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This is the first in a conference series organized by the Forum on Capital as Power and sponsored by Routledge and Springer. The present meetings explore the dual crisis of capital and theory. There are 21 scheduled presentations, including keynote addresses by Herman Scwhartz and Randall Germain and guest presentations by George Comninel, Leo Panitch, David McNally and Jonathan Nitzan. The conference closes with a roundtable interrogation of capital, power and the future of political economy. Attendance is free and all are welcome. DATE/TIME/PLACE: October 29-31, 2010 || York Lanes, Rooms 280N & 280A || Keele Campus of York University. VIDEOS: To watch the panels, click the link to the video podcasts above.

Este trabajo plantea una alternativa para el seguimiento a los proyectos de inversión de la Vicepresidencia de Transporte de Ecopetrol. El análisis que se plantea se realizó desde la panorámica de la organización, recolectando conceptos de varias dependencias; por tanto el modelo se basa en el conocimiento tácito de las actividades de seguimiento y control de proyectos que ha desarrollado la organización a través de los años. A pesar de que en algunos sectores académicos la facilidad de la aplicación de estos métodos pueda no ser compartida, ante el actual ejercicio no se halló mejor alternativa de aproximación al conocimiento al interior de la empresa. A través de esta propuesta se pretende generar metodologías adecuadas para seguimiento y control de proyectos, que conduzcan a una asignación óptima de los recursos disponibles. ; Abstract This paper proposes an alternative for monitoring the investment projects of the Vice President of Transportation Ecopetrol. The analysis was performed arises from the view of the organization, collecting concepts of various areas; so the model is based on the tacit knowledge of the activities of monitoring and control of projects that the organization has developed through the years. Through this proposal it is to generate adequate monitoring and project control methods, leading to an optimal allocation of available resources ; Maestría

This article shows that two widely used data sources from the French military administration pertain to two different enlistment stages and combines these sources to build a quasi-exhaustive panel of young men around their 20s. The panel is applied to measure height growth of men born at the end of the 19th century in an economically backward small rural area of France. The one-year growth is 0:39cm and only concerns the shortest men; the tallest men already reached adult maturity. Industrial pollution imposes a growth penalty that overcomes the enhancing impact of industrial development.

During many years, people and governments have been warned about the increasing levels of pollution and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions that are endangering our lives on this planet. The Information and Communication Technology sector, usually known as the ICT sector, responsible for the computerization of the society, has been pinpointed as one of the most important sectors contributing to such a problem. Many efforts, however, have been put to shift the trend towards the utilization of renewable resources, such as wind or solar power. Even though governments have agreed to follow this path and avoid the usage of non-renewable energies, it is not enough. Although the ICT sector might seem an added problem due to the number of connected devices, technology improvements and hardware optimization enable new ways of fighting against global warming and GHG emissions. The aforementioned computerization has forced companies to evolve their work into a computer-assisted one. Due to this, companies are now forced to establish their main headquarters inside buildings for work coordination, connection and management. Due to this, buildings are becoming one of the most important issues regarding energy consumption. In order to cope with such problem, the Internet of Things (IoT) offers new paradigms and alternatives for leading the change. IoT is commonly defined as the network of physical and virtual objects that are capable of collecting surrounding data and exchanging it between them or through the Internet. Thanks to these networks, it is possible to monitor any thinkable metric inside buildings, and, then, utilize this information to build efficient automated systems, commonly known as Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS), capable of extracting conclusions on how to optimally and efficiently manage the resources of the building. ICT companies have foreseen this market opportunity that, paired with the appearance of smaller, efficient and more durable sensors, allows the development of efficient IoT systems. However, the lack of agreement and standardization creates chaos inside IoT, and the horizontal connectivity between such systems is still a challenge. Moreover, the vast amount of data to process requires the utilization of Big Data techniques to guarantee close to real-time responses. This thesis initially presents a standard Cloud-based IoT architecture that tries to cope with the aforementioned problems by employing a Cloud middleware that obfuscates the underlying hardware architecture and permits the aggregation of data from multiple heterogeneous sources. Also, sensor information is exposed to any third-party client after authentication. The utilization of automated IoT systems for managing building resources requires high reliability, resilience, and availability. The loss of sensor data is not permitted due to the negative consequences it might have, such as disruptive resource management. For this, it is mandatory to grant backup options to sensor networks in order to guarantee correct functioning in case of partial network disconnections. Additionally, the placement of the sensors inside the building must guarantee minimal energy consumption while fulfilling sensing requirements. Finally, a building resource management use case is presented by means of a simulation tool. The tool draws on occupants' probabilistic models and environmental condition models for actuating upon building elements to ensure optimal and efficient functioning. Occupants' comfort is also taken into consideration and the trade-off between the two metrics is studied. All the presented work is meant to deliver insights and tools for current and future IoT system implementations by setting the basis for standardization agreements yet to happen. ; Durant molts anys, s'ha alertat a la població i als governs sobre l'increment en els nivells de pol·lució i d'emissió de gasos d'efecte hivernacle, que estan posant en perill la nostra vida a la Terra. El sector de les Tecnologies de la Informació i Comunicació, normalment conegut com les TIC, responsable de la informatització de la societat, ha estat senyalat com un dels sectors més importants encarregat d'agreujar tal problema. Però, molt esforç s'està posant per revertir aquesta situació mitjançant l'ús de recursos renovables, com l'energia eòlica o solar. Tot i que els governs han acordat seguir dit camí i evitar l'ús d'energia no renovable tant com sigui possible, no és suficient per erradicar el problema. Encara que el sector de les TIC pugui semblar un problema afegit donada la gran quantitat i l'increment de dispositius connectats, les millores en tecnologia i en hardware estan habilitant noves maneres de lluitar contra l'escalfament global i l'emissió de gasos d'efecte hivernacle. La informatització, anteriorment mencionada, ha forçat a les empreses a evolucionar el seu model de negoci cap a un més enfocat a la utilització de xarxes d'ordinadors per gestionar els seus recursos. Per això, dites companyies s'estan veient forçades a establir les seves seus centrals dintre d'edificis, per tenir un major control sobre la coordinació, connexió i maneig dels seus recursos. Això està provocant un augment en el consum energètic dels edificis, que s'estan convertint en un dels principals problemes. Per poder fer front al problema, la Internet de les Coses o Internet of Things (IoT) ofereix nous paradigmes i alternatives per liderar el canvi. IoT es defineix com la xarxa d'objectes físics i virtuals, capaços de recol·lectar la informació per construir sistemes automatitzats, coneguts com a Sistemes de Gestió Energètica per Edificis, capaços d'extreure conclusions sobre com utilitzar de manera eficient i òptima els recursos de l'edifici. Companyies pertanyents a les TIC han previst aquesta oportunitat de mercat que, en sincronia amb l'aparició de sensors més petits, eficients i duradors, permeten el desenvolupament de sistemes IoT eficients. Però, la falta d'acord en quant a l'estandardització de dits sistemes està creant un escenari caòtic, ja que s'està fent impossible la connectivitat horitzontal entre dits sistemes. A més, la gran quantitat de dades a processar requereix la utilització de tècniques de Big Data per poder garantir respostes en temps acceptables. Aquesta tesi presenta, inicialment, una arquitectura IoT estàndard basada en la Neu, que tracta de fer front als problemes anteriorment presentats mitjançant l'ús d'un middleware allotjat a la Neu que ofusca l'arquitectura hardware subjacent i permet l'agregació de la informació originada des de múltiples fonts heterogènies. A més, la informació dels sensors s'exposa perquè qualsevol client de tercers pugui consultar-la, després d'haver-se autenticat. La utilització de sistemes IoT automatitzats per gestionar els recursos dels edificis requereix un alt nivell de fiabilitat, resistència i disponibilitat. La perduda d'informació no està permesa degut a les conseqüències negatives que podría suposar, com una mala presa de decisions. Per això, és obligatori atorgar opcions de backup a les xarxes de sensors per garantir un correcte funcionament inclús quan es produeixen desconnexions parcials de la xarxa. Addicionalment, la col·locació dels sensors dintre de l'edifici ha de garantir un consum energètic mínim dintre de les restriccions de desplegament imposades. Finalment, presentem un cas d'ús d'un Sistema de Gestió Energètica per Edificis mitjançant una eina de simulació. Dita eina utilitza com informació d'entrada models probabilístics sobre les accions dels ocupants i models sobre la condició ambiental per actuar sobre els elements de l'edifici i garantir un funcionament òptim i eficient. A més, el confort dels ocupants també es considera com mètrica a optimitzar. Donada la impossibilitat d'optimitzar les dues mètriques de manera conjunta, aquesta tesi també presenta un estudi sobre el trade-off que existeix entre elles. Tot el treball presentat està pensat per atorgar idees i eines pels sistemes IoT actuals i futurs, i assentar les bases per l'estandardització que encara està per arribar. ; Durante muchos años, se ha alertado a la población y a los gobiernos acerca del incremento en los niveles de polución y de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero, que están poniendo en peligro nuestra vida en la Tierra. El sector de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación, normalmente conocido como las TIC, responsable de la informatización de la sociedad, ha sido señalada como uno de los sectores más importantes encargado de agravar tal problema. Sin embargo, mucho esfuerzo se está poniendo para revertir esta situación mediante el uso de recursos renovables, como la energía eólica o solar. A pesar de que los gobiernos han acordado seguir dicho camino y evitar el uso de energía no renovable tanto como sea posible, no es suficiente para erradicar el problema. Aunque el sector de las TIC pueda parecer un problema añadido dada la gran cantidad y el incremento de dispositivos conectados, las mejoras en tecnología y en hardware están habilitando nuevas maneras de luchar contra el calentamiento global y la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero. Durante las últimas décadas, compañías del sector público y privado conscientes del problema han centrado sus esfuerzos en la creación de soluciones orientadas a la eficiencia energética tanto a nivel de hardware como de software. Las nuevas redes troncales están siendo creadas con dispositivos eficientes y los proveedores de servicios de Internet tienden a crear sistemas conscientes de la energía para su optimización dentro de su dominio. Siguiendo esta tendencia, cualquier nuevo sistema creado y añadido a la red debe garantizar un cierto nivel de conciencia y un manejo óptimo de los recursos que utiliza. La informatización, anteriormente mencionada, ha forzado a las empresas a evolucionar su modelo de negocio hacia uno más enfocado en la utilización de redes de ordenadores para gestionar sus recursos. Por eso, dichas compañías se están viendo forzadas a establecer sus sedes centrales dentro de edificios, para tener un mayor control sobre la coordinación, conexión y manejo de sus recursos. Esto está provocando un aumento en el consumo energético de los edificios, que se están convirtiendo en uno de los principales problemas. Para poder hacer frente al problema, el Internet