO2e, the potential GHGs reduction after the project would reach 61,40% of the total GHGs emissions generated and the range of potential CER would be from 28.595.318 IDR to 72.329.334 IDR. From 2021 to 2030, total present value of CER would reach 563.358.389 IDR. Keywords: CDM, CER, GHG Emissions, Kawatuna, PLTBg ABSTRAK Pemerintah Kota Palu berencana menghidupkan kembali proyek pembangkit listrik tenaga biogas (PLTBg) di TPA Kawatuna yang sempat beroperasi pada tahun 2013. Informasi mengenai manfaat yang akan diperoleh dari sudut pandang ekonomi dan lingkungan adalah penting bagi pengambil keputusan. Salah satu manfaat lingkungan yaitu potensi reduksi emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) oleh proyek PLTBg. Manfaat ekonomi penting untuk diestimasi sebagai daya tarik finansial dari proyek, di antaranya berasal dari nilai potensi energi listrik yang dihasilkan dan penerimaan proyek dari Certified Emission Reduction (CER). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) mengestimasi potensi emisi GRK yang dihasilkan oleh TPA Kawatuna sebelum implementasi proyek pemulihan gas metana, (2) mengestimasi potensi reduksi GRK dari proyek tersebut, (3) menghitung potensi nilai CER yang dapat dihasilkan dari proyek tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode CDM AMS-III.G untuk mengestimasi potensi reduksi GRK dan menggunakan kuantitatif sederhana untuk mengestimasi nilai CER proyek. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan melalui Skenario BAU pada tahun 2021, potensi emisi GRK sebelum adanya proyek adalah 16,148,74 t CO2e dan potensi reduksi GRK setelah adanya proyek mencapai 61,40% dari total emisi yang dihasilkan. Potensi penerimaan CER proyek pada tahun 2021 berkisar antara Rp 28.595.318 hingga Rp 72.329.334 dan total present value penerimaan CER pada tahun 2021-2030 mencapai Rp 563.358.389. Kata kunci: CDM, CER, Emisi GRK, Kawatuna, PLTBg

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that escape from immune neutralization are challenging vaccines and antibodies developed to stop the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, it is important to establish therapeutics directed toward multiple or specific SARS-CoV-2 variants. The envelope spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 is the key target of neutralizing antibodies (Abs). We selected a panel of nine nanobodies (Nbs) from dromedary camels immunized with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S, and engineered Nb fusions as humanized heavy chain Abs (hcAbs). Nbs and derived hcAbs bound with subnanomolar or picomolar affinities to the S and its RBD, and S-binding cross-competition clustered them in two different groups. Most of the hcAbs hindered RBD binding to its human ACE2 (hACE2) receptor, blocked cell entry of viruses pseudotyped with the S protein and neutralized SARS-CoV-2 infection in cell cultures. Four potent neutralizing hcAbs prevented the progression to lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection in hACE2-transgenic mice, demonstrating their therapeutic potential. Cryo-electron microscopy identified Nb binding epitopes in and out the receptor binding motif (RBM), and showed different ways to prevent virus binding to its cell entry receptor. The Nb binding modes were consistent with its recognition of SARS-CoV-2 RBD variants; mono and bispecific hcAbs efficiently bound all variants of concern except omicron, which emphasized the immune escape capacity of this latest variant. ; This work was partially funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN; https://www.ciencia.gob.es/) and the Spanish Research Council (CSIC; https://www.csic.es/) under grants PIE-RD-COVID 19 (No 202020E079) and PTI+ Salud Global REC_EU (No SGL 2103051, NextGenerationEU) to LF, JMC, PG, and UG, and (No SGL 2103053, NextGenerationEU) to MM-A. This study was partially conducted within the CSIC Antiviral Screening Network, an infrastructure supported by NextGeneration EU funds (https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/recovery-plan-europe_es) from the European Union and the European Virus Archive Global (EVag) of the European Union's Horizon 2020 (https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/home) research and innovation programme (No 871029) to PG and UG. EM facilities of CNB-CSIC were supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN; https://www.ciencia.gob.es/), EU-FEDER (https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/es/funding/erdf/) CRIOMECORR project (ESFRI-2019-01-CSIC-16). JMC access to the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) CM01 line through the Iberian-BAG, and to the Instruct Image Processing Center (I2PC, http://i2pc.es/) by projects PID16168 and PID14989. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ; Peer reviewed

