In this piece, I examine the role of authority in Yorùbá society and how au[1]thority is subverted by moral conflicts generated in the political evolution of the Yorùbá state from city state to empire, leading to disastrous consequences in the society at large as presented in the films of Adébáyọ Fálétí, specifically in Àfọnjá (2002), Basọrun Gáà (2004) and Ṣawo Ṣẹgbẹ ̀ rì̀ (2005). I argue that such pains and pangs of transformation are not unique to Yorùbá society but mirror similar political evolutions in other societies such as Rome and Greece. Such political upheavals led to the celebrated assassination of Julius Caesar in Rome and Alexander the Great of Macedonia. In particular Àfọnjá ̀ and Baṣọrun ̀ Gáà dramatize evocatively the poignancy of the attendant confrontations. In addition, I evaluate Adébáyọ Fálétí as a Nigerian and African foundational practitioner in the global field of cultural studies and his use of cultural post materialism in his work. Adébáyọ Fálétí can be regarded as the father of modern Nigerian Cultural Studies and in Africa in general in line with the way that the discipline is understood the world over standing, as it were, on the cusp of traditional Nigerian and African drama and modern drama in African mother tongues. In addition, Fálétí epitomizes what modern cultural studies world-wide represent as a cross between the traditional discipline of drama and the television 172 Olayinka Agbetuyi industries as well as filmic industries, along with advertisements, which together constitute what is today known as the culture industries. As defined in the words of Chris Barker, "Culturalism focuses on meaning production by human actors in a historical context."1 Fálétí's historical drama and films fall within such category. Barker added that Culturalism focuses on interpretation as a way of understanding meaning."2 These are the hallmarks of the historical drama that formed the basis of two of the films by Fálétí being examined here. In addition, he stated that cultural studies deal with subjectivity and identity or how we come to be the kinds of people we are. Fálétí's Afọnja and Gáà's thematic preoccupation is how the Yorùbá subjectivity has been constituted over time through its political evolution. The three films also demonstrate what Stuart Hall considers to be the connection that cultural studies seeks to make to matters of power and cultural politics.3 With regards to the role of Fálétí as pioneer in the area of radio-vision cultural industries the broadcasting mogul narrated the manner in which he pioneered the phone-in radio broadcast in Nigeria on the programme "Ѐyí Àrà" at the Broadcasting Corporation of Ọyọ̀ ́ State, Ibadan (BCOS) after pioneering Yorùbá broadcasting on Africa's first television station Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) twenty years earlier.4 Fálétí's career spanning close to seven decades dovetails public services with private engagement with drama production. He was one of the earliest organizers of a drama performing company in 1949 to produce his own plays. His career development can be divided into three phases: the formative traditional drama performance phase, the literary drama phase which dovetails into his career as a public servant in a symbiotic relationship and his post public service movie production phase which coincided with the efflorescence of the Nollywood. The three works examined here straddle Fálétí's second and third phases of engagement in drama production. Both Basọrun Gáà (to be hereafter referred to as Gáà) and Ṣawo Ṣẹgbẹ ̀ rì ̀ were first staged in the second phase of Fálétí's development as a theatre practitioner. In addition to being staged in the theater, Gáà and Ṣawo Ṣẹgbẹ ̀ rì̀ were produced for tele[1]vision audiences as dramatic thrillers and became household favourites in the '70s and '80s at the time of his career as a radio/television broadcaster. Fálétí's retirement from public service provided the opportunity needed to build on the experience gained in the television industry to launch a full-blown film production career for which his earlier experience seems to have been a tutelage. Àfọ̀njá (2002), Gáà (2004) and Ṣawo Ṣẹgbẹ ̀ rì ̀ (2005) are part of the products of this final phase. Although Àfọ̀njá preceded the other two in movie 1 Barker, Chris. Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice. London: Sage, 2012. 2 Barker. 2012, 17 3 Barker, 5. 4 Nigerianfilms.com. February 17, 2008. Accessed Aug 10 2018. Authority and Moral Conflicts in the Films of Adébáyọ Fálétí 173 production, it was the last to be written among the three and is organically a prequel which builds on the success of Gáà and extends a thematic continuum in the Fágúnwà-esque manner of the novels Ògbójú Ọde Ninu Igbó Irunmọlẹ and Igbo Olódùmarè. While Àfọ̀njá and Gáà are historical drama based on actual events in the history of the Yorùbá Empire, Ṣawo Ṣegberi is purely fictional and is based on a postcolonial Nigerian setting. The movies therefore take a reverse order to the chronology of writing and stage performance while Ṣawo Ṣẹ̀gbẹ̀rì, which was the first to be staged among the three, was not written for stage and television performance until it was script-written for film production.5 Àfọ̀njá, Gáà and Ṣawo Ṣẹgbẹ ̀ rì ̀ are each set in a cosmopolis where the Yorùbá citizens have to deal with other nationals in the context of Yorùbá mores within a broader cosmopolitan ethos. In Àfọ̀njá and Gáà that context is provided by the empire phase of Yorùbá civilization in which Yorùbá civilization was the dominant point of reference; in Ṣawo Ṣẹgbẹ ̀ rì ̀ the drama is situated in the context of postcolonial Nigerian city, in a nation that boasts large ethnic nationalities of which the Yorùbá are only one and in which Yorùbá culture is mediated by the postcolonial state with its symbol of the English language as the means of communication and its cultural spin offs. Fálétí demonstrates the mastery of dramaturgy in Àfọ̀njá and Gáà by juxtaposing the dynamics of running a state originally built on a confederation of city state structure very much like the Greek city state structure, at the latter's comparative stage of political evolution, with a new imperial structure and the conflicts generated by the flux of the two systems; whereas in Ṣawo Ṣẹ̀gbẹ̀rì moral conflict is generated by interpersonal amatorial clashes as well as models of expertise.