de las Cosas o Internet of Things (IoT) ofrece nuevos paradigmas y alternativas para liderar el cambio. IoT se define como la red de objetos físicos y virtuales, capaces de recolectar la información del entorno e intercambiarla entre los propios objetos o a través de Internet. Gracias a estas redes, es posible monitorizar cualquier métrica que podamos imaginar dentro de un edificio, y, después, utilizar dicha información para construir sistemas automatizados, conocidos como Sistemas de Gestión Energética para Edificios, capaces de extraer conclusiones sobre cómo utilizar de manera eficiente y óptima los recursos del edificio. Compañías pertenecientes a las TIC han previsto esta oportunidad de mercado que, en sincronía con la aparición de sensores más pequeños, eficientes y duraderos, permite el desarrollo de sistemas IoT eficientes. Sin embargo, la falta de acuerdo en cuanto a la estandarización de dichos sistemas está creando un escenario caótico, ya que se hace imposible la conectividad horizontal entre dichos sistemas. Además, la gran cantidad de datos a procesar requiere la utilización de técnicas de Big Data para poder garantizar respuestas en tiempos aceptables. Esta tesis presenta, inicialmente, una arquitectura IoT estándar basada en la Nube que trata de hacer frente a los problemas anteriormente presentados mediante el uso de un middleware alojado en la Nube que ofusca la arquitectura hardware subyacente y permite la agregación de la información originada des de múltiples fuentes heterogéneas. Además, la información de los sensores se expone para que cualquier cliente de terceros pueda consultarla, después de haberse autenticado. La utilización de sistemas IoT automatizados para manejar los recursos de los edificios requiere un alto nivel de fiabilidad, resistencia y disponibilidad. La pérdida de información no está permitida debido a las consecuencias negativas que podría suponer, como una mala toma de decisiones. Por eso, es obligatorio otorgar opciones de backup a las redes de sensores para garantizar su correcto funcionamiento incluso cuando se producen desconexiones parciales de la red. Adicionalmente, la colocación de los sensores dentro del edificio debe garantizar un consumo energético mínimo dentro de las restricciones de despliegue impuestas. En esta tesis, mejoramos el problema de colocación de los sensores para redes heterogéneas de sensores inalámbricos añadiendo restricciones de clustering o agrupamiento, para asegurar que cada tipo de sensor es capaz de obtener su métrica correspondiente, y restricciones de protección mediante la habilitación de rutas de transmisión secundarias. En cuanto a grandes redes homogéneas de sensores inalámbricos, esta tesis estudia aumentar su resiliencia mediante la identificación de los sensores más críticos. Finalmente, presentamos un caso de uso de un Sistema de Gestión Energética para Edificios mediante una herramienta de simulación. Dicha herramienta utiliza como información de entrada modelos probabilísticos sobre las acciones de los ocupantes y modelos sobre la condición ambiental para actuar sobre los elementos del edificio y garantizar un funcionamiento óptimo y eficiente. Además, el comfort de los ocupantes también se considera como métrica a optimizar. Dada la imposibilidad de optimizar las dos métricas de manera conjunta, esta tesis también presenta un estudio sobre el trade-off que existe entre ellas. Todo el trabajo presentado está pensado para otorgar ideas y herramientas para los sistemas IoT actuales y futuros, y asentar las bases para la estandarización que todavía está por llegar. ; Postprint (published version)

The development among young people in multicultural Norway, as well as in other European countries, is characterized by increasing pluralism. In everyday life, both at school and in their leisure time, young people with different skin color, religious orientation and ethnic and cultural backgrounds, experience various forms of meetings and mutual exposure to each other. This report attempts to explore some aspects of these mutual influences and relationships among youth that grow up in multicultural environments in the city of Oslo. Almost all pupils in the two last years of secondary school, and the first year of their further education(corresponding to the sixth form of comprehensive school)in Oslo participated in a large study in 2006 that dealt with a wide variety of research themes. The main themes of this report are the patterns of subjective identification of the self and of others, cultural orientation, friendship and social relations – including racialized relationships – ,leisure activities, use of new technology, religious, «alternative» and political values, and attitudes and expectations towards the future. Results from the present survey and a similar survey from 1996 are compared. The response level was 94 percent in 1996 among 11425 respondents, and 93 percent among 11.500 respondents in 2006. A first and relatively striking finding in the survey is the increase in the percentage of youth with immigrant background who see themselves as «Norwegian» in 2006. Among youth with immigrant background who were born in Norway, the percentage has increased from 46,3 in 1996 to 70,5 in 2006, and from 31,0 percent to 56,2 percent among those born abroad. While it is always difficult to know more precisely what such expressions mean to the respondents, such an increase may not only reflect the increase in the number of persons of immigrant background living in Oslo over the recent years, but also the number of persons with such backgrounds that to an increasing degree seem to be exposed in the media as somehow successful in Norwegian society. In such a climate – which is constantly in danger of becoming challenged by the negative stereotypes and generalizations that are also heavily expressed in the media – it may be easier to develop a positive identification with the new country where your parents have settled. As such patterns of identification are also combined with identifying with being «an immigrant», with the identity of the parents, and also, to some degrees, categories such as «international», «foreigners» and «European», the findings exemplify an increase in the identificational patterns known in research as «hybridization».At the same time, the majority of the youngsters of immigrant background emphasize the importance of living in accordance with the culture and traditions of the parents' country of origin. This is also emphasized by their parents, even if the percentage among the parents who emphasize these matters have decreased a little since 1996 according to the young people.It has also become slightly more common to use either Norwegian or Norwegian in a combination with the mother-tongue at home. In addition youth of solely Norwegian background in 2006 emphasized pride, attachment and the meaning of being Norwegian more strongly than their counterparts did in 1996. The results thus imply an overall increase in the phenomenon of ethnification, where youth in 2006, regardless of background, to a larger extent seem to become conscious about and reflect upon their own background. A large majority of the youth from a solely Norwegian background emphasized that «immigrants should adapt to Norwegian culture, but also take care of their own». Thusthe both-and attitudes of the youth of immigrant background seem to be supported by the majority of the youth ofnon-immigrant background. The attitudes of this latter group are rather composite. On the one hand they confirm that immigrants contribute important knowledge about other cultures to Norway, and that they are often clever and that they contribute to the strengthening of Norwegian working places. At the same time two out of three participants of Norwegian background in the 2006 study mean that crime and violence increase due to immigrants. Here negative focus in the media obviously must be taken into account.The number of youth with Norwegian-born parents who have «immigrant friends», has increased slightly from 79,4 per cent in 1996 to 82.8 percent in 2006. This implies that regardless of their general attitudes towards immigrants, most youth of Norwegian-born parents do have friends with immigrant background. Interestingly, youth with Norwegian-born parents who report that their parents use to shop in immigrant shops, reports considerably more positive attitudes towards immigrants, than youth with parents who do not shop in immigrant shops. This indicates the important role of parents' attitudes in these matters.There are no changes in the amount of reported negative or racist experiences from youth of immigrant background from 1996 to 2006. Boys with immigrant background have such experiences much more often than girls do. From 1996 to 2006 there has been an increase in the number of friends of solely Norwegian background youth of immigrant background have. At the same time youth of immigrant background experience a larger increase in the reported number of friends with immigrant parents from other countries than their own. Thus, there seems to be no tendency among youth of immigrant background to isolate themselves and develop patterns where they only socialize with friends of the same background as themselves. The overall picture, on the contrary, points in the direction of an increasing multiculturality regarding friendship relations. This is valid for youth with immigrant background as well as for youth with Norwegian-born parents. The close relationship to parents and family has been strengthened. Regardless of background girls seem to be the most attached to home and family. The girls also do housework more often, all in accordance with more traditional gender related expectations.There is a tendency for leisure activities that are not organized to have decreased in importance in 2006. The number of visitors in youth clubs has admittedly decreased, but this may be due to the fact that several youth clubs have recently been closed down in Oslo. Among the users of youth clubs the percentage of males of immigrant background are the highest, and the lowest percentage are represented by girls of solely Norwegian background. More girls with immigrant background visit youth clubs than both girls and boys with solely Norwegian background.Several types of organizations have increased their number of members, such as sports clubs, supporter clubs, religious organizations (both Muslim and Christian),political organizations and teetotalist organizations. More boys than girls are members in organizations.The number of girls with solely Norwegian background who report to «have been together with friends» outside the home is considerably higher than among girls with immigrant background. Can these differences be understood as expressions of more conservative gender roles among some immigrant families?There has been an overall increase in the number of youth who have visited a library from 1996 to 2006, but here are also large differences. 70 percent of the girls with immigrant background had visited a library last month, while only 31 percent of boyswith Norwegian background had done the same.There has also been an overall increase in the number of youth who have «visited the centre of Oslo last week». But differences in family background are considerable, and is the largestat weekends during nighttime: 13,6 per cent of boys with immigrant background had visited the centre of Oslo last Saturday night, compared to 4.8 percent of the girls of immigrant background. The corresponding percentages were 6.6 percent for boys with Norwegian background, and 5.2 for girls. In so far as most violence, drug use and crime happen at such a time in the centre of Oslo, these figures give grounds for worry. Here one must, nevertheless, take into account the likelihood of large variations according to the different immigrant backgrounds represented.The majority of youth has become more physically active during the last ten years. Youth with immigrant background are the most active in dancing and various combat sports, while youth with Norwegian background are especially active in ordinary sports clubs. Girls with immigrant background are the least physically active in general, but have the largest number engaged in dancing. Football is the most popular sport, regardless of gender.Around 75 percent of all youth use a PC each week or more often at school. Youth with immigrant background are the most eager users in the school context. Girls chat and use e-mail more than boys. In all other matters, boys are more active. The gender differences are especially large when it comes to computer games: 50.2 percent of the boys play such games during a week, while the corresponding percentage for girls is 10.0. Based on the findings there is, however, no particular reason to fear that new technology creates differences along ethnic dimensions.There are only small differences among boys and girls regarding ownership of mobile phones, but a little fewer youth with immigrant background own one.The number of youth with Norwegian-born parents who report being