The Reflective STRENGTH-Giving Dialogue (STRENGTH) method was developed, grounded in a lifeworld perspective, with a focus on identifying and meeting older persons' needs for the promotion of health and well-being. In this thesis, STRENGTH, including the digital tool SelfSTRENGTH, was tested in the context of community-dwelling older persons living with long-term health problems. The overall aim was to describe how life with long-term health problems is experienced and influenced by the Reflective STRENGTH-Giving Dialogue intervention, including the SelfSTRENGTH app, by community-dwelling older persons. The research was conducted based on a reflective lifeworld approach, through qualitative and quantitative method studies. Three of the studies had a qualitative, descriptive, and inductive design based on individual interviews and reflection notes with the older persons in the intervention group (Papers I–III). Analysis was conducted using phenomenology (Papers I–II), and phenomenography (Paper III). One study had a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest no-treatment control group design (Paper IV), and was analyzed using nonparametric paired statistics. Altogether, 60 older persons in the fourth age participated in the studies. The finding showed, according to self-reports, that STRENGTH immediately and significantly reduced the impact of health problems on daily life, and increased well-being after each single dialogue. The content and outcome of the dialogues are affected by intersubjectivity, which is influenced by the healthcare professional (HCP) and the older person's ability, as well as the relationship between them. STRENGTH dialogues that have an existential dimension are described as a starting point to provide a "push" toward joy and meaning. When the understanding of an older person's holistic situation, including the past, present, and future, is tactfully and sensitively challenged with reflection and an emphasis on possibilities, the dialogues support joy and meaning in life. Dialogues of this nature have been lacking, as older persons may choose not to have that conversation with their family or HCPs, and HCPs may not attend to the older person's existential needs and concerns. It is important when living in the feeling of a diminishing world for older persons to be involved in decisions that concern their lives and care, and to engage in life projects that improve well-being. This is made possible through the dialogues and use of the SelfSTRENGTH app. However, use of the app is hindered by resistance to digital technology and the occurrence of health problems. To foster healthy ageing, HCPs need increased knowledge and favorable conditions for caring conversations and provision of digital support that older persons with long-term health problems need for participation in a digital society.

Funding Information: GC is supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) through a PhD Scholarship (SFRH/BD/130210/2017). AJO-M is supported by grant FCT-PTDC/MEC-PSQ/ 30302/2017-IC&DT-LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER, funded by national funds from FCT/MCTES and co-funded by FEDER, under the Partnership Agreement Lisboa 2020—Programa Operacional Regional de Lisboa, and the BOUNCE (grant agreement number 777167) and FAITH (grant agreement number 875358) projects, funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. GC and AJO-M are supported by grant FCT-PTDC/MED-NEU/31331/2017, funded by FCT/MCTES. Funding Information: AJO-M was national coordinator for Portugal of a non-interventional study (EDMS-ERI-143085581, 4.0) to characterize a Treatment-Resistant Depression Cohort in Europe, sponsored by Janssen-Cilag, Ltd (2019-2020), is recipient of a grant from Schuhfried GmBH for norming and validation of cognitive tests, and is national coordinator for Portugal of trials of psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression, sponsored by Compass Pathways, Ltd (EudraCT number 2017-003288-36 and 2020-001348-25), and of esketamine for treatment-resistant depression, sponsored by Janssen-Cilag, Ltd (EudraCT NUMBER: 2019-002992-33). None of the aforementioned agencies had a role in the design and conduct of the study, in the collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data, in the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript, nor in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s). ; Mania, the diagnostic hallmark of bipolar disorder, is an episodic disturbance of mood, sleep, behavior, and perception. Improved understanding of the neurobiology of mania is expected to allow for novel avenues to address current challenges in its diagnosis and treatment. Previous research focusing on the impairment of functional neuronal circuits and brain networks has resulted in heterogenous findings, possibly due to a focus on bipolar disorder and its several phases, rather than on the unique context of mania. Here we present a comprehensive overview of the evidence regarding the functional neuroanatomy of mania. Our interpretation of the best available evidence is consistent with a convergent model of lateralized circuit dysfunction in mania, with hypoactivity of the ventral prefrontal cortex in the right hemisphere, and hyperactivity of the amygdala, basal ganglia, and anterior cingulate cortex in the left hemisphere of the brain. Clarification of dysfunctional neuroanatomic substrates of mania may contribute not only to improve understanding of the neurobiology of bipolar disorder overall, but also highlights potential avenues for new circuit-based therapeutic approaches in the treatment of mania. ; publishersversion ; published

