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Russia's war of aggression exacerbates nuclear threats in multifaceted and potentially catastrophic ways, while diminishing the prospects for arms control and nuclear restraint regimes. In this, it is comparable to the early phases of the Cold War. This PRIF report critically examines the transformative impact Russia's war is having on the contemporary nuclear order, focusing on the utility of nuclear weapons in crisis bargaining, the credibility and sources of extended deterrence, and the functions and limitations of arms control. Drawing on lessons from the past, the authors discuss what a future nuclear strategy might look like.

Throughout the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union strategized to prop up friendly dictatorships abroad. Today, it is commonly assumed that the two superpowers' military aid enabled the survival of allied autocrats, from Taiwan's Chiang Kai-shek to Ethiopia's Mengistu Haile Mariam. In Up in Arms, political scientist Adam E. Casey rebuts the received wisdom: Cold War-era aid to autocracies often backfired. Casey draws on extensive original data to show that, despite billions poured into friendly regimes, US-backed dictators lasted no longer in power than those without outside help. In fact, American aid regularly destabilized autocratic regimes. The United States encouraged the establishment of strong, independent armies like its own, which then often incubated coups. By contrast, Soviet aid incentivized the subordination of the army to the ruling regime, neutralizing the threat of military takeover. Ultimately, Casey concludes, it is subservient militaries-not outside aid-that help autocrats maintain power. In an era of renewed great power competition, Up in Arms offers invaluable insights into the unforeseen consequences of overseas meddling, revealing how military aid can help pull down dictators as often as it props them up.

Kriege bringen unsägliches Leid und können ganze Staaten und Gesellschaften vernichten. Und doch führen Menschen seit Jahrtausenden Krieg und nutzen oft die Friedenszeit, um sich für den Krieg zu rüsten. Zwischenstaatliche Kriege waren zuletzt zwar in den Hintergrund getreten, dafür nahmen innergesellschaftliche Kriege zu. Und mit der Rückkehr eines rabiaten Nationalismus werden auch Kriege zwischen Staaten wieder eine größere Rolle spielen, wie der russische Angriffskrieg gegen die Ukraine allzu deutlich zeigt. Jochen Hippler spürt der Frage nach, weshalb Kriege geführt werden. Welche Logik, welche Motive leiten die Kriegführenden? Wie werden Kriege geführt, und was entscheidet über Sieg oder Niederlage? Welche Rolle spielen der technische Fortschritt, Ideologie oder Medien? Welche Arten von Krieg gibt es und handelt es sich überhaupt um ein einheitliches Phänomen? Welche Möglichkeiten gibt es, Kriege zu beenden oder zu vermeiden?

"This Volume explores the making and shaping of the law of armed conflict. A variety of aspects of law-making and shaping are analysed, from identification of a rule of customary international humanitarian law to questions of treaty interpretation and from whether and how to regulate a 'new' situation to whether a treaty rule continues to bind the parties. Issues of making and shaping the law underlie almost every contentious legal issue, from whether an intended practice is covered by an existing rule of conventional or customary international humanitarian law to the weight to be given to interpretations of particular actors. Despite the importance of questions of making and shaping the law, there are relatively few in depth treatments of the subject. The Volume explores the fundamental materials of the law of armed conflict, actors and influences, spaces and questions of unmaking"--

Transitional Justice can be defined as the group of processes and mechanisms that address the problems caused by large-scale human rights violations that were committed during conflicts or by repressive regimes. This book analyses the efforts made in the implementation of the peace accords in Guatemala and the main problems encountered in this process through the lens of the transitional justice framework. It discusses the mechanisms put in place to prevent the recurrence of violence, to make reparations, to guarantee the right to truth and to restore the democratic order. In addition, it covers the most important trials conducted against those accused of the most serious crimes.

"Over the past few decades, China has climbed the ranks of the global powers with staggering speed. Its vast economy and growing regional aggression make it a threat to supersede the United States as the world's dominant power. But this outcome is far from inevitable. Like neighboring Russia-which harbors global ambitions of its own-right now China is at a turning point. Whereas international sanctions and a turn away from fossil fuels are steadily smothering Russia, China's downfall will be its shrinking population. Its chance to achieve global hegemony will soon disappear, making its quest for power both less certain and more dangerous. In World on the Brink, security expert Dmitri Alperovitch breaks down not only the significant weaknesses that have so far prevented China from surpassing the United States, but also the key strategies that will enable the U. S. to maintain primacy even as China ramps up its efforts. Cultivating crucial alliances, fostering domestic innovation in emerging tech fields, and stabilizing international relations with adversarial nations are all vital components to building a robust strategy in anticipation of a new cold war that seems more likely every day. As Alperovitch explains, we must play to our strengths and address our weaknesses, using our leverage as the strongest nation on the planet to tactfully navigate the next cold war. This sharp, timely book is the essential blueprint for doing just that"--

In 2010, 60 states had a military drone program. Today at least 113 countries and 65 non-state actors now have access to weaponized drone technologies. Alongside this, established 'drone powers' - the U.S., China, Turkey, and Iran - have expanded their own use of military drones, increasing the sale and deployment of drones around the world. In the De Gruyter Handbook of Drone Warfare, drone expert, policy adviser, and historian, Dr James Patton Rogers, brings together 37 of the world's leading voices on the growing issues of commercial and military drone technologies. From the origins of military drones in the early 1900s and the resurgence of drone use during the War on Terror, through to the global proliferation of drones across Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, this handbook explores the moral, ethical, technological, legal, military, geopolitical, social, and strategic issues at the heart of drone warfare. The first handbook of its kind, the volume also addresses Russia's offensive war against Ukraine, the rise of Iranian and Houthi drones, and provides a focused analysis of the future of drone warfare and the opportunities and perils of AI, autonomy, and swarming technologies in the coming Third Drone Age.