Christian has decreased from 69.8 percent to 53.6 percent since 1996, at the same time as the percentage of those who report that they do not belong to any religion or faith has increased from 27.5 to 44.3 percent. Girls of Norwegian background are more religious than boys of Norwegian background. Among youth of immigrant background the percentage who «know there is a God» has increased from 66.6 in 1996 to 73.3 percent in 2006. Youth with immigrant background visit religious meetings considerably more often than youth of solely Norwegian background. Nevertheless, there has been an increase in the percentage of youth of Norwegian background who visit religious meetings since 1996.At the same time as fewer youth report that they "believe in God» in a traditional meaning, the number who associate themselves with "alternative» world views and beliefs like believing in ghosts, astrology, fortune telling, spirits, tarot cards, crystal bowls and so forth, is increasing. But there are large differences between girls and boys. There are only small differences between youth associated with Islam and those associated with Christianity. Associates with Hinduism and to some extent Buddhists seem to be most open for «alternative» phenomena. Also among youth associated with atheism (humane ethics), such beliefs are rather common.The four themes of more political nature that youth in Oslo prioritize regardless of ethnic background are: «to ensure that nobody is poor in Norway», «to protect the environment against pollution», "to maintain law and order» and «to secure work for everyone». Girls emphasize these values the most. The least support is given to «privatize public schools», «reduce the interference of the public in thelives of the inhabitants», «transfer more care for old people to children and other relatives» and «to protect Norwegian culture against English and American influence». Girls are less concerned with national values, and are more positive towards opening up the borders for immigrants. Youth with Norwegianbackground are more concerned that "Norway should work to succeed better in sports», various environmental issues and issues of law and order.Youth with immigrant background reflect a both-and attitude: they are more skeptical to the interference of the public in the lives of the inhabitants, but combine this with an emphasis on the necessity of combating poverty, emphasizing the «securing of better personal economy», and »giving more oil-money to poor countries». They are considerably less interested in environmental issues than youth with solely Norwegian background. Youth with immigrant background emphasize more the necessity of «protecting Norwegian culture and language against English and American influence»! This may probably be seen as expressions of a tendency to anti-American sentiments, stemming from the conflicts created by American involvement in several conflicts in the Muslim world.The percentage of youth who believe «there will be problems with getting jobs after finishing education» decreased from 27.0 percent in 1996 to 17.6 in 2006, which is probably well in line with the high activity of Norwegian economy in recent times. But the differences connected with background are considerable: 28.3 percent of youth with immigrant background believed in such problems, while the percentage was 13 among youth with solely Norwegian background. Among these youth, together with youth with one Norwegian-born and one foreign-born parent, we found the largest percentage believing that «it is likely that humans in my life time will encounter a global environmental catastrophe».As we have already seen, there are considerable differences between boys and girls. These differences confirm, in many ways, traditional expectation of gender based characteristics, and that they still are valid in several ways, regardless of family background. At last we must underline that many of the categories used in the report have been very coarse-grained and that it is highly likely that there will be large variations regarding several issues, and also regarding questions concerning gender. ; Våren 2006 ble det gjennomført en større ungdomsundersøkelse kalt Ung i Oslo, 10 år etter en tilsvarende fra 1996. Alle elever i de to siste klassene på ungdomsskolen og i første klasse på videregående har deltatt. På grunnlag av disse undersøkelsene har formålet med denne rapporten vært å få fram noen aspekter ved de gjensidige påvirkningene og relasjonene mellom unge med norskfødte foreldre og ungdom med innvandrerbakgrunn i Oslo. De sentrale problemstillingene omhandler andres og egen subjektive oppfatning av identitet, de unges kulturelle orientering, vennskap og sosiale relasjoner, opplevd rasisme og diskriminering, fritidsaktiviteter, bruk av ny teknologi, religiøse og politiske verdier, samt holdninger og forventinger om framtida. Hensikten har hovedsakelig vært å presentere resultatene, og rapporten inneholder derfor bare i mindre grad utdypende fortolkninger og referanser.Et av de mest slående funna i undersøkelsen er økningen i andelene unge med innvandrerbakgrunn som i 2006 ser seg selv som norske, sammenliknet med den tilsvarende andelen i 1996. Samtidig kombineres dette med en sterk identifisering med foreldrenes orienteringer og identitet, noe som indikerer at nye former for etnisitet er i ferd med å vokse fram. Også unge med norskfødte foreldre legger i 2006 større vekt på tilknytningen til Norge og på stolthet ved å være norsk, sammenliknet med situasjonen ti år tidligere. Holdningene blant unge med norskfødte foreldre til unge med innvandrerbakgrunn, er sammensatte. Men trass i at en del har negative holdninger til "innvandrere", har likevel et stort flertall venner med innvandrerbakgrunn og vise versa. Det overordnede bildet peker i retning av flere og mer sammensatte vennskapsrelasjoner, både for unge med norskfødte foreldre og unge med foreldre født i utlandet. Vi finner er ingen forandring i andelen unge med innvandrerforeldre som rapporterer negative eller rasistiske erfaringer fra 1996 til 2006.

Currently, the Medical service of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is working in the regulatory field, which is fixed by amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine at the strategic course of the state for the acquisition of full membership ofUkrainein the European Union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The formation of the new structure of the Medical service, according to the NATO J-structure, which took place on February 5, 2020 and the direct participation of the Ukrainian Armed Forces in the operation of the Joint Forces, pose new complex tasks for the medical support of troops in modern conditions before the Command of the Medical Forces of the Ukrainian Armed Forces. Given the process of introducing a unified logistics system for the Armed Forces of Ukraine, adapted to the standards of NATO member countries, there is a need to transfer the organization and management of medical supplies to the Armed Forces of Ukraine to more advanced technologies and tools for managing stream processes. Particular attention in the management of stream processes must be given to their informatization.Aim. To conduct a cluster analysis of experts distribution who took part in an expert survey on the implementation of logistics processes informatization in medical supply system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.Results. One of the necessary steps towards improving the quality and efficiency of logistics processes in institutions and units of the medical supply of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is the introduction of information technologies in these processes. In order to study the state of readiness of the medical supply system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine for the implementation of informatization of logistics processes, an expert survey has been conducted using a specially designed questionnaire. The experts were members of medical service and employees of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, who are involved in medical supply system of the troops. The next stage of the study was the use of multifactorial and multivariate statistical analysis of expert survey results. It should be noted that in this study, all experts have been divided at their place of service into 7 groups. The 1-st group presented experts from Command of the Medical Forces of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, the 2nd group – medical warehouses of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, 3-d group – Pharmaceutical Centers (pharmacies), 4-th group – mobile medical supply groups, 5-th group – Military Medical Clinical Centers of the regions, 6-th group – Centers for the formation and storage of medical equipment and medical supplies of emergency reserves(stocks). The 7-th group included experts who did not indicate their position and place of service (anonymous respondents). Considering the type of data on the basis of which statistical processing of the research results has been carried out, we consider it to be appropriate to conduct further data processing using nonparametric methods that are nonparametric, namely the technology of hierarchical agglomeration cluster analysis and the non-hierarchical cluster method «k-Nearest Averages».Conclusions. By applying the methods of cluster analysis, a sufficiently high level of consistency of the conclusions of experts of the medical supply system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to the need for the introduction of informatization of logistics processes. Since, in the dendrogram the maximum value of "Linkage Distance" was 0,62 and the average value was 0,21. An analysis of the results showed that experts from different duty stations in the medical supply system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine support the implementation of information technology in their professional activities. The greatest consistency in the middle of their professional group has been held by experts from the Command of the Medical Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Medical Warehouses of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine and Pharmaceutical Centers (pharmacies) of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The clustering resulted in six clusters, which brought together experts from the medical supply system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. However, the number of experts grouped in each cluster was different. The difference in the composition of experts in each cluster has been also determined. Persons whose registration numbers were included as elements in such clusters belong to different groups of study participants from almost all institutions and medical supply units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Only respondents with registration numbers 1-6 – experts from the medical warehouses of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine were groupped into one small first cluster. In addition, cluster analysis provided the identification of related structural elements and their relationships in the middle of the cluster. There is a union of all experts from the first, most experts of the second group and experts from the sixth group within the same cluster. This testifies to the direct control and coordination of the Command of the Medical Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine over the medical warehouses of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, Centers for the formation and storage of medical equipment and medical supplies of emergency reserves. Experts from different Military Medical Clinical Centers of the regions (group 5) and Pharmaceutical Centers (pharmacies) (group 3) joined together in each of the three clusters. This is explained by the implementation of the organization of medical supply of the Armed Forces of Ukraine according to the territorial principle in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine dated 16.11.2016 No. 608 "On approval of the administrative-territorial zones of responsibility of healthcare institutions of the Armed Forces of Ukraine for the organization of medical support". ; В настоящее время медицинская служба Вооружённых Сил (ВС) Украины работает в нормативном поле, которое закреплено изменениями к Конституции Украины по стратегическому курсу государства на приобретение полноправного членства Украины в Европейском Союзе и в Организации Северо-атлантического договора. Формирование новой структуры медицинской службы согласно J-структуры НАТО, которое произошло 5 февраля 2020 года, и непосредственное участие ВС Украины в операции Объединённых сил ставят перед Командованием Медицинских сил ВС Украины новые сложные задания по медицинскому обеспечению войск в современных условиях. Учитывая процесс внедрения единой системы логистического обеспечения ВС Украины, адаптированной к стандартам стран-членов НАТО, возникает необходимость в переходе организации и управления медицинским снабжения ВС Украины к более совершенным технологиям и инструментам управления потоковыми процессами. Особенное внимание в управлении потоковыми процессами необходимо уделить их информатизации.