Diese Masterarbeit setzt sich mit dem Thema "Klimawandel und Soziale Arbeit. Analyse der Offenen Jugendarbeit Graz zur Bewältigung der Klimakrise" auseinander. Die Soziale Arbeit als Menschenrechtsprofession sollte mit Methoden der Lebensweltorientierung, des Empowerments, der Partizipation, der Sozialraumorientierung und Gemeinwesenarbeit sowie Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung auf diese Krise reagieren. Die Klimakrise ist nicht ausschließlich ökologisch, sondern, wie die Nachhaltigkeitsdimensionen vorgeben, ebenso eine ökonomische und soziale Krise. Der voranschreitende Klimawandel kann durch nachhaltiges Handeln eingedämmt werden. Handeln und Strukturen bedingen einander. Die Jugendgeneration wird sich mit der Klimakrise auseinanderzusetzen haben, da es diese unmittelbar betreffen wird. In Form einer Online-Umfrage für Leitungspersonen der Grazer Jugendzentren und einer Gruppendiskussion mit Entscheidungsträger:innen, wird sich im empirischen Teil auf die Offene Jugendarbeit Graz fokussiert. Die Leistung der Offenen Jugendarbeit in Graz zur Bewältigung des Klimawandels ist durch einzelne Projekte, niederschwellige Aktivitäten, Alltagsgespräche und Vorbildwirkung gekennzeichnet. Haltungen, Werte und Beziehungsarbeit sind essenzielle Instrumente. Leitungspersonen sind sich zum größten Teil bewusst über die Klimakrise und ihr Ausmaß. Einige sind der Meinung, der Klimawandel sei in den Lebenswelten der Jugendlichen nicht vorhanden. Auf unterschiedliche Milieus müsste entsprechend eingegangen werden.Vernetzung ist, nach der Verfasserin der Masterarbeit, Lisa Stipsits, einer der wichtigsten Schritte, welchen die Offene Jugendarbeit tätigen kann. Eine Zusammenarbeit mit Umweltinitiativen, Aktivist:innen und NGOs ist notwendig. Jugendarbeiter:innen haben sich mit der Thematik der Klimakrise zu befassen und dies sollte bereits in deren Ausbildung gefördert werden. Weiters müsste dies in den Qualitätsanforderungen der Offenen Jugendarbeit verfestigt werden. ; This master thesis deals with the topic "Climate change and social work. Analysis of the open youth work Graz to cope with the climate crisis". Social work as a human rights profession should react to this crisis with methods of lifeworld orientation, em-powerment, participation, community work and education for sustainable develop-ment. The climate crisis is not exclusively ecological, but, as the sustainability dimen-sions suggest, also an economic and social crisis. The advancing climate change can be contained through sustainable action. Action and structures are interdependent. Especially the youth generation will have to deal with the climate crisis, as it will af-fect them directly. In the form of an online survey for leaders of youth centers in Graz and a group discussion with decision makers, the empirical part focuses on the open youth work Graz. The performance of the open youth work in Graz to cope with cli-mate change is characterized by individual projects, low-threshold activities, everyday conversations and role model effect. Attitudes, values and relationship work are essen-tial instruments. Leaders are mostly aware of the effects of the climate crisis and its magnitude. Some are of the opinion that climate change is not present in the life of young people. Different milieus should be addressed accordingly.According to the author of the master thesis, Lisa Stipsits, networking is one of the most important steps that open youth work can take. A cooperation with environmental initiatives, activists and NGOs is necessary. Youth workers have to deal with the topic of the climate crisis and this should already be promoted in their education program. Furthermore, this should be consolidated in the quality requirements of open youth work. ; Arbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprüft ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Masterarbeit Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz 2022

