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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanikal-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 622 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 592 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 30 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 39 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 23 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 32 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 55 per cent clayey soils and 9 per cent are sandy at the surface.  About 94 per cent area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire area of about 95 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded.  An area of about 39 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 46 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 10 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (7.8 - 8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75) in organic carbon.  About 29 per cent area is low in available phosphorus and 66 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha).  About 1 per cent is low (337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 27 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in an area of 72 per cent.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 31(5) 290(47) Sapota - 90(15) Maize 31(5) 104(17) Pomegranate - 246(40) Bajra 31(5) 319(51) Musambi - 246(40) Groundnut - 168(27) Lime - 246(40) Sunflower - 217(35) Amla 31(5) 290(47) Redgram - 246(40) Cashew - 31(5) Bengal gram 144(23) 147(24) Jackfruit - 61(10) Cotton 144(23) 148(24) Jamun - 185(30) Chilli - 284(46) Custard apple 31(5) 290(47) Tomato 31(5) 163(26) Tamarind - 185(30) Drumstick - 246(40) Mulberry - 61(10) Mango - 31(5) Marigold - 350(56) Guava - 90(15) Chrysanthemum - 350(56)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Kanikal-1 micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16035' – 16037' North latitudes and 770 17'– 76019' East longitudes, covering an area of about 621.91 ha, bounded by Kanikal, Gudalagunta and Neelahalli villages. Agro Ecological Sub Region (AESR) 6.2: Central and Western Maharashtra Plateau and North Karnataka Plateau and North Western Telangana Plateau, hot moist semi-arid ESR with shallow and medium loamy to clayey black soil (medium and deep clayey black soil as inclusion), medium to high AWC and LGP 120-150 days We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kanikal-1 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 56.5 to 43.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 56.5 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 48.5 per cent.  Social groups belong to SC/ST is around 12.5 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 93.7 per cent.  About 46.88 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (21.8 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 96.8 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 15.6 per cent.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 3.0 per cent.  Women participation is decisions making are around 38.7 per cent were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 3.8 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi medium farmers. The dry land account for 76.3 % and irrigate land is 34.4 % of total cultivated land among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 0.8 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 93.5 per cent.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 28593 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs.110824 per household, about 74.2 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs.18667 per livestock; about 68 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 860 grams (1891.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 9.3 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.41815 per household. About 17.6 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs.2272 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1587.7 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 939961 per year for the total area of 621.9 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around 14124/ ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in chillies (Rs.29465), ground nut (Rs.7631), sorghum (Rs.7408), redgram (Rs.7015) wheat (Rs.4678), cotton (Rs.7490) and maize (Rs.2186).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 3359/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs.6112) followed by sorghum (Rs.2964), wheat (Rs.2964), paddy (Rs.2669), groundnut (Rs.1743) and redgram (Rs.112).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in wheat (Rs.82646), sorghum (Rs.56464), red gram (Rs.51478), cotton (rs.47228), groundnut (Rs.32067) and maize (Rs.30686). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (51.9 %) followed by groundnut (11.8 %), cotton (11.5 %), maize (7.24 %), paddy (5.9 %), onion (4.5 %), green gram (2.7 %), sorghum (1.8 %), chillies (0.5 %) and wheat (2.6 %). 3  In kanikal-1 micro-watershed, major soil is soil of alluvial landscape of Badiyala (BDL) series is having shallow soil deep cover around 20.41 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (5.9 %), groundnut (14.7 %), maize (17.6 %) paddy (14.7%) and red gram (47.1 %). Soil of moderately shallow depth of Sambara (SBR) are also having cover around 14.86 % of area, the crops are cotton (22.2 %), red gram (55.6 %), groundnut (11.1%) chillies and wheat was 5.6 % each. Yalleri (YLR) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 12.46 % of areas, crops are red gram (100 %). Nagalapur (NGP) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around (10.7 %) of area, they major crops grown are cotton (42.9%), groundnut (42.9%) and rice (14.3%). Poglapur (PGP) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around (5.04 %) of area, they major crops grown are cotton (42.9%), groundnut (42.9%) and rice (14.3%). Mundargi (MDG) and are soil depth cover around 4.9 % cent of area. Yadgir (YDR) soil series are having deep soil depth covers around 4.6 % of area, the major crop grown is cotton (10.8%), paddy (18.9%) and red gram (60.2 %). Baddeppalli (BDP) and Jinkera (JNK) soil series having very shallow and moderately shallow soil depth cover 3.5 % and 4.3 % of areas respectively; crops are cotton, groundnut, maize and red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs.54510/ha in SBR soil (with BCR of 1.18) and Rs.26627/ha in YDR soil (with BCR of 1.04).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation range between Rs 63430/ha in MDG soil (with of 1.07) and Rs.25460/ha in BDP soil (With BCR of 1.52).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 46555/ha in JNK soil (with BCR of 1.1) and Rs.20504/ha in BDP and BDL soil (with BCR of 1.28).  In paddy cost of cultivation range between is Rs.88537/ha in PGP soil (with BCR of 1.27) and Rs 37212in BDL soil (with BCR of 1.38).  In red gram the cost of cultivation range between is Rs 46298/ha in BMN soil (with BCR of 1.25) and Rs.17950/ha in MDG soil (with BCR of 1.18).  In wheat the cost of cultivation in SBR soil is Rs.54602/ha (with BCR of 1.14).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in BMN soil is Rs.23158/ha (with BCR of 1.45) and chillies the cost of cultivation in SBR soil is Rs.66865/ha (with BCR of 1.44).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. Fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. 4 Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (24.3 to 66.3%), red gram (10.6 to 67.2 %), paddy (0 to 65.8 %), maize (45.7 to 71.0 %), sorghum (0 %), chillies (86.8 %) and groundnut (0 to 7.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanekal-5 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 641 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 579 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 62 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 9 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 52 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 39 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 11 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 38 per cent of loamy soils and 42 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 75 per cent area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 21 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 13 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 32 per cent area very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75).  About 41 per cent area is low in available phosphorus, 25 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 24 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha).  About 6 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) is low in available potassium, 84 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 1 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 76 per cent area and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 15 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 322(50) Sapota 79(12) 94(15) Maize 69(11) 68(11) Pomegranate 79(12) 253(39) Bajra 79(12) 270(42) Musambi 79(12) 252(39) Groundnut 79(12) 111(17) Lime 79(12) 252(39) Sunflower 69(11) 210(33) Amla 79(12) 244(38) Redgram - 332(52) Cashew 79(12) 13(2) Bengal gram 3(1) 250(39) Jackfruit 79(12) 41(6) Cotton 3 (1) 251(40) Jamun 79(12) 240(37) Chilli 69(11) 277(43) Custard apple 79(12) 244(38) Tomato 69(11) 121(19) Tamarind 79(12) 240(37) Drumstick 79(12) 253(39) Mulberry 79(12) 41(6) Mango 79(12) 28(4) Marigold 69(11) 306(48) Guava 79(12) 94(15) Chrysanthemum 69(11) 306(48)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kanikal-5 micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16034' – 16036' North latitudes and 770 16' – 76019' East longitudes, covering an area of about 641.16 ha, bounded by Kanikal, Rampura and Balacheda with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kanikal-5 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 61.7 to 38.3 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 group of population is around 60.2 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 47.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste/ scheduled tribes are around 37.5 per cent  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 95.8 per cent.  About 29.2 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Sample farm households (16.7 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 87.5 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 33.3 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 20.8 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 79 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.4 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The accounted for dry land of 58.7 per cent 2 and irrigated land of 39.2 per cent of the total cultivated land among the sample households.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 18 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 56.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 91964 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs. 118243 per household, about 62.5 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 28996 per households; about 86.8 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 989.1 grams (2336.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 41.7 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 34792 per household. About 67 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 2670. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 1452.0 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 840733 per year for the total area of 641.2 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 6969/ ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in paddy (Rs. 16565) followed by red gram (Rs. 7427), bajra (Rs. 7007), groundnut (Rs. 6579), cotton (Rs. 4130) and green gram (Rs. 104).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2818/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in bajra (Rs. 3705) followed by paddy (Rs. 3276) and groundnut (Rs. 1472).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bajra (Rs. 55278) followed by redgram (Rs. 45918), paddy (Rs. 45849), greengram (Rs. 39802), cotton (Rs. 39096) and groundnut (Rs. 32640). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (39.8 %) followed by cotton (22.9 %), groundnut (11.1 %), paddy (6.2 %), bengal gram (4.4 %), green gram (4.4 %), onion (4.4 %), maize (3.7 %) and bajra (3 %).  In Kanikal-5 micro watershed, major soils are soil of alluvial landscape of Badiyala (BDL) series are having shallow soil deep cover around 11.3% of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing bajra (13.3%) cotton (20.0%), groundnut (13.3%) and redgram (40.0 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Sambara (SBR) are also having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 20.3 % of area, the crops are cotton (12.0 %), groundnut (20.0 %), paddy (52.0 %) and redgram. Yalleri (YLR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 1.46 % of areas, crops are paddy (11.1 %) and redgram (88.9%). Yadgir (YDR) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 8.23 per cent of area. The major crops grown are bajra (8.7 %), cotton (39.1 %), groundnut (8.7 %), paddy (4.3 %) and redgram (100 %). Bomraldoddi (BMD) soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 12.3 % of area, the major crop grown is cotton and greengram. Gandedagi (GDG) and Halagera (HLG) soil series having deep and moderately shallow soil depth cover 4.37 % and 1.39 % of areas respectively; crops are greengram, paddy and redgram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs 68002/ha in HGN soil (with BCR of 1.02) and Rs. 26627/ha in YDR soil (with BCR of 1.16).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation range between Rs 55336/ha in BDL soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs. 26958/ha in SBR soil (with BCR of 1.31).  In redgram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 33582/ha in HGN soil (with BCR of 1.18) and Rs. 8160/ha in YLR soil (with BCR of 1.02).  