Целью исследования является проведение кластерного анализа распределения экспертов, которые принимали участие в экспертном опросе о внедрении информатизации логистических процессов в систему медицинского снабжения Вооружённых Сил Украины.Результаты. Одним из необходимых шагов в направлении повышения качества и эффективности логистических процессов в учреждениях и подразделениях медицинского снабжения ВС Украины является внедрение информационных технологий в указанные процессы. С целью исследования состояния готовности системы медицинского снабжения ВС Украины к внедрению информатизации логистических процессов был внедрен метод экспертного опроса при помощи специально разработанной анкеты. В качестве экспертов выступали военнослужащие медицинской службы и работники ВС Украины, задействованные в системе медицинского снабжения войск. Следующим этапом исследования стало применение методов многофакторного и многомерного статистического анализа результатов экспертного опроса. Следует отметить, что в этом исследовании все эксперты были разделены по месту их службы на 7 групп: 1 группа – орган управления медицинской службой ВС Украины; 2 группа – медицинские склады Министерства обороны (МО) Украины; 3 группа – фармацевтические центры (аптеки); 4 группа – группы медицинского снабжения передвижные; 5 группа – Военно-медицинские клинические центры регионов; 6 группа – центры формирования и хранения медицинской техники и имущества неприкосновенных запасов. В 7 группе – эксперты, которые не указали свою должность и место прохождения службы (анонимные респонденты). Учитывая тип данных, на базе которых проводилась статистическая обработка результатов исследования, считаем целесообразным дальнейшую обработку проводить методами, которые предусматривают не расчёт, а классификацию полученных результатов, относящихся к непараметрическим, а именно, к технологии иерархического агломеративного кластерного анализа и неиерархического кластерного метода «k-ближайших средних».Выводы. Путём применения методов кластерного анализа определён достаточно высокий уровень согласованности выводов экспертов системы медицинского снабжения ВС Украины в отношении необходимости внедрения информатизации логистических процессов, поскольку в дендрограмме максимальная величина "Linkage Distance" была равна 0,62, а среднее значение – 0,21. Анализ полученных результатов показал, что эксперты из разных мест службы в системе медицинского снабжения ВС Украины поддерживают внедрение информационных технологий в свою профессиональную деятельность, но наибольшую согласованность внутри своей профессиональной группы имели эксперты из органа управления медицинской службой ВС Украины, медицинских складов МО Украины и фармацевтических центров (аптек) ВС Украины. В результате кластеризации получено 6 кластеров, в которые объединились эксперты из системы медицинского снабжения ВС Украины. Однако количество экспертов, которые сгруппировались в каждом кластере, разное. Также определено отличие по составу экспертов в каждом кластере. Особы, чьи регистрационные номера попали как элементы в такие кластеры, относятся к разным группам участников исследования из практически всех учреждений и подразделений медицинского снабжения ВС Украины. Только респонденты с регистрационными номерами 1-6 – эксперты из медицинских складов МО Украины сгруппировались в один малый первый кластер. Кроме того, кластерный анализ обеспечил выявление связанных структурных элементов и их связей внутри кластера. Так, наблюдается объединение всех экспертов из первой, большинства экспертов второй группы и экспертов из шестой группы внутри одного кластера, что свидетельствует о прямом контроле и координации органа управления медицинской службы ВС Украины над медицинскими складами МО Украины, центрами формирования и хранения медицинской техники и имущества неприкосновенных запасов. Выяснено, что эксперты из разных Военно-медицинских клинических центров регионов (5 группа) и фармацевтических центров (аптек) (3 группа) объединились между собой в каждом из трёх кластеров. Это объясняется осуществлением организации медицинского снабжения ВС Украины по территориальному принципу в соответствии с приказом МО Украины от 16.11.2016 № 608 «Про утверждение административно-территориальных зон ответственности учреждений здравоохранения Вооружённых Сил Украины за организацию медицинского обеспечения». ; На теперішній час медична служба Збройних Сил (ЗС) України працює в нормативному полі, яке закріплене змінами до Конституції України щодо стратегічного курсу держави на набуття повноправного членства України в Європейському Союзі та в Організації Північно-атлантичного договору. Формування нової структури медичної служби згідно з J-структурою НАТО, що відбулося 5 лютого 2020 року, та безпосередня участь ЗС України в операції Об'єднаних сил ставлять перед Командуванням Медичних сил ЗС України нові складні завдання з медичного забезпечення військ у сучасних умовах. З огляду на процес впровадження єдиної системи логістичного забезпечення ЗС України, адаптованої до стандартів країн-членів НАТО, перехід організації та управління медичним постачанням ЗС України до більш досконалих технологій та інструментів управління потоковими процесами у відповідності до міжнародних норм стає вимогою сьогодення. Особливу увагу в управлінні потоковими процесами необхідно приділити їх інформатизації.Метою дослідження є проведення кластерного аналізу розподілу експертів, які брали участь в експертному опитуванні з впровадження у систему медичного постачання ЗС України інформатизації логістичних процесів.Результати. Одним з необхідних кроків у напрямку підвищення якості та ефективності логістичних процесів у закладах і підрозділах медичного постачання ЗС України є впровадження інформаційних технологій у вказані процеси. З метою дослідження стану готовності системи медичного постачання ЗС України до впровадження інформатизації логістичних процесів було впроваджено метод експертного опитування за допомогою спеціально розробленої анкети. В якості експертів виступали військовослужбовці медичної служби та працівники ЗС України, які задіяні у системі медичного постачання військ. Наступним етапом дослідження стало застосування методів багатофакторного і багатовимірного статистичного аналізу результатів експертного опитування. Слід зазначити, що в цьому дослідженні всі експерти були розділені за місцем їх служби на 7 груп: 1 група – орган управління медичною службою ЗС України; 2 група – медичні склади Міністерства оборони (МО) України; 3 група – фармацевтичні центри (аптеки); 4 група – групи медичного постачання пересувні; 5 група – Військово-медичні клінічні центри регіонів; 6 група – центри формування та зберігання медичної техніки та майна непорушних запасів. До 7 групи потрапили експерти, які не вказали свою посаду та місце проходження служби (анонімні респонденти). Зважаючи на тип даних, на базі яких проводилося статистичне опрацювання результатів дослідження, вважаємо за доцільне подальшу обробку проводити методами, які передбачають не обрахування, а класифікацію отриманих результатів, що відносяться до непараметричних, а саме технології ієрархічного агломеративного кластерного аналізу та неієрархічного кластерного методу «k-найближчих середніх».Висновки. Шляхом застосування методів кластерного аналізу визначений досить високий рівень узгодженості висновків експертів системи медичного постачання ЗС України до необхідності впровадження інформатизації логістичних процесів, оскільки у дендрограмі максимальна величина "Linkage Distance" дорівнювала 0,62, а середнє значення – 0,21. Аналіз отриманих результатів показав, що експерти з різних місць служби у системі медичного постачання ЗС України підтримують впровадження інформаційних технологій в свою професійну діяльність, але найбільшу узгодженість всередині своєї професійної групи мали експерти з органу управління медичною службою ЗС України, медичних складів МО України та фармацевтичних центрів (аптек) ЗС України. В результаті кластеризації отримано 6 кластерів, у які об'єднались експерти з системи медичного постачання ЗС України. Встановлено, що кількість експертів, які потрапили до кожного кластеру, різна. Також визначена відмінність за складом експертів у кожному кластері. Особи, чиї реєстраційні номери потрапили як елементи у такі кластери, відносяться до різних груп учасників дослідження з практично всіх закладів та підрозділів медичного постачання ЗС України. Тільки респонденти з реєстраційними номерами 1-6 – експерти з медичних складів МО України згрупувались в один малий перший кластер. Крім того, кластерний аналіз забезпечив виявлення пов'язаних структурних елементів та їх зв'язків всередині кластера. Так, спостерігається об'єднання усіх експертів з першої, більшості експертів другої групи та експертів з шостої групи всередині одного кластера, що свідчить про прямий контроль та координацію органу управління медичною службою ЗС України над медичними складами МО України та центрами формування і зберігання медичного майна і техніки непорушного запасу. З'ясовано, що експерти з різних Військово-медичних клінічних центрів регіонів (п'ята група) та фармацевтичних центрів (аптек) (третя група) об'єднались між собою в кожному з трьох кластерів. Це пояснюється здійсненням організації медичного постачання ЗС України за територіальним принципом відповідно до наказу МО України від 16.11.2016 № 608 «Про затвердження адміністративно-територіальних зон відповідальності закладів охорони здоров'я Збройних Сил України за організацію медичного забезпечення».

Currently, the Medical service of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is working in the regulatory field, which is fixed by amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine at the strategic course of the state for the acquisition of full membership ofUkrainein the European Union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The formation of the new structure of the Medical service, according to the NATO J-structure, which took place on February 5, 2020 and the direct participation of the Ukrainian Armed Forces in the operation of the Joint Forces, pose new complex tasks for the medical support of troops in modern conditions before the Command of the Medical Forces of the Ukrainian Armed Forces. Given the process of introducing a unified logistics system for the Armed Forces of Ukraine, adapted to the standards of NATO member countries, there is a need to transfer the organization and management of medical supplies to the Armed Forces of Ukraine to more advanced technologies and tools for managing stream processes. Particular attention in the management of stream processes must be given to their informatization.Aim. To conduct a cluster analysis of experts distribution who took part in an expert survey on the implementation of logistics processes informatization in medical supply system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.Results. One of the necessary steps towards improving the quality and efficiency of logistics processes in institutions and units of the medical supply of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is the introduction of information technologies in these processes. In order to study the state of readiness of the medical supply system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine for the implementation of informatization of logistics processes, an expert survey has been conducted using a specially designed questionnaire. The experts were members of medical service and employees of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, who are involved in medical supply system of the troops. The next stage of the study was the use of multifactorial and multivariate statistical analysis of expert survey results. It should be noted that in this study, all experts have been divided at their place of service into 7 groups. The 1-st group presented experts from Command of the Medical Forces of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, the 2nd group – medical warehouses of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, 3-d group – Pharmaceutical Centers (pharmacies), 4-th group – mobile medical supply groups, 5-th group – Military Medical Clinical Centers of the regions, 6-th group – Centers for the formation and storage of medical equipment and medical supplies of emergency reserves(stocks). The 7-th group included experts who did not indicate their position and place of service (anonymous respondents). Considering the type of data on the basis of which statistical processing of the research results has been carried out, we consider it to be appropriate to conduct further data processing using nonparametric methods that are nonparametric, namely the technology of hierarchical agglomeration cluster analysis and the non-hierarchical cluster method «k-Nearest Averages».Conclusions. By applying the methods of cluster analysis, a sufficiently high level of consistency of the conclusions of experts of the medical supply system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to the need for the introduction