2015 roku miało miejsce apogeum kryzysu imigracyjnego na świecie, w tym w Europie. We wspomnianym roku liczba nielegalnych przekroczeń granic Unii Europejskiej wzrosła do 1 822 337 w porównaniu do 282 962 w 2014 roku. Podjęte wówczas na forum UE decyzje o realizacji mechanizmu relokacji i przesiedleń wywołały ostry konflikt polityczny. W sporze pojawiały się różne argumenty zwolenników i przeciwników przyjętych rozwiązań, w tym wiążące zaprojektowane mechanizmy z kwestią bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państw przyjmujących. W niniejszym artykule przyjęto założenie, że każda sytuacja kryzysowa wiąże się z zagrożeniami dla bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państwa, a jako cel postawiono identyfikację faktów i danych odnoszących się do związku między kwestią bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego a kryzysem imigracyjnym. Jako punkt odniesienia przyjęto sytuację w Republice Federalnej Niemiec. Główne pytania badawcze skoncentrowano na identyfikacji rozmiaru i struktury zagrożeń związanych z napływem osób niepożądanych, przestępczością, integracją zawodową imigrantów, sytuacją zdrowotną oraz utratą długofalowej kontroli nad procesami migracyjnymi. Metodą wykorzystaną w badaniu jest analiza danych zastanych. Z analizy wynika, że na przykładzie państwa niemieckiego można stwierdzić, iż największe zagrożenia dla bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego związane z kryzysem imigracyjnym dotyczyły takich kwestii, jak niekontrolowany napływ osób niepożądanych oraz przestępczość.

Immigration crisis in 2015 and internal security on the example of the Federal Republic of Germany

The year 2015 was the apogee of the immigration crisis in the world, including Europe. In this year the number of illegal border crossings in the European Union rose to 1 822 337 in comparison with 282 962 in 2014. The decisions taken at that time on the EU forum on the implementation of the relocation and resettlement mechanism caused a sharp political dispute. This dispute gave rise to various arguments for and against the adopted solutions, including binding designed mechanisms with the issue of internal security of host countries. This article assumes that any crisis situation involves threats to the internal security of the State, and aims to identify facts and data relating to the relationship between internal security and the immigration crisis. The situation in the Federal Republic of Germany is taken as a reference. The main research questions focused on the identification of the extent and structure of threats related to the influx of undesirable people, crime, labour market integration of immigrants, the health situation and the loss of long-term control over migration processes. The method used in the study is the desk research. The analysis shows that, based on the example of the German state, the greatest threats to internal security posed by the immigration crisis concerned issues such as uncontrolled inflows of unwanted persons and crime.

Purpose
The increased awareness among consumers and strong competition have forced companies to put extra efforts and fulfill their social responsibility along with earning profits. The research aims to review corporate social responsibility (CSR)-related literature specifically determinants, outcomes and disclosure of CSR while adapting a comparative approach for developing and developed countries.


Design/methodology/approach
Based on theoretical frameworks of CSR, the authors have reviewed past studies conducted in past 10 years. While using keywords and synonyms, the databases such as JSTOR, Emerald, SpringerLink and ScienceDirect were used for searching impact factor and Scopus journals. Thematic analysis has been used as a method in the paper while identifying the key themes in study and presented them separately. Only those articles have been included which have key words in abstract. The review has been done while using logical process to improve inter-rater reliability. The key databased have been used to cover articles from multiple and diverse domains. The authors studied the key themes of literature found and identified the gaps. The paper has also incorporated the comments of authors who conducted credible studies.