In paddy the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.118798/ha in GDG soil (with BCR of 1.22) and Rs.20681/ha in YLR soil (with BCR of 1.28).  In bajra the cost of cultivation in BDL soils Rs.44863/ha (with BCR of 1.24) and greengram cultivation in BMD soil is Rs 22949/ha (with BCR of 1.0).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in paddy (46.3 to 78 %), redgram (26.6 to 86.4 %), cotton (5.5 to 66.3 %), groundnut (0 to16.7 %), bajra (6.2 %) and greengram (6.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hongahalli-4 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 624 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagara district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 268 mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 611 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 6 ha area under reserve forest and about 14 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 33 soil phases (management units) and 8 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rdweek of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 27 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 55 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 41 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 7 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 46 per cent of loamy soils and 44 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 17 per cent area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 22 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 34 per cent area very low (0.75).  About 73 per cent of the area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 24 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha).  About 7 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) is low in available potassium, 72 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 18 per cent is high (>337 kcg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 90 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 15 per cent of the soils in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 85(14) 287(46) Guava 97(16) 18(3) Maize 116 (19) 218(35) Mango 97(16) 27(4) Redgram 97(16) 320(51) Sapota 97(16) 27(4) Horsegram 97(16) 341(55) Jackfruit 86(14) 38(6) Sunflower 47(8) 209(33) Jamun 76(12) 131(21) Cotton 85(14) 218(35) Musambi 97(16) 158(25) Beans 97 (16) 227(36) Lime 97(16) 158(25) Field beans 97(16) 273(44) Cashew 97(16) 68(11) Onion 97(16) 295(47) Custard apple 97(16) 386(62) Beetroot 97(16) 258(41) Amla 97(16) 364(59) Groundnut - 401(64) Tamarind 97(16) 158(25) Banana 97(16) 248(40) Marigold 97(16) 341(55) Potato 97(16) 258(41) Chrysanthemum 97(16) 273(44) Turmeric 97(16) 258(41) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Hongahalli-4 micro-watershed (Hongahalli sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11047' – 11049' North latitudes and 76034' – 76037' East longitudes, covering an area of about 624 ha, bounded by Baragi, Mukahalli, Hongahalli, Bhimanabid and Kannagal villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Hongahalli-4 micro-watershed (Hongahalli sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 54.3 to 45.7 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 54.3 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 80 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 10 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 90 per cent.  About 60 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (10%) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 70 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 5.7 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 70 per cent of households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.35 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 83.7 per cent and irrigated land 16.3 per cent of total cultivated area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 71.5 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 25.7 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 11091 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average farm assets value is around Rs. 129881 per household, about 60.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer (38.1%).  The average livestock value is around Rs. 17800 per household; about 61.5 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 644.2 grams (1600.3 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 39063 per household. About 70.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.911. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 900 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 505064 per year for the total area of 623.97 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 17634/ ha/year. per hectare food grain production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 120823) followed by beans (Rs. 18414), tomato (Rs. 18090), ragi (Rs. 16396), groundnut (Rs. 7604), beetroot (Rs. 4803), sunflower (Rs. 3973), cotton (Rs. 16407), horse gram (Rs. 457), maize and sorghum is negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 10209/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 20150), followed by sorghum (Rs. 17290), ragi (Rs. 5200), horse gram (Rs. 4940) and groundnut (Rs. 3467).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum beans (Rs. 601445) followed by maize (Rs. 69501), cotton (Rs. 54585), sorghum (Rs. 43020), sunflower (Rs 3 33256), horse gram (Rs. 25342), groundnut (Rs. 24111), tomato (Rs 21143), onion (Rs. 20155) and ragi (Rs. 18534). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern are maize (23.5 %) followed by cotton (21.3 %), sorghum (7.0 %), horse gram (15.1 %) groundnut (6.6 %), sunflower (5.8 %), onion (5.8 %), ragi (6.6 %), tomato (5.8 %), beans (1.4 %) and beetroot (1.0 %).  In Honganahalli-4 micro-watershed, major soil are soil of alluvial landscape of Berambadi (BMD) soil are shallow soil depth well drained covered around 8.4 per cent of areas; crops are groundnut (23.3 %), horse gram (4.1 %), onion (20.4 %), ragi (23.3 %), sorghum (8.6 %) and tomato (20.4 %). Magoonahalli (MGH) soil is moderately shallow soil depth cover around 3.9 per cent of areas, crops is cotton (50%) and horse gram (50 %). Kannigala (KNG) soil is moderately deep soil depth cover around 10.9 per cent of areas; the major crops are beans (16.2 %), maize (16.2 %) and sunflower (67.6 %). Beemanabeedu (BMB) soil is very deep soil depth cover around 6.0 % of areas; the crops are horse gram (50 %) and sorghum (50 %). Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) soil series are very deep soil depth cover around 11 per cent of area; crops are cotton (86.6 %) and maize (13.4 %). Bargi (BRG) soil is very deep soil depth cover around 15.1 % of area crops is beetroot.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for groundnut cultivation in BDM soil Rs.44396/ha (with BCR of 1.25).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between in HGH soil Rs. 75392/ha (with BCR of 0.95) and Rs.11452/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.01).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 43608/ha in BMD soil (with of 1.67) and Rs. 13237/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 2.1.46).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in between Rs. 40260/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.10) and Rs. 38385/ha in BMD soil (with BCR of 1.15).  In cotton the cost of cultivation between Rs. 54700/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 1.43) and Rs. 44599/ha in MGH soil (with BCR of 1.38).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation in KNG soil is Rs.35547/ha (with BCR of 1.11).  In ragi the cost of cultivation in BMD soil Rs. 22604/ha (with BCR of 1.80).  In tomato the cost of cultivation in BDM soil Rs. 70830/ha (with BCR of 1.26).  In onion the cost of cultivation in BMD soil is Rs. 108887/ha (with BCR of 2.11).  In beetroot the cost of cultivation in BRG soil is Rs.73414/ha (with BCR of 1.07).  In beans the cost of cultivation in KNG soil is Rs. 123611/ha (with BCR of 1.15) and sunflower cultivation in KNG soil is Rs. 40260/ha (with BCR of 1.11).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. 4  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in groundnut (49.3%), horse gram(15.7 to 57.8%), onion (69.6 %) ragi (57.4 %) sorghum (41.3 to 58.1 %) tomato(80.7%), cotton (17.5 to 27.7 %), maize (25.6 to 37.6 % ), sunflower (39.3 %) and beetroot (90.6 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Maddur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 396 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 268 mm during the north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 33 per cent is covered by soils, 67 per cent by forest and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 33 per cent area is suitable for agriculture.  About 3 per cent of soils are shallow (25-50 cm), 19 per cent are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 9 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to deep (100-150 cm) and 3 per cent are very deep (>150 cm).  About 12 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 19 per cent area has loamy soil and 2 per cent area sandy soils.  About 26 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 7 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) soils.  About 4 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  Entire area of about 33 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 12 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 22 per cent soils are moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 2 per cent has soils that are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), an area of about 10 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) and 21 per cent has soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 12 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (0.6 ppm) in 17 per cent.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 11 (3) 103 (26) Sapota 6 (1) 35 (9) Maize 6 (1) 103 (26) Guava 34 (9) 7 (2) Redgram 6 (1) 40 (10) Banana 6 (1) 33 (8) Horsegram 6 (1) 115 (29) Jackfruit 6 (1) 28 (7) Field bean 6 (1) 108 (27) Jamun 11 (3) 28 (7) Groundnut - 116 (29) Musambi 11 (3) 28 (7) Sunflower 6 (1) 5 (1) Lime 11 (3) 28 (7) Cotton 11 (3) 103 (26) Cashew 6 (1) 35 (9) Onion 6 (1) 108 (27) Custard apple 23 (10) 82 (21) Potato 6 (1) 103 (26) Amla 39 (10) 80 (21) Field Beans 6 (1) 108 (27) Tamarind 11 (3) 28 (7) Beetroot 6 (1) 103 (26) Marigold 6 (1) 115 (29) Turmeric 6 (1) 103 (26) Chrysanthemum 6 (1) 108 (27) Mango 6 (1) 28 (7) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Maddur-1 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11045' – 11047' North latitudes and 76031' – 76033' East longitudes, covering an area of about 396 ha, bounded by Channamallipur, Bachanahalli villages and Berambadi State Forest with a length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Maddur 1 micro-watershed in (Gopalapur sub-watershed) Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 58.5 to 41.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 60.9 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 72.9 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 10 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the main source of energy for a cooking among the all sample households.  About 90 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 60.0 per cent.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 7.3 per cent.  Women participation in decisions making are around 23.3 per cent were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.0 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 92.4 % and irrigate land is 7.6 % of total cultivated land among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 70.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 7.3 per cent of the sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 53685 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 2260 per household, among all of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 24285 per household; about 50.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 648.0 grams (1414.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Majority of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 76242 per household. Around 40 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 1254. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1406 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 184249 per year for the total area of 396.37 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 32001/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in garlic (Rs. 107469), coconut (Rs. 76392), cotton (Rs. 21891), groundnut (Rs. 16116), horse gram (Rs. 12142) and maize (Rs. 11625), marigold (Rs. 6101) and sorghum (Rs. 4274).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 812/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 1270), followed by sorghum (Rs. 741), horse gram (Rs. 618) and groundnut (Rs. 618).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 127878), cotton (Rs. 54734), sorghum (Rs. 41407), maize (Rs. 36004), groundnut (Rs. 27486), horse gram (Rs. 22808) and garlic (Rs. 18185). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (20.8 %) followed by marigold (20.8 %), horse gram (15.7 %), coconut (13.9 %), sorghum (10.9 %), cotton (7.9 %), garlic (5.0 %) and groundnut (5.0 %). 3  In Maddur 1 micro-watershed, major soil of Annurkeri (ARK) series is having very deep soil depth covered around 1.4 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (16.7 %), horse gram (50 %) and sorghum (33.3 %). Soil of moderately shallow soil depth of Hullipura (HPR) are having moderately shallow soil depth covered around 18.9 % of area, the crops are groundnut (9.9 %), horse gram (5.0 %) and maize (44.7%). Kannigala (KNG) soils are moderately deep soil depth covered around 1.7 % of areas crops are coconut. Maddinahundi (MDH) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 7.1 % of area, they major crops grown are cotton, garlic and maize.