of informatization of logistics processes. Since, in the dendrogram the maximum value of "Linkage Distance" was 0,62 and the average value was 0,21. An analysis of the results showed that experts from different duty stations in the medical supply system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine support the implementation of information technology in their professional activities. The greatest consistency in the middle of their professional group has been held by experts from the Command of the Medical Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Medical Warehouses of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine and Pharmaceutical Centers (pharmacies) of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The clustering resulted in six clusters, which brought together experts from the medical supply system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. However, the number of experts grouped in each cluster was different. The difference in the composition of experts in each cluster has been also determined. Persons whose registration numbers were included as elements in such clusters belong to different groups of study participants from almost all institutions and medical supply units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Only respondents with registration numbers 1-6 – experts from the medical warehouses of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine were groupped into one small first cluster. In addition, cluster analysis provided the identification of related structural elements and their relationships in the middle of the cluster. There is a union of all experts from the first, most experts of the second group and experts from the sixth group within the same cluster. This testifies to the direct control and coordination of the Command of the Medical Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine over the medical warehouses of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, Centers for the formation and storage of medical equipment and medical supplies of emergency reserves. Experts from different Military Medical Clinical Centers of the regions (group 5) and Pharmaceutical Centers (pharmacies) (group 3) joined together in each of the three clusters. This is explained by the implementation of the organization of medical supply of the Armed Forces of Ukraine according to the territorial principle in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine dated 16.11.2016 No. 608 "On approval of the administrative-territorial zones of responsibility of healthcare institutions of the Armed Forces of Ukraine for the organization of medical support". ; В настоящее время медицинская служба Вооружённых Сил (ВС) Украины работает в нормативном поле, которое закреплено изменениями к Конституции Украины по стратегическому курсу государства на приобретение полноправного членства Украины в Европейском Союзе и в Организации Северо-атлантического договора. Формирование новой структуры медицинской службы согласно J-структуры НАТО, которое произошло 5 февраля 2020 года, и непосредственное участие ВС Украины в операции Объединённых сил ставят перед Командованием Медицинских сил ВС Украины новые сложные задания по медицинскому обеспечению войск в современных условиях. Учитывая процесс внедрения единой системы логистического обеспечения ВС Украины, адаптированной к стандартам стран-членов НАТО, возникает необходимость в переходе организации и управления медицинским снабжения ВС Украины к более совершенным технологиям и инструментам управления потоковыми процессами. Особенное внимание в управлении потоковыми процессами необходимо уделить их информатизации.Целью исследования является проведение кластерного анализа распределения экспертов, которые принимали участие в экспертном опросе о внедрении информатизации логистических процессов в систему медицинского снабжения Вооружённых Сил Украины.Результаты. Одним из необходимых шагов в направлении повышения качества и эффективности логистических процессов в учреждениях и подразделениях медицинского снабжения ВС Украины является внедрение информационных технологий в указанные процессы. С целью исследования состояния готовности системы медицинского снабжения ВС Украины к внедрению информатизации логистических процессов был внедрен метод экспертного опроса при помощи специально разработанной анкеты. В качестве экспертов выступали военнослужащие медицинской службы и работники ВС Украины, задействованные в системе медицинского снабжения войск. Следующим этапом исследования стало применение методов многофакторного и многомерного статистического анализа результатов экспертного опроса. Следует отметить, что в этом исследовании все эксперты были разделены по месту их службы на 7 групп: 1 группа – орган управления медицинской службой ВС Украины; 2 группа – медицинские склады Министерства обороны (МО) Украины; 3 группа – фармацевтические центры (аптеки); 4 группа – группы медицинского снабжения передвижные; 5 группа – Военно-медицинские клинические центры регионов; 6 группа – центры формирования и хранения медицинской техники и имущества неприкосновенных запасов. В 7 группе – эксперты, которые не указали свою должность и место прохождения службы (анонимные респонденты). Учитывая тип данных, на базе которых проводилась статистическая обработка результатов исследования, считаем целесообразным дальнейшую обработку проводить методами, которые предусматривают не расчёт, а классификацию полученных результатов, относящихся к непараметрическим, а именно, к технологии иерархического агломеративного кластерного анализа и неиерархического кластерного метода «k-ближайших средних».Выводы. Путём применения методов кластерного анализа определён достаточно высокий уровень согласованности выводов экспертов системы медицинского снабжения ВС Украины в отношении необходимости внедрения информатизации логистических процессов, поскольку в дендрограмме максимальная величина "Linkage Distance" была равна 0,62, а среднее значение – 0,21. Анализ полученных результатов показал, что эксперты из разных мест службы в системе медицинского снабжения ВС Украины поддерживают внедрение информационных технологий в свою профессиональную деятельность, но наибольшую согласованность внутри своей профессиональной группы имели эксперты из органа управления медицинской службой ВС Украины, медицинских складов МО Украины и фармацевтических центров (аптек) ВС Украины. В результате кластеризации получено 6 кластеров, в которые объединились эксперты из системы медицинского снабжения ВС Украины. Однако количество экспертов, которые сгруппировались в каждом кластере, разное. Также определено отличие по составу экспертов в каждом кластере. Особы, чьи регистрационные номера попали как элементы в такие кластеры, относятся к разным группам участников исследования из практически всех учреждений и подразделений медицинского снабжения ВС Украины. Только респонденты с регистрационными номерами 1-6 – эксперты из медицинских складов МО Украины сгруппировались в один малый первый кластер. Кроме того, кластерный анализ обеспечил выявление связанных структурных элементов и их связей внутри кластера. Так, наблюдается объединение всех экспертов из первой, большинства экспертов второй группы и экспертов из шестой группы внутри одного кластера, что свидетельствует о прямом контроле и координации органа управления медицинской службы ВС Украины над медицинскими складами МО Украины, центрами формирования и хранения медицинской техники и имущества неприкосновенных запасов. Выяснено, что эксперты из разных Военно-медицинских клинических центров регионов (5 группа) и фармацевтических центров (аптек) (3 группа) объединились между собой в каждом из трёх кластеров. Это объясняется осуществлением организации медицинского снабжения ВС Украины по территориальному принципу в соответствии с приказом МО Украины от 16.11.2016 № 608 «Про утверждение административно-территориальных зон ответственности учреждений здравоохранения Вооружённых Сил Украины за организацию медицинского обеспечения». ; На теперішній час медична служба Збройних Сил (ЗС) України працює в нормативному полі, яке закріплене змінами до Конституції України щодо стратегічного курсу держави на набуття повноправного членства України в Європейському Союзі та в Організації Північно-атлантичного договору. Формування нової структури медичної служби згідно з J-структурою НАТО, що відбулося 5 лютого 2020 року, та безпосередня участь ЗС України в операції Об'єднаних сил ставлять перед Командуванням Медичних сил ЗС України нові складні завдання з медичного забезпечення військ у сучасних умовах. З огляду на процес впровадження єдиної системи логістичного забезпечення ЗС України, адаптованої до стандартів країн-членів НАТО, перехід організації та управління медичним постачанням ЗС України до більш досконалих технологій та інструментів управління потоковими процесами у відповідності до міжнародних норм стає вимогою сьогодення. Особливу увагу в управлінні потоковими процесами необхідно приділити їх інформатизації.Метою дослідження є проведення кластерного аналізу розподілу експертів, які брали участь в експертному опитуванні з впровадження у систему медичного постачання ЗС України інформатизації логістичних процесів.Результати. Одним з необхідних кроків у напрямку підвищення якості та ефективності логістичних процесів у закладах і підрозділах медичного постачання ЗС України є впровадження інформаційних технологій у вказані процеси. З метою дослідження стану готовності системи медичного постачання ЗС України до впровадження інформатизації логістичних процесів було впроваджено метод експертного опитування за допомогою спеціально розробленої анкети. В якості експертів виступали військовослужбовці медичної служби та працівники ЗС України, які задіяні у системі медичного постачання військ. Наступним етапом дослідження стало застосування методів багатофакторного і багатовимірного статистичного аналізу результатів експертного опитування. Слід зазначити, що в цьому дослідженні всі експерти були розділені за місцем їх служби на 7 груп: 1 група – орган управління медичною службою ЗС України; 2 група – медичні склади Міністерства оборони (МО) України; 3 група – фармацевтичні центри (аптеки); 4 група – групи медичного постачання пересувні; 5 група – Військово-медичні клінічні центри регіонів; 6 група – центри формування та зберігання медичної техніки та майна непорушних запасів. До 7 групи потрапили експерти, які не вказали свою посаду та місце проходження служби (анонімні респонденти). Зважаючи на тип даних, на базі яких проводилося статистичне опрацювання результатів дослідження, вважаємо за доцільне подальшу обробку проводити методами, які передбачають не обрахування, а класифікацію отриманих результатів, що відносяться до непараметричних, а саме технології ієрархічного агломеративного кластерного аналізу та неієрархічного кластерного методу «k-найближчих середніх».Висновки. Шляхом застосування методів кластерного аналізу визначений досить високий рівень узгодженості висновків експертів системи медичного постачання ЗС України до необхідності впровадження інформатизації логістичних процесів, оскільки у дендрограмі максимальна величина "Linkage Distance" дорівнювала 0,62, а середнє значення – 0,21. Аналіз отриманих результатів показав, що експерти з різних місць служби у системі медичного постачання ЗС України підтримують впровадження інформаційних технологій в свою професійну діяльність, але найбільшу узгодженість всередині своєї професійної групи мали експерти з органу управління медичною службою ЗС України, медичних складів МО України та фармацевтичних центрів (аптек) ЗС України. В результаті кластеризації отримано 6 кластерів, у які об'єднались експерти з системи медичного постачання ЗС України. Встановлено, що кількість експертів, які потрапили до кожного кластеру, різна. Також визначена відмінність за складом експертів у кожному кластері. Особи, чиї реєстраційні номери потрапили як елементи у такі кластери, відносяться до різних груп учасників дослідження з практично всіх закладів та підрозділів медичного постачання ЗС України. Тільки респонденти з реєстраційними номерами 1-6 – експерти з медичних складів МО України згрупувались в один малий перший кластер. Крім того, кластерний аналіз забезпечив виявлення пов'язаних структурних елементів та їх зв'язків всередині кластера. Так, спостерігається об'єднання усіх експертів з першої, більшості експертів другої групи та експертів з шостої групи всередині одного кластера, що свідчить про прямий контроль та координацію органу управління медичною службою ЗС України над медичними складами МО України та центрами формування і зберігання медичного майна і техніки непорушного запасу. З'ясовано, що експерти з різних Військово-медичних клінічних центрів регіонів (п'ята група) та фармацевтичних центрів (аптек) (третя група) об'єднались між собою в кожному з трьох кластерів. Це пояснюється здійсненням організації медичного постачання ЗС України за територіальним принципом відповідно до наказу МО України від 16.11.2016 № 608 «Про затвердження адміністративно-територіальних зон відповідальності закладів охорони здоров'я Збройних Сил України за організацію медичного забезпечення».