Findings
It has been found that there are different determinants which lead the companies to involve in CSR practices in developing and developed countries. It has also been found that consumers are more aware about CSR in developed countries which effects the CSR decisions by firms. There is lack of literature available in developing states and researchers have been focused to conduct studies mainly developed countries such as in Europe and USA. Mostly the CSR behavior of companies has been linked with their financial and reputational benefits in empirical studies. There is large gap in literature on CSR involvement in small companies. The authors have developed and presented model which provides comparison of determinants leading toward CSR involvement by companies in developed and developing countries. Another framework has been developed which summarized all the factors which force the company to take part in CSR activities.


Practical implications
The study has made significant contribution toward research field and summarized the determinants based on social and economic factors of countries. The study also presented the comparison between CSR in developing and developed country which is valuable contribution by the authors. The study has also found lack of progress in theory development in this area which needs further attention by researchers. The authors have developed a model and framework which will contribute in field of CSR.


Originality/value
This is the review paper which provides integrated view of literature regarding determinants, outcomes and disclosure of CSR in developing countries while using a comparative approach.

The topic of consumer behavior in a social context is important due to its influence on the behaviors and attitudes of individuals. New online business models are adopting open innovation practices focused on improving their sales channels through their technological capacity. In this paper, we analyze the purchase intentions in a business context to identify consumer needs through the proper purchase decision process. We must also observe the internal and external factors that influence consumer behavior. More exactly, electronic commerce is facing challenges and opportunities manifested by online consumers, such as design, security, trust, risk, uncertainty, and satisfaction with online purchases. Many external factors (economic, political, social, environmental, and health) influence buyers' intentions and behaviors. The objectives of this study are to (1) determine the influence of the security level of websites on purchasing behaviors (socially responsible and panic buyers), (2) determine the effect of website security on consumer satisfaction, (3) determine the effect of buyers (socially responsible and panic buyers) on the level of satisfaction, and (4) examine if the buyer experience has a moderating effect between the variables (socially responsible and panic buyers) and the dependent variable (customer satisfaction). We focus on a sample of 663 socially responsible online buyers and panic buyers from the Sonora, Baja California, and Sinaloa regions in Mexico. Data were collected from the months of April to August 2020, and an online questionnaire was used address to each of the residents of these regions aged between 20 and 55 and who were economically active. The data were analyzed using the structural equation model-partial least squares (SEM-PLS) model based on variance. The findings show that website security has significant positive effects on socially responsible buyers, panic buyers, and the level of customer satisfaction. Socially responsible buyers also have positive effects on customer satisfaction. However, the relationship between panic buyers and customer satisfaction is not supported. Related to a moderation analysis, that the buyer experience has a significant effect on the relationship between socially responsible online buyers and the level of satisfaction. Conversely, we find empirical evidence of the buyer experience having no significant effect between panic buyers and customer satisfaction. Our findings contribute to the development of various theories: the theory of behavioral reasoning (BRT), social identity theory (SIT), and the technological adaptation model (TAM). From an academic point of view, the findings are positive and encouraging, contributing to the literature on the e-commerce, behaviors, and attitudes of purchase intentions of individuals. Our work is incorporated into the existing literature on purchase intention and virtual business models, whose characteristics need to continue to be outlined, constituting a popular business model in recent years.