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs. 41361/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.19) and Rs. 28477/ha in MDH soil (with BCR of 2.26).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 17522/ha in HPR soil (with of 1.4) and Rs.7841/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 3.37).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 32741/ha in HPR soil (with BCR of 1.44) and Rs. 28596/ha in MDH soil (with BCR of 1.85).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in ARK soil is Rs. 20179/ha (with BCR of 1.25).  In marigold the cost of cultivation in HPR soil is Rs. 37626/ha (with BCR of 1.25).  In coconut the cost of cultivation in KNG soil is Rs. 18791/ha (with BCR of 5.07).  In garlic the cost of cultivation in MDH soil is Rs.77781/ha (with BCR of 2.38) and groundnut the cost of cultivation in HPR soil series is Rs. 21057/ha (with BCR of 1.79).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income. 4  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (27.9 %), horse gram (24.1 %), maize (61.8 %), sorghum (51.6 %), groundnut (49.4 %) and garlic (60.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hanumantharayanagudda-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 131 ha out of total area of 668 ha in Gundlupet Taluk, Chamarajanagar District Karnataka. The remaining area of about 509 ha is under Forest. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during the south – west monsoon, 268 mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 20 per cent is covered by soils, 76 per cent by forests and 4 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of Land growing period is 150 days and starts from 3rdweek of June to 3rdweek of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 27 major agricultural and horticultural Lands were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  About 3 per cent area of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 2 per cent moderately deep (75-100 cm), 1 per cent deep (100-150 cm) and 14 per cent very deep (>150 cm) soils.  About 2 per cent area has loamy soils, 2 per cent sandy and 16 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 16 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 5 per cent has nearly level (0-1%), 14 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 0.75%).  About 1 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium and a small area of about one per cent has medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in about 19 per cent and deficient in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of about 14 per cent and sufficient in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 27 major Lands grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various Lands but what specific Land to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various Lands in the microwatershed Land Suitability Area in ha (%) Land Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 66(10) 45(7) Guava 65(10) 14(2) Maize 65(10) 13(2) Banana 59(9) 40(6) Red gram 65(10) 63(9) Jackfruit 65(10) - Horsegram 65(10) 67(10) Jamun 59(9) 40(6) Fieldbean 59(9) 53(8) Musambi 65(10) 34(5) Groundnut 6(1) 86(13) Lime 65(10) 34(5) Sunflower 26(4) 72(11) Cashew 65(10) 14(2) Cotton 60(9) 19(3) Custard apple 65(10) 67(10) Onion 59(9) 53(8) Amla 65(10) 67(10) Potato 59(9) 19(3) Tamarind 59(9) 40(6) Beans 59(9) 53(8) Marigold 65(10) 61(9) Beetroot 59(9) 19(3) Chrysanthemum 59(9) 53(8) Mango 59(9) 6(1) Turmeric 59(9) 19(3) Sapota 65(10) 14(2) Apart from the individual Land suitability, a proposed Land plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different Lands and Landping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture Lands.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to Land production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change.Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Hanumantharayanagudda-2 micro-watershed (Hangala sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11041' – 11043' North latitudes and 76036' – 76039' East longitudes, covering an area of about 668 ha, bounded by Devarahalli, Puttanapura, Kaligaudanahalli and Siddapura villages with length of growing period (LGP)120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results:The socio-economic outputs for the Hanumantharayanagudda-2 Microwatershed (Hangala sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk and Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators  Male and female ratio is 46 to 54 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 55.7 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 82.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 70 per cent.  Light petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 90.0 per cent.  About 70 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Only 20.0 percent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80.0 per cent.  Institutional participation is only 13.3 per cent.  Women participation in decisions making are around 50.0 per cent of sample households. Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 1.04 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 60.8 % and irrigated land is 39.2 % of total cultivated land of the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 71.2 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 24.4 per cent of the sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 87513 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 5784 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 20067 per household; about 42.8 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 690.7 grams (1501.9 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 70 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 48539 per household. About 80.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs 1155. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 452 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 58781 per year for the total area of 668.2 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 37885/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in turmeric (Rs. 142496) followed by sunflower (Rs. 10234), onion (Rs. 93300), tomato (Rs. 9445), horse gram (Rs. 7050), groundnut (Rs. 3187) and sorghum is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1917/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs. 3590) followed by horse gram (Rs. 1281) and groundnut (Rs. 880).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in tomato (Rs. 83902) followed by turmeric (Rs. 40928), sorghum (Rs. 34270), sunflower (Rs. 30218), groundnut (Rs. 20390), horse gram (Rs. 19342) and onion (Rs. 18662). Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is sunflower (38.7 %) followed by horsegram (27.4 %), sorghum (15.2 %), groundnut (8.0 %), turmeric (4.7 %), tomato (3.0 %) and onion (3.0 %). 3  In Hanumantharayanagudda-2 Microwatershed, major soils are Devarahalli (DRH) series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 2.0 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing onion (50.0 %) and tomato (50%). Kannigala (KNG) series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 2.08 % of area; the crops are groundnut (37.8 %), horse gram (13.1 %) and sunflower (49.0 %). Kallipura (KLP) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 0.95 % of areas, crops are sorghum. Annurkeri (ARK) soil series are having veer deep soil depth cover around 3.9 % of area; the major crops grown are horse gram (23 %), sorghum (22.6 %) and sunflower (54.4 %). Beemanabeedu (BMB) soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 5.0 % of area, the major crop grown is turmeric (100 %). Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 4.8 % of areas respectively; crops are horse gram, sorghum and sunflower.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sorghum the cost of cultivation in KLP soil is Rs.38586/ha (with BCR of 1.11) and Rs 20801/ha in ARK soil is (with BCR of 1.36).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.15993/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.52) and Rs 10367 in ARK soil (with BCR of 2.38).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation range between is Rs 36804/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.83) and Rs. 24433/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 2.17).  In tomato the cost of cultivation in DRH soil Rs 48348/ha (with of 1.18).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in KNG soil is Rs. 24664/ha (with BCR of 1.18).  In onion the cost of cultivation in DRH soil Rs.115679/ha (with BCR of 1.78) and in turmeric the cost of cultivation in BMB soil Rs 57087/ha (with BCR of 3.46).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in sorghum (56 to 67.4 %), sunflower (35.1 to 54.7 %), horse gram (31.0 to 36.9 %), groundnut (57.1 %), onion (71.9 %) and tomato (23.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Devihal-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 471 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm, of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 75 per cent is covered by soils and 25 per cent by rocklands, waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 22 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 71 per cent area is suitable for agriculture, 4 per cent is not suitable for agriculture and about 25 per cent is covered by rocky lands.  About 55 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) to shallow (25-50 cm) and about 6 per cent are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to deep (100-150 cm) soils.  About 63 per cent of the area has loamy soils at the surface and 11 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 4 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 51 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 19 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  About 70 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (9.0). An area of about 18 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 14 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5) and 4 per cent moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.5).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%).  An area of about 74 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in about 66 per cent area and 7 per cent is high (>20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 15 per cent, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 46 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in 13 per cent.  Available iron is deficient in about 48 per cent and sufficient in 26 per cent.  Available manganese is sufficient in the entire microwatershed area.  Available copper is sufficient in the entire microwatershed area.  Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 7 per cent and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 67 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 23 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 14(3) 154(33) Sapota 5(1) 22(5) Maize 14(3) 154(33) Jackfruit - 20(4) Cotton 20(4) 178(38) Jamun - 20(4) Sunflower 20(4) 178(38) Musambi - 20(4) Onion 23(5) 175(37) Lime - 20(4) Groundnut 23(5) 180(38) Cashew - 28(6) Chilli 28(6) 170(36) Custard apple 20(4) 187(40) Sugarcane 20(4) 8(2) Amla 20(4) 187(40) Pomegranate 20(4) 8(2) Tamarind - 20(4) Tomato 28(6) 195 (41) Marigold 28(6) 170(36) Guava 14(3) 13 (3) Chrysanthemum 28(6) 170(36) Mango - 20(4) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands field bundsand also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining ecological balance and also help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Devihal-2 micro-watershed (Nilogal sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1506' – 1508' North latitudes and 75035' – 75037' East longitudes, covering an area of about 471 ha, bounded by Chabbi village on north, Madki Khanapur and Nadigatti villages on the west, Devihal village on the east with an length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Devihal-2 Microwatershed (Nilogal subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 51.0 to 49.0 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 57 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 75 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 30 per cent of households have a Bhima and Yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (80 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 70 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 8 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 10 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 80 per cent of households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.12 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 89 % and irrigated land 11 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 53 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 42 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 13159 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 7435 per household, about 30 per cent of sample farmers owen plough and sprayer (20 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 24479 per household; about 67 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 934.88 grams (2030 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 50 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.18189 per household. Among all sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1201. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 694 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 241483 per year for the total area of 471.44 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 5639 ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 8704) followed by sunflower (Rs. 8554), horse gram (Rs. 4959) and groundnut (Rs. 339).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2628/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 3120) followed by groundnut (Rs. 2408) and horse gram (Rs. 2355).