Currently, the Medical service of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is working in the regulatory field, which is fixed by amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine at the strategic course of the state for the acquisition of full membership ofUkrainein the European Union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The formation of the new structure of the Medical service, according to the NATO J-structure, which took place on February 5, 2020 and the direct participation of the Ukrainian Armed Forces in the operation of the Joint Forces, pose new complex tasks for the medical support of troops in modern conditions before the Command of the Medical Forces of the Ukrainian Armed Forces. Given the process of introducing a unified logistics system for the Armed Forces of Ukraine, adapted to the standards of NATO member countries, there is a need to transfer the organization and management of medical supplies to the Armed Forces of Ukraine to more advanced technologies and tools for managing stream processes. Particular attention in the management of stream processes must be given to their informatization.Aim. To conduct a cluster analysis of experts distribution who took part in an expert survey on the implementation of logistics processes informatization in medical supply system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.Results. One of the necessary steps towards improving the quality and efficiency of logistics processes in institutions and units of the medical supply of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is the introduction of information technologies in these processes. In order to study the state of readiness of the medical supply system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine for the implementation of informatization of logistics processes, an expert survey has been conducted using a specially designed questionnaire. The experts were members of medical service and employees of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, who are involved in medical supply system of the troops. The next stage of the study was the use of multifactorial and multivariate statistical analysis of expert survey results. It should be noted that in this study, all experts have been divided at their place of service into 7 groups. The 1-st group presented experts from Command of the Medical Forces of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, the 2nd group – medical warehouses of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, 3-d group – Pharmaceutical Centers (pharmacies), 4-th group – mobile medical supply groups, 5-th group – Military Medical Clinical Centers of the regions, 6-th group – Centers for the formation and storage of medical equipment and medical supplies of emergency reserves(stocks). The 7-th group included experts who did not indicate their position and place of service (anonymous respondents). Considering the type of data on the basis of which statistical processing of the research results has been carried out, we consider it to be appropriate to conduct further data processing using nonparametric methods that are nonparametric, namely the technology of hierarchical agglomeration cluster analysis and the non-hierarchical cluster method «k-Nearest Averages».Conclusions. By applying the methods of cluster analysis, a sufficiently high level of consistency of the conclusions of experts of the medical supply system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to the need for the introduction of informatization of logistics processes. Since, in the dendrogram the maximum value of "Linkage Distance" was 0,62 and the average value was 0,21. An analysis of the results showed that experts from different duty stations in the medical supply system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine support the implementation of information technology in their professional activities. The greatest consistency in the middle of their professional group has been held by experts from the Command of the Medical Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Medical Warehouses of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine and Pharmaceutical Centers (pharmacies) of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The clustering resulted in six clusters, which brought together experts from the medical supply system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. However, the number of experts grouped in each cluster was different. The difference in the composition of experts in each cluster has been also determined. Persons whose registration numbers were included as elements in such clusters belong to different groups of study participants from almost all institutions and medical supply units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Only respondents with registration numbers 1-6 – experts from the medical warehouses of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine were groupped into one small first cluster. In addition, cluster analysis provided the identification of related structural elements and their relationships in the middle of the cluster. There is a union of all experts from the first, most experts of the second group and experts from the sixth group within the same cluster. This testifies to the direct control and coordination of the Command of the Medical Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine over the medical warehouses of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, Centers for the formation and storage of medical equipment and medical supplies of emergency reserves. Experts from different Military Medical Clinical Centers of the regions (group 5) and Pharmaceutical Centers (pharmacies) (group 3) joined together in each of the three clusters. This is explained by the implementation of the organization of medical supply of the Armed Forces of Ukraine according to the territorial principle in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine dated 16.11.2016 No. 608 "On approval of the administrative-territorial zones of responsibility of healthcare institutions of the Armed Forces of Ukraine for the organization of medical support". ; В настоящее время медицинская служба Вооружённых Сил (ВС) Украины работает в нормативном поле, которое закреплено изменениями к Конституции Украины по стратегическому курсу государства на приобретение полноправного членства Украины в Европейском Союзе и в Организации Северо-атлантического договора. Формирование новой структуры медицинской службы согласно J-структуры НАТО, которое произошло 5 февраля 2020 года, и непосредственное участие ВС Украины в операции Объединённых сил ставят перед Командованием Медицинских сил ВС Украины новые сложные задания по медицинскому обеспечению войск в современных условиях. Учитывая процесс внедрения единой системы логистического обеспечения ВС Украины, адаптированной к стандартам стран-членов НАТО, возникает необходимость в переходе организации и управления медицинским снабжения ВС Украины к более совершенным технологиям и инструментам управления потоковыми процессами. Особенное внимание в управлении потоковыми процессами необходимо уделить их информатизации.Целью исследования является проведение кластерного анализа распределения экспертов, которые принимали участие в экспертном опросе о внедрении информатизации логистических процессов в систему медицинского снабжения Вооружённых Сил Украины.Результаты. Одним из необходимых шагов в направлении повышения качества и эффективности логистических процессов в учреждениях и подразделениях медицинского снабжения ВС Украины является внедрение информационных технологий в указанные процессы. С целью исследования состояния готовности системы медицинского снабжения ВС Украины к внедрению информатизации логистических процессов был внедрен метод экспертного опроса при помощи специально разработанной анкеты. В качестве экспертов выступали военнослужащие медицинской службы и работники ВС Украины, задействованные в системе медицинского снабжения войск. Следующим этапом исследования стало применение методов многофакторного и многомерного статистического анализа результатов экспертного опроса. Следует отметить, что в этом исследовании все эксперты были разделены по месту их службы на 7 групп: 1 группа – орган управления медицинской службой ВС Украины; 2 группа – медицинские склады Министерства обороны (МО) Украины; 3 группа – фармацевтические центры (аптеки); 4 группа – группы медицинского снабжения передвижные; 5 группа – Военно-медицинские клинические центры регионов; 6 группа – центры формирования и хранения медицинской техники и имущества неприкосновенных запасов. В 7 группе – эксперты, которые не указали свою должность и место прохождения службы (анонимные респонденты). Учитывая тип данных, на базе которых проводилась статистическая обработка результатов исследования, считаем целесообразным дальнейшую обработку проводить методами, которые предусматривают не расчёт, а классификацию полученных результатов, относящихся к непараметрическим, а именно, к технологии иерархического агломеративного кластерного анализа и неиерархического кластерного метода «k-ближайших средних».Выводы. Путём применения методов кластерного анализа определён достаточно высокий уровень согласованности выводов экспертов системы медицинского снабжения ВС Украины в отношении необходимости внедрения информатизации логистических процессов, поскольку в дендрограмме максимальная величина "Linkage Distance" была равна 0,62, а среднее значение – 0,21. Анализ полученных результатов показал, что эксперты из разных мест службы в системе медицинского снабжения ВС Украины поддерживают внедрение информационных технологий в свою профессиональную деятельность, но наибольшую согласованность внутри своей профессиональной группы имели эксперты из органа управления медицинской службой ВС Украины, медицинских складов МО Украины и фармацевтических центров (аптек) ВС Украины. В результате кластеризации получено 6 кластеров, в которые объединились эксперты из системы медицинского снабжения ВС Украины. Однако количество экспертов, которые сгруппировались в каждом кластере, разное. Также определено отличие по составу экспертов в каждом кластере. Особы, чьи регистрационные номера попали как элементы в такие кластеры, относятся к разным группам участников исследования из практически всех учреждений и подразделений медицинского снабжения ВС Украины. Только респонденты с регистрационными номерами 1-6 – эксперты из медицинских складов МО Украины сгруппировались в один малый первый кластер. Кроме того, кластерный анализ обеспечил выявление связанных структурных элементов и их связей внутри кластера. Так, наблюдается объединение всех экспертов из первой, большинства экспертов второй группы и экспертов из шестой группы внутри одного кластера, что свидетельствует о прямом контроле и координации органа управления медицинской службы ВС Украины над медицинскими складами МО Украины, центрами формирования и хранения медицинской техники и имущества неприкосновенных запасов. Выяснено, что эксперты из разных Военно-медицинских клинических центров регионов (5 группа) и фармацевтических центров (аптек) (3 группа) объединились между собой в каждом из трёх кластеров. Это объясняется осуществлением организации медицинского снабжения ВС Украины по территориальному принципу в соответствии с приказом МО Украины от 16.11.2016 № 608 «Про утверждение административно-территориальных зон ответственности учреждений здравоохранения Вооружённых Сил Украины за организацию медицинского обеспечения». ; На теперішній час медична служба Збройних Сил (ЗС) України працює в нормативному полі, яке закріплене змінами до Конституції України щодо стратегічного курсу держави на набуття повноправного членства України в Європейському Союзі та в Організації Північно-атлантичного договору. Формування нової структури медичної служби згідно з J-структурою НАТО, що відбулося 5 лютого 2020 року, та безпосередня участь ЗС України в операції Об'єднаних сил ставлять перед Командуванням Медичних сил ЗС України нові складні завдання з медичного забезпечення військ у сучасних умовах. З огляду на процес впровадження єдиної системи логістичного забезпечення ЗС України, адаптованої до стандартів країн-членів НАТО, перехід організації та управління медичним постачанням ЗС України до більш досконалих технологій та інструментів управління потоковими процесами у відповідності до міжнародних норм стає вимогою сьогодення. Особливу увагу в управлінні потоковими процесами необхідно приділити їх інформатизації.Метою дослідження є проведення кластерного аналізу розподілу експертів, які брали участь в експертному опитуванні з впровадження у систему медичного постачання ЗС України інформатизації логістичних процесів.Результати. Одним з необхідних кроків у напрямку підвищення якості та ефективності логістичних процесів у закладах і підрозділах медичного постачання ЗС України є впровадження інформаційних технологій у вказані процеси. З метою дослідження стану готовності системи медичного постачання ЗС України до впровадження інформатизації логістичних процесів було впроваджено метод експертного опитування за допомогою спеціально розробленої анкети. В якості експертів виступали військовослужбовці медичної служби та працівники ЗС України, які задіяні у системі медичного постачання військ. Наступним етапом дослідження стало застосування методів багатофакторного і багатовимірного статистичного аналізу результатів експертного опитування. Слід зазначити, що в цьому дослідженні всі експерти були розділені за місцем їх служби на 7 груп: 1 група – орган управління медичною службою ЗС України; 2 група – медичні склади Міністерства оборони (МО) України; 3 група – фармацевтичні центри (аптеки); 4 група – групи медичного постачання пересувні; 5 група – Військово-медичні клінічні центри регіонів; 6 група – центри формування та зберігання медичної техніки та майна непорушних запасів. До 7 групи потрапили експерти, які не вказали свою посаду та місце проходження служби (анонімні респонденти). Зважаючи на тип даних, на базі яких проводилося статистичне опрацювання результатів дослідження, вважаємо за доцільне подальшу обробку проводити методами, які передбачають не обрахування, а класифікацію отриманих результатів, що відносяться до непараметричних, а саме технології ієрархічного агломеративного кластерного аналізу та неієрархічного кластерного методу «k-найближчих середніх».Висновки. Шляхом застосування методів кластерного аналізу визначений досить високий рівень узгодженості висновків експертів системи медичного постачання ЗС України до необхідності впровадження інформатизації логістичних процесів, оскільки у дендрограмі максимальна величина "Linkage Distance" дорівнювала 0,62, а середнє значення – 0,21. Аналіз отриманих результатів показав, що експерти з різних місць служби у системі медичного постачання ЗС України підтримують впровадження інформаційних технологій в свою професійну діяльність, але найбільшу узгодженість всередині своєї професійної групи мали експерти з органу управління медичною службою ЗС України, медичних складів МО України та фармацевтичних центрів (аптек) ЗС України. В результаті кластеризації отримано 6 кластерів, у які об'єднались експерти з системи медичного постачання ЗС України. Встановлено, що кількість експертів, які потрапили до кожного кластеру, різна. Також визначена відмінність за складом експертів у кожному кластері. Особи, чиї реєстраційні номери потрапили як елементи у такі кластери, відносяться до різних груп учасників дослідження з практично всіх закладів та підрозділів медичного постачання ЗС України. Тільки респонденти з реєстраційними номерами 1-6 – експерти з медичних складів МО України згрупувались в один малий перший кластер. Крім того, кластерний аналіз забезпечив виявлення пов'язаних структурних елементів та їх зв'язків всередині кластера. Так, спостерігається об'єднання усіх експертів з першої, більшості експертів другої групи та експертів з шостої групи всередині одного кластера, що свідчить про прямий контроль та координацію органу управління медичною службою ЗС України над медичними складами МО України та центрами формування і зберігання медичного майна і техніки непорушного запасу. З'ясовано, що експерти з різних Військово-медичних клінічних центрів регіонів (п'ята група) та фармацевтичних центрів (аптек) (третя група) об'єднались між собою в кожному з трьох кластерів. Це пояснюється здійсненням організації медичного постачання ЗС України за територіальним принципом відповідно до наказу МО України від 16.11.2016 № 608 «Про затвердження адміністративно-територіальних зон відповідальності закладів охорони здоров'я Збройних Сил України за організацію медичного забезпечення».