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Wolverhampton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ; With the increasing importance given to sustainable development nowadays, countries around the world are shifting their focus and efforts to changing the previous unsustainable growth framework that has been ineffective. Therefore, Qatar, following in the footsteps of the rest of the world, decided to introduce a sustainability plan to ensure the population's prosperity through its Qatar National Vision 2030 (QNV 2030). However, little is known about how Qatar organisations are responding to this encouragement. The aim of this research is to investigate how Qatar public sector organisations are embedding smart and sustainable strategies in order to achieve the QNV 2030. Given the relatively new and unexplored nature of the research problem, a qualitative research method was adopted to collect and analyse data. Semi-structured interviews with 56 professionals were used to collect data which was then analysed using content analysis for inference and conclusion. The study concluded that smart and sustainable issues are complex, dynamic, and multifaceted. A complex mix of government, economic, social and environmental forces drives Qatar organisations to implement smart and sustainable strategies. Overall, the outlook for improved sustainable strategies efforts from the state of Qatar looks quite promising at present. Qatar organisations face significant challenges in taking the first steps towards implementing smart and sustainable strategies. To improve smart and sustainable performance, therefore, leaders have to recognise and better understand the concept of smart development and sustainability. The current study results suggest that, to meet the goals of the QNV2030, the implementation of healthcare strategies is still evolving in the State of Qatar. Therefore, there is a need to re-examine the National Health Strategy to Qatar's health challenges, aligned to a global shift in thinking towards population health and smarter and more integrated care. The scarcity of knowledge and expertise associated with sustainable strategies is, and will continue to be, a huge challenge for Qatar public sector organisations. Therefore, training programmes related to the management of smart and sustainable related knowledge will help leaders, managers, and change agents better understand how to craft and implement various smart and sustainable strategies to achieve QNV 2030. An innovative business model for the integration of smart and sustainable strategies into day-to-day operational decisions was developed and validated. This model is intended to offer guidance for the successful implementation of smart and sustainable strategies to simultaneously improve environmental, social and economic performance. It is recommended to explore the level of embeddedness of smart and sustainable strategies in the public sector between developed and developing countries. ; The Amiri Diwan of the State of Qatar.

19 páginas, 4 figuras, 2 tablas. ; World Health Organization goals against soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) are pointing towards seeking their elimination as a public health problem: reducing to less than 2% the proportion of moderate and heavy infections. Some regions are reaching WHO goals, but transmission could rebound if strategies are discontinued without an epidemiological evaluation. For that, sensitive diagnostic methods to detect low intensity infections and localization of ongoing transmission are crucial. In this work, we estimated and compared the STH infection as obtained by different diagnostic methods in a low intensity setting. We conducted a cross-sectional study enrolling 792 participants from a district in Mozambique. Two stool samples from two consecutive days were collected from each participant. Samples were analysed by Telemann, Kato-Katz and qPCR for STH detection. We evaluated diagnostic sensitivity using a composite reference standard. By geostatistical methods, we estimated neighbourhood prevalence of at least one STH infection for each diagnostic method. We used environmental, demographical and socioeconomical indicators to account for any existing spatial heterogeneity in infection. qPCR was the most sensitive technique compared to composite reference standard: 92% (CI: 83%– 97%) for A. lumbricoides, 95% (CI: 88%– 98%) for T. trichiura and 95% (CI: 91%– 97%) for hookworm. qPCR also estimated the highest neighbourhood prevalences for at least one STH infection in a low intensity setting. While 10% of the neighbourhoods showed a prevalence above 20% when estimating with single Kato-Katz from one stool and Telemann from one stool, 86% of the neighbourhoods had a prevalence above 20% when estimating with qPCR. In low intensity settings STH estimated prevalence of infection may be underestimated if based on Kato-Katz. qPCR diagnosis outperformed the microscopy methods. Thus, implementation of qPCR based predictive maps at STH control and elimination programmes would disclose hidden transmission and facilitate targeted interventions for transmission interruption. ; BGP and JM received financial support for this study from Mundo Sano Foundation (www.mundosano.org). JG was personally supported at the beginning of the work by the Ramón Areces Foundation and is now funded by the Spanish 'Juan de la Cierva' Programme, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (FJC-2018-38305). MMV is personally supported by the Spanish 'Ramón y Cajal' Programme, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (RYC-2015-18368). MCP is personally supported by Junta de Castilla y León and Fondo Social Europeo (LE-135-19). ISGlobal is a member of the CERCA Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya. CISM is supported by the Government of Mozambique and the Spanish Agency for International Development (AECID). Prof. Dr. P.C. Flu Foundation also founded this project. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ; Peer reviewed