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in sunflower (Rs. 35658) followed by horse gram (Rs. 32967), maize (Rs. 30378) and groundnut (Rs. 22333). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (53.8 %) followed by groundnut (18.9 %) sunflower (17.2) and horse gram (9.9 %).  In Devihal 2 major soil series are Thammadahalli soil are having moderately shallow soil depth covered around 36.04 per cent of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize. Kanchanahalli soil series are having shallow soil depth covered around 17.4 per cent of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing groundnut (40 %), horse gram (20 %) and sunflower (40 %). Chikkasavanur soil series are shallow soil depth covered around 7.1 per cent of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing groundnut (17.2 %) and maize (82.8 %). Kaggalipura series are having shallow soil depth covered around 12.1 per cent of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing horse gram, Devihal soil series are having very shallow soil depth cover around 5.4 per cent of area presently growing maize (50 %) and sunflower (50 %). Vaddarahalli series are having deep soil depth cover around 1.1 per cent of area; crops are maize (57.1 %) and sunflower (42.9 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for groundnut ranges between Rs. 38930/ha in CSR soil (with BCR of 1.12) and Rs.24612/ha in KNH soil (with BCR of 1.05).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 59727/ha in DVH soil (with of 1.21) and Rs. 23088/ha in CSR soil (with BCR of 1.62).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 31783/ha in KGP soil (with BCR of 1.22) and Rs. 15065/ha in KNH soil (with BCR of 1.05).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 34268/ha in DVH soil (with BCR of 0.96) and Rs. 19716 in KNH soil (with BCR of 1.91).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in groundnut maize (76.2 to 58.3 %), sunflower (43.8 to 29.1 %), groundnut (56.6 to 49.4 %), and maize (84.4 to 52.7%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Navule Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 684 ha in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk of Tumkur district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm, of which about 378 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 179 mm during north-east and the remaining 143 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 94 per cent is covered by soils and six per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 29 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of July to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 61 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 30 per cent moderately deep and 3 per cent moderately shallow.  About 23 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 67 per cent loamy soils.  About 34 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m).  About 80 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1- 3% slope) lands and 13 per cent gently sloping (3-5%).  An area of about 69 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 24 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 24 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5) to moderately acid, 38 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 32 per cent slightly to moderately alkaline.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 3 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is high (>10 ppm) in about 12 per cent area and medium (10- 20 ppm) in about 79 per cent area and low (4.5 ppm) in 91 per cent and deficiant in 3 per cent area.  Available manganese, copper and zinc are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure,marked price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 144 (21) 274(40) Guava 16 (2) 350 (51) Fodder Sorghum 144 (21) 274(40) Pomogranate 16 (2) 348 (51) Maize 144 (21) 48 (7) Banana 16 (2) 348 (51) Upland paddy 144 (21) 298 (44) Jackfruit 16 (2) 307 (45) Finger millet 144 (21) 126 (18) Jamun 16 (2) 226 (33) Redgram 144 (21) 274 (40) Musambi 16 (2) 402 (32) Horse gram 144 (21) 472 (69) Lime 16 (2) 402 (32) Field bean 144 (21) 274 (40) Cashew 16 (2) 350 (51) Cowpea 144 (21) 274 (40) Custard apple 164 (24) 453 (56) Groundnut 144 (21) 246 (36) Amla 144 (21) 472 (69) Sunflower 16 (2) 402 (59) Tamarind 16 (2) 226 (33) Onion 144 (21) 143 (21) Marigold 144 (21) 274 (40) Chilli 144 (21) 274 (40) Chrysanthemum 144 (21) 274 (40) Brinjal 144 (21) 274 (40) Jasmine 144 (21) 274 (40) Tomato 144 (21) 274 (40) Coconut 16 (2) 176 (26) Mango 16 (2) 600 (88) Arecanut 16 (2) 176 (26) Sapota 16 (2) 176 (26) Mulberry 68 (10) (3247) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Navule micro-watershed (Anekatte sub-watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13025' – 13026' North latitudes and 76033' – 76035' East longitudes, covering an area of about 684.17 ha, bounded by Muddenahalli, Shavashettyhalli, Katenahalli, Navule, Yarehalli, Aralikere and Muddhenahalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days.We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Navule micro-watershed (Anekatte subwatershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 49 to 51 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 49 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 95.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 10.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 20.0 per cent.  About 80.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (60.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities among all the sample households.  Institutional participation is only 6.3 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 10 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.64 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small farmers. The rainfed land is around 48.6 % and irrigated land is around 51.4 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 4.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 61.7 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 12134 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average farm assets value is around Rs. 103179 per household, about 30.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 47000 per household; among all household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 693.4 grams (1638.3 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 83358 per household. About 60 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1328. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 484 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 310009 per year for the total area of 451.5 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grains production is around Rs. 28636/ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 87821) followed by maize (Rs.21942), ragi (Rs. 11884), green gram (Rs. 6969), sorghum and horse gram are negative return  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around sorghum (Rs. 3437) followed by ragi (Rs. 2408), horse gram (Rs. 2058), maize (Rs. 1825), green gram (Rs. 396) and coconut (Rs. 127).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 317967) followed by greengram (Rs. 37276), horse gram (Rs. 23758), maize (Rs. 22303), sorghum (Rs. 19640) and ragi (Rs. 16479). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is greengram (27.9 %) followed by ragi (22.9 %), coconut (20.6 %), maize (14.7 %), areca nut (6.2 %), cardamom (6.2 %), horse gram (0.6 %) and sorghum (0.6 %).  In Navule micro-watershed, major soil is Gollarahatti (GHT) soil are moderately deep well drained, around 21.55 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing coconut. Balapur (BPR) soil series having soils are deep soil depth cover around 12.41 % of areas; crops are greengram (40.6 %), maize (30.3 %) and ragi (29.1 %). Giddadapalya (GDP) and Nagalapur (NGP) are also having soils are deep soil depth cover around 7.52 % and 5.53 % of area, respectively; the crops are greengram and ragi. Shirur (SRR) soil having are deep moderately well drained, around 11.29 % of area; crops are horse gram (29.4 %) and sorghum (70.6 %). Muradi (MRD) and Thondigere (TDG) soil series having are very deep soil depth covered around 2.35 % and 13.81 % of area, respectively. The major crops grown are coconut and ragi.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut ranges between Rs.102779/ha in TDH soil (with BCR of 1.63) and Rs. 31404/ha in GHT (with BCR of 3.79).  In ragi the cost of cultivation of range between Rs. 59287/ha in TDG soil (with BCR of 1.13) and Rs. 26060/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.65).  In green gram the cost of cultivation range between and Rs. 38449 in GDP soil (with BCR of 1.00) and Rs. 22173/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.53).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation in SRR soil is Rs.31605/ha (with BCR of 1.51).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in SRR soil is Rs 15995/ha (with BCR of 1.14) and maize the cost of cultivation in BPR soil is Rs 10910 /ha (with BCR of 3.18)  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in coconut (20.9 to 42.9 %), ragi (57.4 to 77.0%), green gram (30.5 to 36.6 %), horse gram (40.9 %), maize (78.0 %) and sorghum (29.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Maddenahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 588 ha in Gubbi taluk of Tumakuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 813 mm, of which about 466 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 196 mm during north-east and the remaining 151 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rd week of June to third week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 95 per cent area is suitable for agriculture.  About 95 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm).  About 17 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 78 per cent loamy soils.  About 56 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 34 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 6 per cent has very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  About 55 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 83 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 12 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%).  An area of about 74 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 22 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 28 per cent has soils that are slightly acidic (pH 6.0-6.5),40 per cent area moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 28 per cent strongly acid (pH 5.0-5.5) and 6 per cent area has neutral (pH 6.5-7.3).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 19 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is high (>10 ppm) in about 1 per cent area and medium (10-20 ppm) in about 94 per cent area.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 95 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in the entire microwatershed area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 52 per cent of soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (Class S1) and moderately suitable (Class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 219 (37) 18 (3) Guava 86 (15) 423 (72) Fodder Sorghum 219 (37) 18 (3) Pomegranate 219 (37) 18 (3) Maize - 237 (40) Banana 219 (37) 18 (3) Upland paddy 219 (37) 68 (12) Jackfruit 219 (37) 18 (3) Finger millet 219 (37) 68 (12) Jamun 219 (37) 18 (3) Red gram 219 (37) 18 (3) Musambi 219 (37) 18 (3) Horse gram 219 (37) 340 (58) Lime 219 (37) 18 (3) Field bean 219 (37) 18 (3) Cashew 86 (15) 405 (69) Cowpea 219 (37) 18 (3) Custard apple 219 (37 ) 340 (58) Groundnut 86 (15) 322 (55) Amla 219 (37 ) 340 (58) Sunflower 219 (37) 18 (3) Tamarind 219 (37) 18 (3) Onion 133 (23) 104 (18) Marigold 219 (37) 18 (3) Chilli 219 (37) 18 (3) Chrysanthemum 219 (37) 18 (3) Brinjal 219 (37) 18 (3) Jasmine 219 (37) 18 (3) Tomato 219 (37) 18 (3) Coconut 86 (15) 151 (26) Mango 219 (37) 18 (3) Arecanut 86 (15) 151 (26) Sapota 219 (37) 18 (3) Mulbery 25 (5) (4557) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Maddenahalli micro-watershed (Bangihalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13027' – 13028' North latitudes and 76051' – 76053' East longitudes, covering an area of about 588.21 ha, bounded by Sanabanahalli, Maranahalli, Madhenahalli and Pinnenahalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Maddenahalli micro-watershed (Bangihalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 59.2 to 40.8 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 57.1 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 87.8 per cent.  Social groups among all are general caste.  Among all farm households having liquefied petroleum gas is the source of energy for a cooking.  About 50 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Farm households are having MGNREGA card only 20 per cent for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70 percent of farm households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making is around 77.8 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.72 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The rainfed land is 91 per cent and 9 per cent of irrigated land is cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 53.1 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 14.3 per cent of the sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.16772 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 104460 per household; about 70 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.17271 per household; about 81.25 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 455.7 grams (1138.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.102052 per household. About 50 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.818. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 442 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 247521per year for the total area of 588.21 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 70428/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in Mango (Rs. 227566) followed by areca nut (Rs. 105087), coconut (Rs. 84360), ragi (Rs.7727), sorghum (Rs. 600) and paddy is negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3356/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in paddy (Rs. 4693), sorghum (Rs. 3356) and ragi (Rs. 2020).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 277513) followed by mango (Rs. 65867), sorghum (Rs. 31043), paddy (Rs. 14463), ragi (Rs.12515) and areca nut (Rs.4284). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is ragi (28.4 %) followed by areca nut (28.4 %), sorghum (23.5 %), coconut (12.9 %), mango (5.9 %) and paddy (1.1 %).  In Maddenahalli micro-watershed, major soil series are Balapur series having very deep soil depth covered around 46.23 % of area; major crops are areca nut (82.5 %), and ragi (17.5 %). Kadagathur soils series are having very deep soil depth covered around 14.64 % of area on this soil farmers are presently growing areca nut (20.6 %), coconut (16.1 %), ragi (31.6%) and sorghum (31.6 %). Ranatur soils series are having very deep soil depth covers around 17.98 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing coconut (13.4 %), mango (18.0 %), ragi (27.5%) and sorghum (41.1 %). Thimmasandra soils series are having very deep soil depth covers around 3.11 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing paddy (50 %) and sorghum (50 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut range between Rs 97036/ha in KDT soil (with of 2.01) and Rs. 69905/ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 1.11).  In areca nut the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.69122/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.92) and Rs.8499/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 18.24).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 25729/ha KDT soil (with BCR of 0.98) and Rs.16497/ha RTR soil (with BCR of 1.62).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 37931/ha BPR soil (with BCR of 1.18) and Rs.15857/ha KDT soil (with BCR of 1.51).  In mango the cost of cultivation in RTR soil Rs.28582/ha (with BCR of 8.96) and  In paddy the cost of cultivation in RTR soil Rs.32164/ha (with BCR of 1.62).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in areca nut (91.4 to 91.6 %), coconut (8.1 to 79.9 %), sorghum (57.7to 73.9 %) and ragi (68.9 to 76.0 %), mango (63.0 %) and paddy (85.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nandihalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 354 ha in Gubbi taluk of Tumakuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 813 mm, of which about 466 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 196 mm during north-east and the remaining 151 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 57per cent is covered by soils. 41 per cent is covered by gullied lands and 2 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rd week of June to third week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 57 percent area is suitable for agriculture and 41 percent is not suitable for agriculture  About 48 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 8 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow.  About 10 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 47 per cent loamy soils.  About 48 per cent of the soils are non gravelly, 7 per cent of the soils are gravelly (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 52 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 4 per cent of the area is gently sloping (3-5%).  An area of about 36 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 19 per cent moderately eroded (e2). Very small area of about 1 per cent is severely eroded and 41 per cent is covered by gullied lands.  Maximum area of about 70 per cent has soils that are slightly acidic to strongly acid (pH 5.0-6.5), 27 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 61 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha).  About 48 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in an area of about 76 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in an area of 22 per cent.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in maximum area about 84 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 14 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 54 per cent of soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 110 (31) 41(12) Guava 90(26) 32(9) Fodder Sorghum 110 (31) 41(12) Pomegranate 110 (31) 12(3) Maize 56(16) 95(27) Banana 110 (31) 12(3) Upland paddy 110 (31) 41(12) Jackfruit 110 (31) 12(3) Finger millet 110 (31) 41(12) Jamun 110 (31) 89(25) Red gram 110 (31) 41(12) Musambi 110 (31) 12(3) Horse gram 121(34) 79 (22) Lime 110 (31) 12(3) Field bean 110 (31) 41(12) Cashew 90(26) 32(9) Cowpea 110 (31) 41(12) Custard apple 110 (31) 89(25) Groundnut 17(5) 163 (26) Amla 110 (31) 89(25) Sunflower 110 (31) 12(3) Tamarind 110 (31) - Onion 76 (21) 75(21) Marigold 110 (31) 89(25) Chilli 110 (31) 41(12) Chrysanthemum 110 (31) 89(25) Brinjal 110 (31) 41(12) Jasmine 110 (31) 89(25) Tomato 110 (31) 41(12) Coconut 90(26) 32(9) Mango 110(31) - Arecanut 90(26) 32(9) Sapota 110 (31) 12(3) Mulbery 15(5) 107(30) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Nandihalli micro-watershed (Pillahalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13028' – 13029' North latitudes and 76053' – 76055' East longitudes, covering an area of about 353.56 ha, bounded by Malamachanakunte and Nallur villages with an length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Nandihalli micro-watershed (Pillahalli subwatershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 57.1 to 42.9 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 59.2 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 71.5 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste OBC is around 50.0 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 90.0 per cent.  About 80.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (70.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 70 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 6.12 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 30 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.98 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 54.7 % and irrigated land 45.3 % of total cultivated land among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 82.1 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 7.8 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 10528 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 126927 per household, about 40 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 23229 per household; about 40 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 659.9 grams (1380.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 113300 per household. About 60.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 1233. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 634 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 125033 per year for the total area of 348 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 307802/ ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in mango (Rs 378917) followed by areca nut (Rs. 193859), coconut (Rs. 65339), sorghum (Rs. 14607), horse gram (Rs. 7705), ragi (Rs. 7297), greengram (Rs. 4482).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1520/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in greengram (Rs. 2100) followed by horse gram (Rs 1630), ragi (Rs. 1610) and sorghum (Rs. 741).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 3 291170), sorghum (Rs. 48936), green gram (Rs. 34116), horse gram (Rs. 21794), ragi (Rs. 12918) and arecanut (Rs. 10284). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is coconut (29.0 %) followed by ragi (24.0 %), arecanut (16.7 %), sorghum (5.4 %), mango (3.2 %) and greengram (7.2 %) and horse gram (19.0 %).  In Nandihalli micro-watershed, major soil is Hallikere (HLK) soil series are having very deep soil depth cover around 11.09 per cent of areas. On present farmers growing crops are arecanut (15.4 %), coconut (26.4 %), horse gram (16.2 %) and, ragi (38.5 %). Kadagathur (KDT) and Niduvalalu (NDL) soils are also very deep soil depth covers around 9.71 per cent and 13.51 per cent of areas, respectively; the crops are arecanut (8.1 %), coconut (39.8 %), green gram (6.6 %), horse gram (9.9), ragi (22.3 %) and sorghum (13.3 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for arecanut ranges between Rs. 170736/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 2.27) and Rs. 44110/ha in HLK soil (with BCR of 4.90).  In coconut the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 104051/ha in NGP soil (with BCR of 1.71) and Rs. 53371/ha in HLK soil (with BCR of 1.90).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 21154/ha in HLK soil (with BCR of 1.23) and Rs. 17249/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.79).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 26647/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.56) and Rs. 15725/ha in HLK soil (with BCR of 1.02).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation is Rs. 22319/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.69) and mango the cost of cultivation is Rs. 32750/ha in NDL soil (with BCR of 12.57).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in arecanut (86.1 to 76.5 %), ragi (75.7 to 60.2 %), coconut (53.5 to 18.7 %), horse gram (39.3 to 15.7 %), green gram (42.2 %), mango (47.3 %) and sorghum (42.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Pinnenahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 472 ha in Gubbi taluk of Tumakuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 813 mm, of which about 466 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 196 mm during north-east and the remaining 151 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils and one per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rd week of June to third week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  About 78 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 16 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100cm) and 5 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm).  About 16 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 83 per cent loamy soils.  About 47 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 99 per cent of the area has gently sloping (1-3%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 67 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 32 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  Maximum area of about 79 per cent has soils that are slightly acidic to strongly acid (pH 5.0-6.5) and 20 per cent area has neutral (pH 6.5-7.3).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 3 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in an area of about 4 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in an area of 94 per cent.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 36 per cent of soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 119 (25) 24 (5) Guava 109 (23) 216 (46) Fodder Sorghum 119 (25) 24 (5) Pomegranate 109 (23) 9(2) Maize - 133 (28) Banana 109 (23) 9(2) Upland paddy 109 (23) 109 (23) Jackfruit 109 (23) - Finger millet 109 (23) 100 (21) Jamun 109 (23) 9(2) Redgram 109 (23) 33 (7) Musambi 119 (25) - Horse gram 133 (28) 332 (71) Lime 119 (25) - Field bean 109 (23) 33 (7) Cashew 109 (23) - Cowpea 109 (23) 33 (7) Custard apple 119 (25 ) - Groundnut - 456 (97) Amla 119 (25 ) - Sunflower 119 (25) - Tamarind 109 (23) 9(2) Onion - 133 (28) Marigold 119 (25) 55 (12) Chilli 119 (25) 24 (5) Chrysanthemum 119 (25) 55 (12) Brinjal 119 (25) 24 (5) Jasmine 119 (25) 55 (12) Tomato 119 (25) 24 (5) Coconut 109 (23) - Mango 109 (23) - Arecanut 109 (23) - Sapota 109 (23) - Mulbery - 324 (69) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Pinnenahalli Microwatershed (Tyagatur sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13027' – 13028' North latitudes and 76049' – 76052' East longitudes, covering an area of about 471.74 ha, bounded by Pinnenahalli, Karegondanahalli, Kempanahalli, Varthikatte, Maddenahalli and Jogihalli villages with an length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Pinnenahalli Microwatershed in Gubbi taluk and Tumkur district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 56.8 to 43.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 63.6 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 84.1 per cent.  Social groups belong to general category of all sample households.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LGP) is the source of energy for a cooking of all sample households.  About 30 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (20.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on rations cards for food grains through public distribution system about 80.0 percent of farm households.  Swachha bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 50.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 13.6 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 45 per cent of sample household. Economic Indicators; 2  The average land holding is 0.55 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal farmers. The dry land of 90.3 % and irrigated land 9.7 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 59.1 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour services is main occupation for 2.3 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 52198 households. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.70579 per household, about 30 per cent of sample farmers having plough and tractor.  The average value livestock of is around Rs.14380 per household, about 75 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 478.1 grams (1188.29) kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 37269 per household. About 90 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.749. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 471 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 219334 per year for the total area of 471.7 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 20287 /ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 62915) followed by red gram (Rs. 20804), sorghum (Rs. 16238), horse gram (Rs. 10607), green gram (Rs. 7117) and ragi (Rs. 4039).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2193/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in ragi (Rs. 3850) followed by sorghum (Rs. 2198), green gram (Rs. 1611) and horse gram (Rs. 1112).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water coconut (Rs. 305755), red gram (Rs. 57220), sorghum (Rs. 51041), green gram (Rs. 37082), horse gram (Rs. 22808) and ragi (Rs 15041). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is coconut (57.3 %) followed by ragi (33.7 %), red gram (13.9 %), sorghum (7.0 %), green gram (6.8 %) and horse gram (5.9 %).  In Pinnenahalli micro-watershed, major soil are soils of granite gneiss landscape of Kethanapura (KTP) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 5.0 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing ragi. Bidanagere (BDG) is also having moderately deep soil depth cover 16.1% of area, the crops are ragi (50 %) and sorghum (50 %). Balapur (BPR) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 45.8% of areas, crops are coconut (15.9 %), green gram (13.8%), horse gram (12.0 %), ragi (30.1 %) and red gram (28.2 %). Shyanadrahalli (SNH) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 2.0 % of area; crops are coconut. Kadagathur (KDT) soil series are having very deep soil depth cover around 23.1 % of area; the major crops grown are coconut (68.4 %) and ragi (31.6 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut ranges between Rs. 67960/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.97) and Rs. 28631/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 4.39).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 39120/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.25) and Rs. 20020/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.54).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in BDG soil is Rs. 18928/ha (with BCR of 1.97).  In red gram the cost of cultivation in BPR soil is Rs. 20187/ha (with BCR of 2.03).  In green gram the cost of cultivation in BPR soil is RS. 277885/ha (with BCR of 1.31) and horse gram the cost of cultivation in BPR soil is Rs. 16069/ha (with BCR of 1.73).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in ragi (57.9 to 67.6 %), coconut (36.6 to 38.9 %), sorghum (40.3 %), bengal gram (37.1 %), horse gram (24.1 %) and red gram (13.9 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kadenhalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false color composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for Physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 476 ha in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk of Tumkur district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm, of which about 378 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 179 mm during north-east and the remaining 143 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils and 4 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 31 soil phases (management units) and six land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of July to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 94 per cent in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture and two per cent not suitable for agriculture.  About 15 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 24 per cent moderately deep (75-100cm) and 54 per cent moderately shallow to shallow (25- 75%) soils.  About 2 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 2 % sandy soils and 92 per cent loamy soils at the surface.  About 52 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 22 per cent gravelly (15-35%) and 21 per cent very gravelly to extremely gravelly (35-80%) soils.  About 83 per cent has soils that are very low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 8 per cent of the soils are low (10 ppm) in about 36 per cent area, low (0.6 ppm) in about 92 per cent area and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 3 per cent area.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Kadenhalli Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 59 (1) 294 (62) Guava 25 (5) 91 (19) Fodder Sorghum 59 (12) 303 (64) Pomegranate 54 (11) 46 (10) Maize 30 (6) 262 (55) Banana 54 (11) 46 (10) Upland paddy 59 (12) 303 (64) Jackfruit 54 (11) 107 (23) Finger millet 59 (12) 320 (67) Jamun 54 (11) - Redgram 59 (1) 294 (62) Musambi 54 (11) 107 (23) Horse gram 109 (23) 269 (57) Lime 54 (11) 107 (23) Field bean 59 (1) 294 (62) Cashew 25 (5) 152 (32) Cowpea 59 (1) 294 (62) Custard apple 59 (12) 319 (67) Groundnut 30 (6) 257 (54) Amla 59 (12) 382 (67) Sunflower 54 (11) 107 (23) Tamarind 54 (11) - Onion 59 (1) 233 (49) Marigold 59 (1) 294 (62) Chilli 59 (1) 294 (62) Chrysanthemum 59 (1) 294 (62) Brinjal 59 (1) 294 (62) Jasmine 59 (1) 294 (62) Tomato 59 (1) 294 (62) Coconut 25 (5) 75 (16) Mango 54 (11) - Arecanut 25 (5) 75 (16) Sapota 54 (11) 107 (23) Mulberry 25 (5) 75 (16) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub-marginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder, fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining ecological balance and contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kadenahalli micro-watershed (Anekatte sub-watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13021' – 13023' North latitudes and 76036' – 76039' East longitudes, covering an area of about 476.20 ha, bounded by Kadenahalli, Dabbegatta, Tharabenahalli, Jayachamarajapura and Bairaganahalli villages length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days.We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kadenahalli Microwatershed (Anekatte subwatershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 53.7 to 46.3 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 51.2 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 92.7 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste among the all sample households.  Liquefied petroleum gas is the source of energy for a cooking among 95.2 per cent.  About 61.9 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 10.0 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grain through public distribution system is around 70.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities having among all the sample households.  Institutional participation is only 24.4 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 7.3 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all sample households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.4 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to marginal farmers. The dry land of 81.4 per cent and irrigated land 18.6 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 52.8 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 19.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.10282 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.78671 per household, about 70.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer  The average value of livestock is around Rs.19550 per household; about 86.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 605 grams (1504 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 90.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.92308 per household. About 40 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.801. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 591 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 264732 per year for the total area of 476.20 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 18704/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in areca nut (Rs. 92098), coconut (Rs. 25904), ragi (Rs. 17996), red gram (Rs. 9462), black gram (Rs. 6711), green gram (Rs. 3540) and sorghum is negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 4254/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs. 10725) Followed by ragi (Rs. 3075), greengram (Rs. 1790) and horse gram (Rs. 1425).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut(Rs. 3 481866), black gram (Rs. 272925), sorghum (Rs.167301), red gram (Rs. 90506) horse gram (Rs.65792), green gram (Rs.54717), ragi (Rs. 33117) and areca nut (Rs. 6128). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is coconut (28.0 %) followed by ragi (27.2 %), greengram (18.1 %), sorghum (9.1 %), areca nut (8.0 %), horse gram (7.7 %) and black gram (1.9 %).  In Kadenahalli micro-watershed, major soil is of Bidanagere (BDG) series is having moderately deep soil depth cover around 1.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing green gram. Bhimanakunte (BMK) is also having moderately deep soil depth cover 2.0 % of area, the crops are black gram (56.2 %) and ragi (43.8%). Balapur (BPR) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 3.9 % of areas, crops are greengram (50.0 %) and ragi (50.0 %). Bedwatti (BWT) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 12.9 % of area, main crop is sorghum. Dambarahalli (CSR) soil series are having shallow soil depth cover around 3.6 % of area, respectively. The major crops grown are areca nut (84.9%) and coconut (15.1 %). Gollarahatti (GHT) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth covers around 1.0 % of area; the major crop grown is horsegram (50.0 %) and redgram. Hooradhahalli (HDH) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover 6.8 % of areas respectively; crops are cotton (50.0 %) and ragi (50.0 %). Ranatur (RTR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 6.1% of areas; main crops are coconut and Thammadahalli (TDH) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover 19.3 % of areas main crop is coconut.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut ranges between Rs.160451/ha in TDH soil (with BCR of 1.17) and Rs.27147/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 2.61).  In green gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 32058/ha in BDG soil (with BCR of 1.03) and Rs.24399/ha in BPR (with BCR of 1.53).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 58521/ha in BMK soil and Rs.15002/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 2.91).  In red gram the cost of cultivation in GHT soil is Rs.41600/ha (with BCR of 1.20).  In black gram the cost of cultivation in BMK soil is Rs. 49275/ha (with BCR of 1.14) and sorghum the cost of cultivation in BWT soil is Rs.36792/ha (with BCR of 1.03).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil 4 and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in areca nut (22.8 %), coconut (43.5 to 52.6 %), ragi (42.2 to 60.9 %), redgram (2.7 %), horse gram (27.0 %) and greengram (13.2 to 30.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kallupalya Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 402 ha in Gubbi taluk of Tumakuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drough-prone with an average annual rainfall of 813 mm, of which about 466 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 196 mm during north-east and the remaining 151 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 88 per cent is covered by soils and 12 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rd week of June to third week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 33 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 87 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 13 per cent is not suitable for agriculture  About 84 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 4 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow.  About 6 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 82 per cent loamy soils.  About 39 per cent of the soils are non gravelly, 19 per cent of the soils are gravelly (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 81 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 7 per cent of the area is gently sloping (3-5%).  An area of about 52 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 29 per cent moderately eroded (e2). A very small area of about 7 per cent is severely eroded.  Maximum area of about 57 per cent has soils that are strongly acid to moderately acid and slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5) and 31 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 1 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha).  About 23 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in an area of about 4 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in an area of 83 per cent.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in maximum area about 77 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 11 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire microwatershed area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 36 per cent of soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 74 (16) 62(13) Guava 74 (16) 185(40) Fodder Sorghum 74 (16) 62(13) Pomegranate 74 (16) 45(10) Maize 43 (9) 93(20) Banana 74 (16) 45(10) Upland paddy 74 (16) 140(30) Jackfruit 74 (16) 45(10) Finger millet 74 (16) 119(26) Jamun 74 (16) 45(10) Redgram 74 (16) 62(13) Musambi 74 (16) 45(10) Horse gram 91(20) 272(59) Lime 74 (16) 45(10) Field bean 74 (16) 62(13) Cashew 74 (16) 105(23) Cowpea 74 (16) 62(13) Custard apple 74 (16) 119(43) Groundnut 12(3) 276(60) Amla 74 (16) 197(43) Sunflower 74 (16) 45(10) Tamarind 74 (16) 45(10) Onion 43 (9) 93(20) Marigold 74 (16) 83(18) Chilli 74 (16) 62(13) Chrysanthemum 74 (16) 83(18) Brinjal 74 (16) 62(13) Jasmine 74 (16) 83(18) Tomato 74 (16) 62(13) Coconut 74 (16) 45(10) Mango 74 (16) 45(10) Arecanut 74 (16) 45(10) Sapota 74 (16) 45(10) Mulberry 12(3) 300(65) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kallupalya micro-watershed (Tyagatur sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13026' – 13028' North latitudes and 76049' – 76052' East longitudes, covering an area of about 462.13 ha, bounded by Pinnenahalli, Unaganala, Hosakere, Maddinahalli and Harehalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kallupalya micro-watershed (Tyagatur subwatershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 54.8 to 45.