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gopalagiri Colony-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 550 ha in Gopalagiri Colony-1 microwatershed in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm. Maximum of 254 mm precipitation takes place during south–west monsoon period from June to September, the north-east monsoon contributes about 268 mm and prevails from October to early December and the remaining 212 mm takes place during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils and 5 per cent by waterbodies, settlements, forest and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 35 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 95 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 5 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agroforestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 41 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm), 22 per cent deep to moderately deep (75 - 150 cm), 33 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm).  About 65 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 26 per cent loamy soils and 3 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  About 47 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity and about 54 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 34 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 9 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 85 per cent high (>337kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 70 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 27 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Gopalagiri Colony-1 Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 246 (1745) 150 (27) Guava 140 (25) 118 (21) Maize 205 (37) 109 (20) Mango 140 (25) 94 (17) Red gram 203(37) 210 (38) Sapota 140 (25) 118 (21) Groundnut 32 (6) 305(51) Jackfruit 140 (25) 94 (17) Sunflower 101 (18) 187 (34) Jamun 140 (25) 176 (32) Cotton 183 (33) 172 (31) Musambi 140 (25) 176 (32) Onion 140 (25) 256 (46) Lime 140 (25) 176 (32) Beans 140 (25) 256 (46) Cashew 140 (25) 118 (21) Potato 140 (25) 174(32) Custard apple 205 (37) 203 (37) Beetroot 140 (25) 174 (32) Amla 203 (37) 257(37) Turmeric 140 (25) 168 (31) Tamarind 140 (25) 176(32) Horse gram 203 (37) 257 (47) Marigold 203 (37) 216(39) Field bean 140 (25) 256 (46) Chrysanthemum 140 (25) 256(46) Banana 140 (25) 176 (32) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Gopalagiri Colony-1 micro-watershed (Basavapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11043' – 11044' North latitudes and 76035' – 76037' East longitudes, covering an area of about 550 ha, bounded by Kannagal, Honnegaudanahalli, Hangala and Hosalhalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Gopalagiri Colony-1 micro-watershed Basavapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district are presented here. Social Indicators  Male and female ratio is 59.5 to 40.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age groups 18 to 50 years group of population is around 54 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 78.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 77.8 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 88.9 per cent.  About 44.4 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 11.1 per cent farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 88.9 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities is among all the sample households.  Institutional participation is only 24.3 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 18.9 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 66.8 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 0.66 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal farmers. The dry land account for 65.1 % and irrigated land 34.9 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 90.6 per cent and agriculture is the main and non-agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 28.1 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.8070 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs.11850 per household, about 44.4 per cent of sample farmers own plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs.26600 per livestock; about 100 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 641.6 grams (1561 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 77.8 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 45088 per household. Among all farm sample households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1242. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.773 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 402711 per year for the total area of 550.02 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 19780/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in banana (Rs. 96601), followed by turmeric (Rs. 45085), maize (Rs. 26807), red gram (Rs. 19672), horse gram (Rs. 6623), bajra (Rs. 4432), groundnut (Rs. 2961).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2806/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in horse gram (Rs. 5472) followed by ragi (Rs. 3800), sorghum (Rs. 3529), maize (Rs. 2609), groundnut (Rs. 1051) and bajra (Rs. 374).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in banana (Rs. 185838) followed by turmeric (Rs. 54978), sorghum (Rs. 53775), bajra (Rs. 52269), red 3 gram (Rs. 51718), sunflower (Rs. 39261), maize (Rs. 37562), groundnut (Rs. 23392), horse gram (Rs. 22578) and ragi (Rs. 15479). Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is bajra (29.8 %) followed by horse gram (12.8 %), groundnut (10.9 %), red gram (10.8 %), maize (10.4 %), sunflower (10.4 %), turmeric (6.2 %), banana (5.4%), safflower (2.3 %) and sorghum (0.9 %).  In Gopalgiri colony 1 micro-watershed, major soils are Annurkeri (ARK) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 18.25 per cent of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing groundnut (46.8 %), turmeric (26.78 %) and bajra (26.5 %). Bheemanabeedu (BMB) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 14.9 per cent of area; the major crops grown are sunflower (83.3 %) and sorghum (16.7 %), Devarahalli (DRH) having moderately shallow soil depth covers around 10.83 per cent of area and the major crops grown are bajra (39.4 %), red gram (39.4 %) and banana (21.2 %). Hullipura (HPR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover 4.96 per cent of area. On this soil crops are horse gram and ragi. Kannigala (KNG) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 4.29 per cent of area in this soil maize (50 %) and sunflower (50 %) are grown. Maddinahundi (MDH) soil series having deep soil cover 5.29 per cent of area. In this soil bajra and horse gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area sunflower range between Rs. 57430/ha in BMB soil (with of 0.98) and Rs. 34393/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.26).  In turmeric the cost of cultivation is Rs. 220347/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.2).  In banana the cost of cultivation is in DRH soil Rs. 115113/ha (with BCR of 1.8).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation is Rs. 39081/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.1).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation is Rs 42790/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.07).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between MDH soil is Rs. 20809/ha (with BCR of 1.74) and Rs 32697/ha in HPR soil (with BCR value of 1.3).  In red gram the cost of cultivation is in DRH soil is Rs 21177/ha (with BCR of 1.9) and ragi cost of cultivation Rs in HPR soil is 54721/ha (with BCR of 1.1).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthen agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in bajra (11.2 % to 28.8%), banana (39.8%), red gram (22.1 %), horse gram (14.6% to 35.1 %), ragi (55.8 %), maize (63.0 %), sunflower (24.1 % to 32.5 %), ground nut (50.8 %) and sorghum (37.1%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belhatti-6 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 468 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soils, two per cent by rock lands, waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 30 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 98 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 150 cm) to deep (100 - 150 cm), 41 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and about 18 per cent are moderately deep (75-100 cm) soils.  About 78 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 20 per cent loamy soils.  About 15 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 47 per cent gravelly soils (15- 35 % gravel) and 37 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) and extremely gravelly (60-80%) soils.  About 22 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, 3 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 72 per cent low (51- 100 mm/m) and very low (9.0) and 10 percent has soils that area neutral (pH 6.5-7.3).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium and low in about 1 per cent area.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 98 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 16 per cent area and sufficient in 82 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 21 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suita ble (S1) Moderate ly suit abl e (S2) Highly sui tab le (S1) Moderatel y suit able (S2) Sorghum 46 (10) 246 (53) Jackfruit - 78 (17) Maize 46 (10) 220 (47) Jamun - 183 (39) Bengalgram 4 (<1) 428 (92) Musambi 11 (2) 231 (49) Groundnut 11 (2) 176 (38) Lime 11 (2) 240 (51) Sunflower 11 (2) 173 (37) Cashew 11 (2) 236 (50) Cotton 15 (3) 336 (72) Custard Apple 46 (10) 327 (70) Banana 11 (2) 301 (64) Amla 46 (10) 266 (57) Pomegranat 11 (2) 301 (64) Tamarind - 183 (39) e Mango - 11 (2) Marigold 42 (9) 272 (58) Sapota 11 (2) 135(29) Chrysanthemu m 42 (9) 272 (58) Guava 11 (2) 131 (28) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Belhatti-6 micro-watershed (Belhatti sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1503' – 1505' North latitudes and 75036' – 75039' East longitudes, covering an area of about 468 ha, bounded by Nilogal, Kurubgatta, Devihal and Bijjur villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Belhatti-6 micro-watershed (Belhatti subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 55.6 to 44.4 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 52.8 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 97.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 9.1 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 63.6 cent.  About 45.5 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (36.4 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 63.6 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 90.9 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 6.4 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90.9 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.4 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 46.7 % and irrigated land 13.7 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 56.9 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 29.2 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 92494 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 121609 per household, about 72.7 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer (45.5 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 29198 per household; about 81 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capital food consumption is around 853.9 grams (1798.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 36.4 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 20120 per household. Among the entire farm households in these study area comes under the below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1365. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 635 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 296230 per year for the total area of 468.28 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 9324/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 22221) followed by chilli (Rs. 20671), cotton (Rs. 13608), bengal gram (Rs. 7344), maize (Rs. 4623), sorghum (Rs. 1311) and groundnut is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1573/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 1806) followed by sorghum (Rs. 1339).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs. 39669) followed by cotton (Rs. 34831), sorghum (Rs. 23705), maize (Rs. 23676), groundnut (Rs. 18488), onion (Rs. 16598) and chilli (Rs. 3833). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (48.7 %) followed by sorghum (16.7 %), onion (11.2 %), bengalgram (9.7%), groundnut (7.8 %) and cotton (6.0 %).  In Belhatti-6 micro-watershed major soil of Muttal (MTL) soils series are having shallow soil depth cover around 10.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing bengalgram (9.1%), chilli (17.9 %), cotton (16.9 %), maize (16.9 %), onion (18.0 %) and sorghum (21.2%). Ravanki (RNK) soils are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 12.81 % of area; the major crops are maize. Chikkamegheri (CKM) series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 6.66 % of areas; crops are maize (80 %) and onion (20 %). Balapur (BPR) series are having deep soil depth cover around 14.32 % of area; crops are groundnut (25 %), sorghum (75 %) and Lakshmangudda (LGD) series having deep soil depth cover around 14.84 % of area, the major crops grown are groundnut (37.1%), maize (35.3 %) and sorghum (27.6 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs.25791/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.13) and Rs.21143/ha in LGD soil (with BCR of 1.31).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs 20790/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.00) and Rs.13082/ha in MTL soil (with BCR of 1.01).  In onion the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.54232/ha in CKM soil (with BCR of 1.35) and Rs. 20322/ha in MTL soil (with BCR of 1.14).  In groundnut cost of cultivation range between is Rs.45590/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.00) and Rs. 31872 in LGD soil (with BCR of 1.02).  In chilli the cost of cultivation in MTL soil is Rs 21836/ha (with BCR of 1.65).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation in MTL soil is Rs.22526/ha (with BCR of 1.33) and cotton the cost of cultivation in MTL soil is Rs.21836/ha (with BCR of 1.62).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (74 to 79.7%), sorghum (64.8 to 85.9%), onion (59.5 to 90.5%), groundnut (56.6 to65.6%), chilli (96.3 %), cotton (49.4%) and bengalgram (60.8 %) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Honnegaudanahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 584 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 268 mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 27 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 93 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 3 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 46 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 50 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 19 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 64 per cent loamy soils and 13 per cent sandy soils.  