Governing After War explores how wartime processes affects post-war state-building efforts when rebels win a civil war and come into power. Post-war governance is a continuation of war - although violence has ceased, the victor must consolidate its control over the state through a process of internal conquest. This means carefully making choices about resource allocation towards development and security. Where does the victor choose to spend, and why? And what are the implications for ultimately consolidating power and preventing conflict recurrence? The book examines wartime rebel-civilian ties under rebel governance and explains how these ties - along with rebel governing institutions - shape the rebel victors' post-war various resource allocation strategies to establish control at the sub-national level. In turn, successfully balancing resources dedicated toward development and security helps the victor to consolidate power. The book relies on mixed-methods evidence from Zimbabwe and Liberia, combining interviews, focus groups, and archival data with fine-grained census, administrative, survey, and conflict datasets to provide an in-depth examination of subnational variation in wartime rebel behavior and post-war governing strategies. A comparison of Zimbabwe and Liberia alongside four additional civil wars in Burundi, Rwanda, Côte d'Ivoire, and Angola further demonstrates the importance of wartime civilian tie-formation for post-war control. The argument's central insights point to war and peace as part of a long state-building process, and suggest that the international community should pay attention to sub-national political constraints that new governments face. Her findings offer implications for recent rebel victories and, more broadly, for understanding the termination, trajectories, and political legacies of such conflicts around the world.

How did ordinary Iraqis survive the occupation of their communities by the Islamic State? How did they decide whether to stay or flee, to cooperate or resist? Based on an original survey from Baghdad alongside key interviews in the field, this book offers an insightful account of how Iraqis in different areas of the country responded to the rise and fall of the Islamic State. Austin J. Knuppe argues that people adopt survival repertoires - a variety of social practices, tools, organized routines, symbols, and rhetorical strategies - to navigate wartime violence and detect threats. He traces how repertoires varied among different communities over the course of the conflict. In areas insulated from insurgent control, such as cosmopolitan Baghdad, local residents had the flexibility to support coalition forces while also voicing opposition to government policies. For Iraqis in rural communities confronting insurgent control, collaboration and resistance entailed significant risks. In Sunni-majority communities in the western desert, passive acquiescence and active cooperation temporarily insulated Iraqis from insurgent victimization. For ethnic and religious minorities in the north, however, flight or resistance proved the only viable options. In many communities, local residents mobilized neighborhood self-defense groups and militias loosely aligned with coalition forces once the tides turned against the Islamic State. Beyond contributing to academic and policy debates about civilian protection during wartime, Surviving the Islamic State foregrounds everyday people's experiences while modeling an ethical approach for conducting field research in conflict-affected communities.

Der Einsatz generativer künstlicher Intelligenz hat mit OpenAI's ChatGPT, Microsoft's Copilot, Google's Gemini und anderen großen Sprachmodellen die juristische Arbeit erreicht. Immer mehr Vorgänge in Unternehmen werden durch KI vorbereitet. Rechtsanwender:innen müssen die rechtlichen Probleme kennen und lösen. Das neue Rechtshandbuch zeigt, welche KI-Einsatzmöglichkeiten bei großen Sprachmodellen bestehen, was erlaubt ist und welchen Haftungsrisiken sich KI-Anwender:innen aussetzen. Das Werk führt fachübergreifend in die Grundlagen der KI, Technologien, Fachtermini und Funktionsweisen der Systeme ein,zeigt den aktuellen Rechtsrahmen des KI-Einsatzes auf (KI-VO und DSA bereits berücksichtigt) und gibt präzise juristische Antworten und Gestaltungshinweise auf und für praxisrelevante Fragestellungen beim Einsatz von ChatGPT & Co. Besonders praxisnah: Die Darstellung in konkreten KI-Anwendungsfeldern: Arbeits-/Antidiskriminierungsrecht, Urheber-/Medienrecht, Datenschutz, Haftung/Product Compliance, Verbraucherrecht, Medizinrecht, Lauterkeitsrecht und Versicherungsrecht, Rechtsdienstleistung nach RDG und BRAO, Zivil- und Strafprozess, Steuerverwaltung und Notariat. Die Herausgeber und Autor:innen: RAin Patricia Batista, M.A., Syndikusrechtsanwältin | PDDr. Judit Bayer | RA Dr. Marc Bohlen, LL.M. (Stellenbosch) | RA Tom Braegelmann, LL.M. | Prof. Dr. Martin Ebers | RA u Mediator Philipp Eder, M.A., FAVersR | RA u StB Oliver C. Ehrmann, FASteuerR | Prof. Dr. Jan Eichelberger, LL.M.oec. | RAin Dr. Melanie Epe, LL.B., M.A. | RAin Lucia Franke, B.A. | Prof. Dr. Patrick Glauner | Dr. Jakob Horn, LL.M. (Harvard) | Prof. Dr. Sarah Legner | Jan-Laurin Müller | RAuN Dr. Pierre Plottek, FAErbR | Dr. Benedikt M. Quarch, LL.B., M.A. | Dr. Dr. Hans Steege | RAin Olga Stepanova, LL.M. (Berkeley), FAGewRS u FAITR | Ass.Jur. Stella Thomas, LL.B., M.A. | Jun.-Prof. Dr. Johann Justus Vasel, LL.M. (NYU) | RA Bernhard Veeck, LL.M. | RA Tianyu Yuan

"Qamar-ul Huda investigates the application of conflict resolution and peacebuilding in Muslim-majority communities. The book focuses on methods and practices by Muslim practitioners and shows how a faith-based commitment retains the capacity to empower effective social, political, and intellectual action that results in meaningful change"--