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group of 18 to 30 populations is around 57.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 81.0 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste is around 90.0 per cent  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the major source of energy for a cooking around 90.0 per cent.  About 60.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 70.0 percent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among the all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 70.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 12.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 40.0 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.7 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 32.7 per cent and irrigated land of 68.3 per cent of total cultivable land among the sample households.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 87.8 per cent and agriculture is the main and private service is subsidiary occupation for 6.1 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 14223 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 11271 per household, about 40 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 42692 per household; about 92.9 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 634.4 grams (1402.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 92384 per household. About 70.0 per cent of farm households are above poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 1151. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 639 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 258190 per year for the total area of 462.1 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 40996/ ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in areca nut (Rs. 221324) followed by coconut (Rs. 76700), red gram (Rs. 36621), maize (Rs. 29025), aware (Rs. 28750), chillies (Rs. 14048), cowpea (Rs. 8223) and ragi, horse gram and sorghum is negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3681/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs. 6893) followed by horse gram (Rs. 5434), ragi (Rs. 3605), cowpea (Rs. 2100) and maize (Rs. 371).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 3 324418) followed by aware (Rs 67233), maize (Rs. 60367), red gram (Rs. 53787), sorghum (Rs. 35017), chillies (Rs. 23218), horse gram (Rs. 22808), ragi (Rs. 9104), areca nut (Rs. 8896), and cowpea (Rs. 6205). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is coconut (34.4 %) followed by sorghum (17.3 %) maize (16.5 %), horse gram (16.5%), chillies (8.6 %), areca nut (8.2 %), ragi (6.1 %), aware (4.5 %), red gram (4.1 %), sorghum (0.5 %) and cowpea (0.5 %).  In Kallupalya micro watershed, major soils are soil of alluvial landscape of Bidanagere (BDG) series are moderately deep soil depth cover around 12.4 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing chilies (45.9 %), coconut (27.1 %) and ragi (27.1 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Balapur (BPR) are also having deep soil deep cover around 25.6 % of area, the crops are areca nut (55.4 %) and coconut (44.6 %). Kadagathur (KDT) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 6.6 % of areas, crops cowpea (16.3 %), horse gram (16.3 %), maize (65.3 %), and sorghum (2.1 %). Muradi (MRD) soil series are having very deep soil depth cover around 11.2 % per cent of area, respectively. The major crops grown are aware (16.4%), coconut (34.4%), ragi (32.8 %) and redgram (16.4 %). Thimmasandra (TSD) soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 9.7 % of area, the major crop grown is coconut.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs. 134524/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.21) and Rs. 46521/ha in TSD soil (with BCR of 4.58).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs 32802/ha in BDG soil (with BCR of 1.12) and Rs. 11034/ha in MRD soil (with BCR of 1.25).  In chillies the cost of cultivation in BDG soil is Rs.91809//ha (with BCR of 1.15).  In areca nut the cost of cultivation in BPR soil is Rs 57547/ha (with BCR of 4.85).  In maize the cost of cultivation in KDT soil is Rs 30255/ha (with BCR of 1.97).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in KDT soil is Rs 34985/ha (with BCR of 1.12).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation in KDT soil is Rs 34569/ha (with BCR of 1.12) and aware the cost of cultivation in MRD soil is Rs 26825/ha (with BCR of 2.07).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. 4 Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (18.7 to 87.3 %), ragi (19 to 67.4 %), horse gram (24.1 %), maize (40.5%), sorghum (59.1%), cowpea (59.5%) and aware (48.4%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

The land resource inventory of Ranganahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiographic and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 354 ha in Gubbi taluk of Tumakuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 813 mm, of which about 466 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 196 mm during north-east and the remaining 151 mm durinfg the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils and 5 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes (LUCs).  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rd week of June to third week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 95 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 5 per cent is not suitable for agriculture  About 88 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 7 per cent of the soils are shallow to moderately shallow.  About 18 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 77 per cent loamy soils.  About 73 per cent of the soils are non gravelly, 16 per cent of the soils are gravelly (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 93 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 2 per cent of the area is gently sloping (3-5%).  An area of about 43 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 52 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  Maximum area of about 44 per cent has soils that are slightly acidic to strongly acid (pH 5.0-6.5), 44 per cent area has neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 7 per cent of the soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 65 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha).  About 8 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in an area of about 95 per cent.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in maximum area about 76 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 19 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in an area of about 95 per cent.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 33 per cent of soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 314 (61) 30(6) Guava 250(49) 95(18) Fodder Sorghum 314 (61) 30(6) Pomegranate 296 (58) 18(3) Maize 190(37) 153(30) Banana 296 (58) 18(3) Upland paddy 314(61) 79(16) Jackfruit 296 (58) 18(3) Finger millet 314 (61) 85(16) Jamun 246 (48) 51(10) Redgram 314 (61) 30(6) Musambi 296 (58) 18(3) Horse gram 334(65) 147 (29) Lime 296 (58) 18(3) Field bean 314 (61) 30(6) Cashew 250(64) 64(12) Cowpea 314 (61) 30(6) Custard apple 314 (61) 167 (33) Groundnut 107(21) 327 (64) Amla 314 (61) 167 (33) Sunflower 296 (58) 18(3) Tamarind 246 (48) 51(10) Onion 236 (46) 108(21) Marigold 314 (61) 87(17) Chilli 314 (61) 30(6) Chrysanthemum 314 (61) 87(17) Brinjal 314 (61) 30(6) Jasmine 314 (61) 87(17) Tomato 314 (61) 30(6) Coconut 250(49) 64(12) Mango 246 (48) 51(10) Arecanut 250(49) 64(12) Sapota 296 (58) 18(3) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Ranganahalli micro-watershed (Pillahalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13028' – 13029' North latitudes and 76052' – 76054' East longitudes, covering an area of about 353.56 ha, bounded by Malamachanakunte, Kallugudi, Thalekoppa, Ranganahalli an Ankasandra villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Ranganahalli micro-watershed (Pillahalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Thumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 51.1 to 48.9 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 64.4 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 73.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) 80 percent and general caste 20 percent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among all the sample households.  About 20.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Farm households are having MGNREGA card only 40 per cent for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities among all sample households.  Institutional participation is only 8.9 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.01 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 73.4 per cent and irrigated land 26.5 per cent of total cultivated land area among the sample households.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 84.4 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 8.9 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.14771. per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 2472 per household. Among all sample farmers having weeder and plough (30 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 26687 per household; about 66.6 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 612.2 grams (1374.7 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among the all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.67122 per household. About 50.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 946. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 637 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 309674 per year for the total area of 535.5 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 53002/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in ragi (Rs. 3371) followed by coconut (Rs. 66505) and areca nut (Rs. 142384).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1883/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in horse gram (Rs. 2779) and ragi (Rs. 988).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in turmeric (Rs.69577) followed by coconut (Rs. 246668), horse gram (Rs. 20907), ragi (Rs. 12073) and areca nut (Rs. 7058). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is coconut (62.5 %) followed by ragi (17.3 %) areca nut (15.6 %) and horse gram (4.5 %).  In Ragenahalli micro-watershed, major soil series are Kutegoudanahundi series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 15.2 % of area. On this soil farmer are presently growing horse gram (50 %) and ragi (50 %). Bidanagere series having moderately soils depth cover around 9.5 % of areas; the major crops are coconut. Balapur and Jedigere series are having deep soil depth cover around 6.0 % and 7.6 % of areas respectively, crops are coconut, areca nut and ragi grown. Hallikere, Niduvalalu and Ranatur series having very deep soil depth covers around 16.1 per cent, 11.2 per cent and 9.0 per cent of areas, respectively; the major crops are coconut, areca nut and horse gram can grow.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for horse gram ranges between Rs.34886/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.13) and Rs.19954/ha in NDL soil (with BCR of 1.12).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs 25530/ha in KGH soil (with of 1.32) and Rs. 22068/ha in HLK soil (with BCR of 1.39).  In coconut the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 136691/ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 1.69) and Rs. 54014/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 2.0).  In areca nut the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.109416ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 3.24) and Rs.48323/ha JDG soil (with BCR of 3.79).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. 4  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in horse gram (24.1 to 36.7 %), ragi (67.6 %), coconut (57.7 to 30.7 %) and areca nut (88.2 to 83.3 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sanabanahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 462 ha in Gubbi taluk of Tumakuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 813 mm, of which about 466 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 196 mm during north-east and the remaining 151 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils and three per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 3 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rd week of June to third week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 97 per cent area is suitable for agriculture.  About 97 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm).  About 21 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 76 per cent loamy soils.  About 81 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 16 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel).  About 42 per cent has soils that are low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity, 32 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 24 per cent has very high (>200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 89 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 8 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) lands.  