About 38 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 41 per cent gravelly soils (15- 35 % gravel) and 16 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  About 76 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 85 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 10 per cent is under gently sloping (3-5%) to very strongly sloping (15-25%) lands.  An area of about 73 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 20 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 3 per cent soils are severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 19 per cent has soils that are extremely acid (pH 3.5-4.5) to slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5) ; 22 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and maximum area of about 54 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) to strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 38 per cent of the soils are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 3 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 9 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 8 per cent area and sufficient in 88 per cent area.  Available manganese is deficient (1 ppm) in 94 per cent area.  Available copper is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 18 per cent area and sufficient in 78 per cent area.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 187 (32) 80 (14) Sapota 26 (4) 153 (26) Maize 125 (21) 54 (9) Guava 125 (21) 55 (9) Redgram 125 (21) 290 (50) Banana 26 (4) 187 (32) Horsegram 125 (21) 293 (50) Jackfruit 89 (15) 152 (26) Field bean 26 (4) 241 (41) Jamun 115 (20) 98 (17) Groundnut - 234 (40) Musambi 115 (20 ) 98 (17) Sunflower - 231 (37) Lime 115 (20) 98 (17) Cotton 89 (15) 152 (26) Cashew 26 (5) 153 (26) Onion 26 (4) 241 (41) Custard apple 213 (37) 225 (39) Potato 26 (4) 152 (26) Amla 213 (37) 225 (39) Beans 26 (4) 241 (41) Tamarind 115 (20) 98 (17) Beetroot 26 (4) 152 (26) Marigold 125 (21) 198 (34) Turmeric 26 (4) 1525 (26) Chrysanthemum 26 (5) 241 (26) Mango 26 (4) 98 (17)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Honnegaudanahalli micro-watershed (Basavapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11044' – 11047' North latitudes and 76035' – 76038' East longitudes, covering an area of about 584 ha, bounded by Kannagal, Puttanapur and Bhimanabid villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Honnegaudanahalli micro-watershed (Basavapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk and Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 52.0 to 48.0 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 54 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 72 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste is around 70 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 60 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (30 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 70 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 17.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making of agriculture production among all sample households was found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average landholding is 0.8 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 32.7 % and irrigated land is 67.3 % of total cultivable land among the sample households.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 20.0 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 68.0 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.14057 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.10921 per household, among the all sample farmers having plough and sprayer (20 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs.17170 per household; about 60 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 471.5 grams (1195.3 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among the all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.168282 per household. About 50 per cent on of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.814. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.711 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.396566 per year for the total area of 122.6 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 75847/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in garlic (Rs. 558310) followed by onion (Rs. 120939) horse gram (Rs. 11625), sunflower (Rs. 7550), maize (Rs .7447) and sorghum (Rs. 1857).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2924/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in gram (Rs. 3203) followed by maize (Rs. 1482) and sorghum (Rs. 1671).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in turmeric (Rs. 77136) followed by sorghum (Rs. 41633), garlic (Rs. 40288), onion (Rs. 29291), sunflower (Rs. 28602), horse gram (Rs. 25170) and maize (Rs. 21128). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is by onion (26.8 %), followed by horse gram (16.2 %), sorghum (15.1 %), turmeric (14.2 %) sunflower (10.6 %), garlic (10.6 %), beetroot (3.3 %) and maize (3.3 %).  In Honnegaudanahalli micro-watershed, major soil are Hindupur (HDR) soil are having shallow soil depth cover around 10.4 % of area; crops are beet root (15.9 %), maize (31.9 %), sunflower (20.3 %), turmeric (31.9 %). Magoonahalli (MGH) soil series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 20 % of area; crops are onion (50 %) and turmeric (50 %). Kannigala (KNG) soil are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 9.4% of area; crops area horsegram (25.4 %) and sunflower (74.6 %), Beemanabeedu (BMB) soil are having very deep moderately soils depth cover around 15.2 % of area; crops are horse gram (22.5 %), sorghum (22.8 %), onion (22.9 %), sunflower (8.4 %) and turmeric (2.4 %) and Kallipura (KLP) soil series are very deep soil depth cover around (16.9 %) of area; crops are horse gram (50%) and sorghum (50%).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sunflower ranges between Rs.40164/ha in HDR soil (With BCR of 1.02) and Rs. 27618/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.07).  In turmeric the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 818442/ha in BMB soil (with of 1.16) and Rs 93334 in HDR soil (with BCR of 2.12).  In onion the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 198935/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 2.25) and Rs. 63126/ha in MGH soil (with BCR of 3.01).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.33643/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.12) and Rs.13169/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.21).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 26791/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.15) and Rs. 25532/ha in KLP soil (with BCR of 1.16).  In garlic the cost of cultivation in BMB soil is Rs. 57290/ha (with BCR of 10.75).  In beetroot the cost of cultivation in HDR soil is Rs. 43823/ha (with BCR of 1.13) and maize the cost of cultivation in Rs. 24539/ha (with BCR of 1.36).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in beetroot(91.6 %), maize(79.2 %), sunflower (28.3 to 73.4 %), turmeric (0 to 39.3 %), onion (70.6 %), horse gram (9.6 to 25.6% %), sorghum(53.6% to 52.9 %), garlic (12.4 %) and onion (48.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chilkadabetta-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 476 ha in Chilkadabetta-1 microwatershed in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm. Maximum of 254 mm precipitation takes place during south–west monsoon period from June to September, the north-east monsoon contributes about 268 mm and prevails from October to early December and the remaining 212 mm takes place during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils and 3 per cent by waterbodies, settlements, forest and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 28 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 77 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 23 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agroforestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 24 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm), 12 per cent moderately deep (75 - 100 cm), 61 per cent moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm).  About 32 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 52 per cent loamy soils and 13 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  About 9 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity and about 73 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (337kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc is deficient in all the soils  The land suitability for 27 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Chilkadabetta-1 Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 82 (17) 186 (39) Guava 78 (16) 57 (12) Maize 101 (21) 155 (33) Mango 78 (16) 23 (5) Red gram 78(16) 83 (18) Sapota 78 (16) 57 (12) Groundnut 35 (7) 221(47) Jackfruit 78 (16) 23 (5) Sunflower 70 (15) 77 (16) Jamun 78 (16) 35 (7) Cotton 82 (17) 155 (33) Musambi 78 (16) 35 (5) Onion 78 (16) 190 (40) Lime 78 (16) 35 (5) Beans 78 (16) 190 (40) Cashew 78 (16) 57 (12) Potato 78 (16) 178 (37) Custard apple 78 (16) 193 (40) Beetroot 78 (16) 178 (37) Amla 78 (16) 193(40) Turmeric 78 (16) 178 (37) Tamarind 78 (16) 35(5) Horse gram 78 (16) 180 (38) Marigold 78 (16) 190(40) Field bean 78 (16) 190 (40) Chrysanthamum 78 (16) 190(40) Banana 78 (16) 69 (50) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that are edible, ecological and produce lot of biomass which helps in restoring the ecological balance in the micro watershed. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Chilakadabetta-1 Microwatershed (Shivapura sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11041' – 11042' North latitudes and 76040' – 76042' East longitudes, covering an area of about 476 ha, bounded by Hullipura, Belavadihundi, Mangala and Shivapura villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Chilakadabetta-1 micro-watershed (Shivapura sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk and Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators  Male and female ratio is 61.2 to 38.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 55.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 71.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 30 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 90 per cent.  About 60.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Around 30.0 percent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent.  Institutional participation is only 8.2 per cent.  Rural migration to urban centre for employment is prevalent among 10 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 30 per cent of sample households. 2 Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 0.8 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal farmers. The dry land account for 72.1 % and irrigated land is 27.9 % of total cultivated land of the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 79.6 per cent and agriculture is the main agriculture labour is the subsidiary occupation around 10.2 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs 93314 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs 74219 per household, about 50.0 per cent of sample farmers are having sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs 25750 per household; about 58.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 588.3 grams (1253.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 36529 per household. All sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1401. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 900 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 505064 per year for the total area of 475.8 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 16231/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in tomato (Rs. 43260) followed by beans (Rs. 18914), maize (Rs. 16914), sorghum (Rs. 16401), horse gram (Rs. 7824), sunflower (Rs. 5818) and groundnut (Rs. 4485).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 449/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 675) followed by horse gram (Rs. 472), sunflower (Rs. 329) and sorghum (Rs. 318).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in beans (Rs. 538092) followed by tomato (Rs. 49965), sorghum (Rs. 48561), maize (Rs. 36220), sunflower (Rs. 30947), horse gram (Rs. 20349) and groundnut (Rs. 20287). 3 Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is horse gram (29.9 %) followed by sorghum (19.4 %) groundnut (18.1 %), sunflower (16.7 %), maize (8.7 %) and beans (3.6 %).  Chilakadabetta-1 Micro watershed, major soils are soil Hindupur (HDR) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 6.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing sunflower (50.0 %) and sorghum (50.0%). Hullipura (HPR) are also having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 16.6 % of area, the crops are beans (5.5 %), horse gram(44.5%), sorghum(44.5%) and tomato was 5.5 % each. Shivapura (SPR) soil series having shallow soil depth cover around 14.6 % of areas, crops are groundnut (50.0 %) and horse gram (50.0 %). Kannigala (KNG) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 11.7 % per cent of area. The major crops grown are groundnut (31.7%) and horse gram (68.3%). Annurkeri (ARK) soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 7.4 % of area, the major crop grown is beans (13.1%), groundnut (36.9%), sorghum (36.9%) and tomato (13.1%). Kalligaudanahalli (KDH) and Beemanabeedu (BMB) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 7.3 % and 2.5 % of areas respectively; crops are maize, sunflower and horse gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for groundnut ranges between Rs.18746/ha in SPR soil (with BCR of 1.0) and Rs.30525/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.04).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs 6371/ha in SPR soil (with of 2.62) and Rs. 28728/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.57).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 11171/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 2.53) and Rs. 18249/ha in HDR soil (with BCR of 1.71).  In tomato the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.118609 /ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.25) and Rs331873 in HPR soil (with BCR of 1.28).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation range between is Rs 17602/ha in HDR soil (with BCR of 1.94) and Rs. 33353/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.03).  In beans the cost of cultivation range between is Rs 112311/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.23) and Rs. 126088/ha in HPR soil (with BCR of 1.02).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in groundnut (56.6 to 58.7 %), horse gram (24.1 to 45.8 %), sorghum (38.2 to 53.1 %), sunflower (31.7 to 39.3 %) and tomato (44.9 to 64 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project