An area of about 65 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 32 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 39 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 31 per cent moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 13 per cent strongly acid (pH 5.0-5.5) and 13 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 14 per cent of the soils are low (4.5 ppm) in 86 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 16 per cent of soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (Class S1) and moderately suitable (Class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 205 (44) 85 (18) Guava 186 (40) 211 (46) Fodder Sorghum 205 (44) 85 (18) Pomegranate 205 (44) 85 (18) Maize 77(17) 164 (35) Banana 205 (44) 85 (18) Upland paddy 205 (44) 85 (18) Jackfruit 205 (44) 36(8) Finger millet 205 (44) 36(8) Jamun 199(43) 91 (20) Red gram 205 (44) 85 (18) Musambi 205 (44) 85 (18) Horse gram 205 (44) 241 (52) Lime 205 (44) 85 (18) Field bean 205 (44) 85 (18) Cashew 186 (15) 55 (12) Cowpea 205 (44) 85 (18) Custard apple 205 (44) 241(52) Groundnut 6 (1) 373 (81) Amla 205 (44) 241(52) Sunflower 205 (44) 85 (18) Tamarind 199(43) 91 (20) Onion 97 (21) 194 (42) Marigold 205 (44) 85 (18) Chilli 205 (44) 85 (18) Chrysanthemum 205 (44) 85 (18) Brinjal 205 (44) 85 (18) Jasmine 205 (44) 85 (18) Tomato 205 (44) 85 (18) Coconut 186 (40) 55 (12) Mango 199(43) 42 (9) Arecanut 186 (40) 55 (12) Sapota 205 (44) 36(8) Mulbery 6 (1) (2832) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Sanabanahalli microwatershed (Bangihalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13027' – 13028' North latitudes and 051'76054' East longitudes, covering an area of about 604.37 ha, bounded by Anthapura, Gadi Ankanahalli, Madhenahalli, Sanabanahalli and Thalekoppa villages with an length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Sanabanahalli micro-watershed (Bangihalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 40.3 to 59.7 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 52 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 57.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward castes (OBC) is around 45.5 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 27.3 per cent.  About 27.3 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households 45.5% per cent are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 72.7 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 72.7 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 1.92 per cent of sample households. Economic Indicator:  The average land holding is 0.5 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belongs to marginal and small farmers. The accounted for dry land of 54.7 per cent and irrigated land of 45.3 per cent to total cultivated land among sample households. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 10.5 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 86.8 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 67494 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 27500 per household; about 66.7 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 731.6 grams (1605.1 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 72.7 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.40810 per household. About 18.1 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1194. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 463 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 207147 per year for the total area of 461.60 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food production is around Rs. 18763/ ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 78340) followed by mango (Rs. 76674), ragi (Rs.10415), horse gram (Rs. 8039), cowpea (Rs. 6799), greengram (Rs. 2496) maize (Rs. 353), bajra and sorghum is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 10074/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 35568) followed by bajra (Rs. 6367), sorghum (Rs.5443), horse gram (Rs. 1547) and ragi (Rs. 1445).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 256015) followed maize (Rs. 72440), green gram (Rs. 48736), mango (Rs. 48121), bajra (Rs. 46641), sorghum (Rs. 45171), horse gram (Rs. 21379), ragi (Rs. 12914) and cowpea (Rs. 9306). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern followed by bajra (1.0 %), coconut (12.7 %), cowpea (0.4 %), greengram (0.8 %), horse gram (16.9 %), maize (0.6 %), mango (12.6 %), ragi (35.0 %) and sorghum (20.1 %). 3  In Sanabanahalli Microwatershed, major soil is soil of Balapura (BPR) series is having deep soil depth cover around 33.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing horse gram (34.3 %) mango (31.2 %) ragi (34.3 %), Hallikere (HLK) are also having very deep depth cover 15.47 % of area, the crops are horse gram (26.7 %) mango (10.9 %), ragi (49.4 %), sorghum (12.8 %) and Kadagathur (KDT) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 23.57 % of areas, crops are green gram (25.1 %) and maize (14.9 %) ragi (59.8 %). Thondigere (TDG) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 10.66 % of area, crops are bajra, coconut, cowpea, horse gram, ragi and sorghum.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for mango ranges between Rs. 57315/ha in HLK soil (with BCR of 3.04) and Rs. 29944/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.65).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 31318/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.23) and Rs. 24711/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.25).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 38190/ha in TDG soil (with BCR of 1.11) and Rs. 22068/ha in HLK soil (with BCR of 1.23).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.24611/ha in HLK soil (with BCR of 1.20) and Rs. 11655/ha in TDG soil (with BCR of 1.38).  In maize the cost of cultivation in KDT soil is Rs. 106350/ha (with BCR of 1.34).  In bajra the cost of cultivation in TDG soil is Rs.47903/ha (with BCR of 0.84)  In coconut the cost of cultivation in TDG soil is Rs.26467/ha (with BCR of 2.73) and green gram the cost of cultivation in KDT soil is Rs.34200/ha (with BCR of 1.07).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of live stock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. 4  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation there is scope to increase yield in mango (89.9 to 55.3 %), ragi (67.8 to 59.5 %), sorghum (56.0 to 42.8 %), hors egram (49.4 to 29.1 %), coconut (47.7 %) cowpea (39.3 %), bajra (28.8 %), maize (28.6 %) and greengram (17.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Handrahalu-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 592 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 26 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  Entire area is having clayey soils at the surface.  About 41per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 42 per cent has gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 11 per cent has very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  With respect to available water capacity 3 per cent of the area has very low (200mm/m).  An area of about 8 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 86 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 43 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 51 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 6 per cent has soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4) ,59 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 29 per cent soils very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 8 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 3 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is high (>337 kg/ha) in the entire area.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 49 per cent area of the soils  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 50 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 45 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in 3 per cent of the area and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 92 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 218(37) 297(50) Pomegranate - 374(63) Maize - - Guava - - Bajra - 9(1) Jackfruit - - Redgram - 355(60) Jamun - 245(41) Bengalgram 218(37) 297(50) Musambi 111(19) 262(44) Groundnut - 9(1) Lime 111(19) 262(44) Sunflower 109(18) 256(43) Cashew - - Cotton 218(37) 297(50) Custard apple 239(40) 295(50) Chilli - - Amla 534(90) Tomato - Tamarind 253(43) Drumstick 373(63) Marigold - 517(87) Mulbery - 534(90) Chrysanthemum - 517(87) Mango - Jasmine - 151(26) Sapota - - Crossandra - 65(11) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Handrahalu-1 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) is located in between 15017' – 15019' North latitudes and 7601' – 7604' East longitudes, covering an area of about 592.03 ha, bounded by Narasapura, Hireshindhogi, Handrala and Hanvala villages. Agro Ecological Region (AER) – 3: (Deccan plateau, hot arid ecosubregion). Karnataka Plateau (Rayalseema as inclusion), hot arid ESR with deep loamy and clayey mixed red and black soils, low to medium AWC and LGP 60-90 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Handrahalu-1 Microwatershed in Koppal taluk and district are presented here Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 52.9 to 47.1 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 56.9 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 75.5 per cent.  Social groups belong to SC/ST is around 29 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 97.4 per cent.  About 78.9 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (92.1%) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 89.5 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 52.6 per cent.  Institutional participation is only 5.45 per cent.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 8.3 per cent.  Women participation is decisions making are around 47.3 per cent were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.04 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi-medium farmers. The dry land account for 70.4 % and irrigated land is 9.8 % of total cultivated land of the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 4.5 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 58.8 per cent.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs 45685 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs 41955 per household, about 36.1 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs 20785 per livestock; about 52.8 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 683 grams (1822.9 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 74.4 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 26410 per household. About 15.8 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs 845 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 900.3 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 505064 per year for the total area of 571.4 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food production is around Rs 7638/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in wheat (Rs 14947/ha) followed by sorghum (Rs 12876/ha), sunflower (Rs 11021/ha), bengal gram (Rs 10034/ha), maize (Rs 5619/ha), green gram (Rs 5071/ha), cotton (Rs 4463/ha) and bajra is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 1562/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs 2009/ha) followed by sorghum (Rs 1992/ha) and bajra (Rs 684 /ha).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs 60694) followed by cotton (Rs 59710), sorghum (Rs 53817), bajra (Rs 52810), 3 sunflower (Rs 37915), green gram (Rs 35038), maize (Rs 20463) and wheat (Rs 19072). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (52.3 %) followed by sunflower (14.4 %), sorghum (13.9 %), bengal gram (8.3 %), bajra (3.7 %), green gram (3.7 %), wheat (2.6 %), cotton (1.2 %).  In Handrahalu-1 micro watershed, major soils are soil of alluvial landscape of Ravanaki (RNK) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 25.57 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize (31.9 %) sorghum (24.2%), sunflower (20.2 %), bengal gram (12 %) and bajra (11.7 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Kutegoudanahundi (KGH) are also having having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 0.97 % of area, the crops are maize (50.9 %), bajra and sunflower was 24.5 % each. Gatareddihal (GRH) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 23.42 % of areas, crops are maize (31.9 %) and sorghum (68.1 %). Narasapura (NSP) and Dambarahalli (DRL) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 15.53 % and 1.87 per cent of area, respectively. The major crops grown are maize (63.3 % and 37.5 %), cotton (37.5 %), sunflower (25 %), bengal gram (20.9%) and sorghum (15.7 %). Belagatti (BGT) soil series are having very shallow soil depth covers around 3.31 % of area, the major crop grown is maize, sorghum and sunflower. Bardur (BDR) and Murlapur (MLR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 1.54 % and 0.41 % of areas respectively; crops are wheat, bajra, maize, sunflower and sorghum.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for bajra ranges between Rs.27889/ha in MLR soil (with BCR of 1.17) and Rs.14448/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.08).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs 36127/ha in RNK soil (with of 1.26) and Rs.18079/ha in NSP soil (With BCR of 1.63).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 52523/ha in BDR soil (with BCR of 0.99) and Rs. 15329/ha in MLR soil (with BCR of 1.34).  In sorghum cost of cultivation range between is Rs.29466/ha in GRH soil (with BCR of 1.61) and Rs 16475 in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.10).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation range between is Rs 39247/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.10) and Rs. 13809/ha in MLR soil (with BCR of 2.25).  In cotton the cost of cultivation in DRL soil is Rs.32587/ha (with BCR of 1.14) and wheat cultivation in MLR soil is Rs 19253/ha (with BCR of 1.74).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and 4 water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. Fertilizer applications are deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in bajra (9.2 to 12.5 %), bengal gram (9.9 % %), cotton (19 %), maize (44.2 to 78.8 %), sorghum (43.5 %), sorghum (0.1 to 35.4 %), sunflower (0.0 to 11.1 %) and wheat (63.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project