The article reveals the essence of informational violence in the broad and narrow sense and its substantial aspect. It is shown that the information may be contained in any violence and abuse information may be direct and indirect. There is stated that in today's society has developed a system of the public and private informational violence. The role of the media and computer network in the implementation of informational violence is highlighted.There are analyzed the main aspects regarding the content of informational violence.First, more important is not the protection of information and protection of information. Internet – open field for the Information violence. A person who begins to perceive the world through the Internet, there is a new world view. In this situation, even changing the traditional idea of sign systems. First, the huge flow of information shifts from its discrete-level path, possible even without any information content. Secondly, the loss of opportunity to check the information to determine where truth and lies.Secondly, information violence in some way intertwined with terror. Previously, the only kind of information weapons were the media. Today a huge role computer information. If terror through mass media could make only state the effect through computer systems became possible for individuals.Third, among the diverse manifestations of the effects of mass communication occupy a special place effects associated with images of violence, especially in television programs. The emotional effect of the written word is much weaker performance than the TV screen. Television in many ways rejects us back into the world of illiteracy. Prized visual effect on the emotions and fears, rather than appeal strict logic sense. The media have become a secular religion, largely replacing general history, national culture, friends as the main force that creates our perception of reality.Fourth, problem actualized manipulation of consciousness. Manipulation is regarded as soft, «progressive» ruling technology to wise rulers control consciousness of its citizens. Manipulation is not only induces a person under this influence, do what others want, it makes them want to do it. One of the main conditions for successful manipulation is the fact that modern humans basically have neither time nor desire to check the authenticity of messages, because media reports form the worldview of a person living in the information age.Fifth, the availability of information resources for the average user often contributes to its euthanasia, drug addiction, rather than activity. A growing portion of time is spent reading and information search, and, consequently, lower part can be given to organized social action. The individual can be satisfied with the high level of awareness, but ignore their isolation from the decisions and actions he identifies knowledge about critical actions against these problems.Sixth, the information content of the violence is largely determined by the shape control for the effects of the media. media – a tool for a particular method of influence and control – political manipulation. Manipulation is performed by introduction into the mass consciousness of myths, using direct manipulation of facts, suppression of unwanted information spread lies and slander and half-truths and sticking labels.In the article the basic properties Information violence: non-forcible ideal character that is not subject to physical laws; nonlinearity, that is disproportionate dependence causes and consequences; cumulative; the possibility of maximum range and speed of distribution; Copy perfect opportunity; blur in time and space; indirect stealth character and influence; virtual nature of others. ; В статье раскрываются сущность информационного насилия в широком и узком смысле и его содержательный аспект. Показано, что информационная компонента содержится в любом насилии, а информационное насилие может быть непосредственным и опосредованным. Констатируется, что в современном обществе сложилась система государственного и частного информационного насилия. Освещена роль средств массовой информации и компьютерной сети Интернет в осуществлении информационного насилия. Проанализированы основные аспекты относительно содержания информационного насилия: защита от информации, информационный терроризм, изображения насилия в СМИ, манипуляция сознанием, отсутствие анализа информации пользователями, экономический и политический контроль за средствами массовой информации. Определены основные свойства информационного насилия. Предложено типологизацию информационного насилия по субъектам и объектам насилия, по способам и механизмам его осуществления и по степени проявления. ; У статті розкриваються сутність інформаційного насильства у широкому та вузькому сенсі та його змістовний аспект. Показано, що інформаційна компонента міститься в будь-якому насильстві, а інформаційне насильство може бути безпосереднім та опосередкованим. Констатується, що в сучасному суспільстві склалася система державного та приватного інформаційного насильства. Висвітлено роль засобів масової інформації та комп'ютерної мережі Інтернет у здійсненні інформаційного насильства. Проаналізовано основні аспекти щодо змісту інформаційного насильства: захист від інформації, інформаційний тероризм, зображення насильства у ЗМІ, маніпуляція свідомістю, відсутність аналізу інформації користувачами як результат доступності інформації, економічний та політичний контроль за засобами масової інформації. Визначено основні властивості інформаційного насильства. Запропоновано типологізацію інформаційного насильства за суб'єктами та об'єктами насильства, за способами та механізмами його здійснення та за ступенем прояву.
Recientemente Redalyc compartió la primera edición en español del libro de Peter Suber editado inicialmente por el Instituto Tecnológico de Massachusetts traducido por Remedios Melero del comité científico de Redalyc y editado por la Universidad Autónoma del estado de México UAEM . Este libro permite aclarar más de una confusión y decantar en forma precisa lo que es y lo que no es el acceso abierto, muy relevante para aquellos que hemos apostado a esta opción de divulgación científica. Para este caso centraré mi editorial en lo que no es el acceso abierto (OA). Suber (2015) afirma: 1. No es un intento por eludir la revisión por pares; es frecuente que una parte de nuestras comunidades en especial en ciencias humanas y sociales igualen desafortunadamente el OA con evadir la evaluación de pares y que confundan la práctica común de no pago a evaluadores con la no revisión de pares. Es claro que las declaraciones diversas de OA promueven la revisión por pares. 2. El OA no trata de cambiar o eliminar los derechos de explotación (copyright); el acceso abierto usa los trabajos que son de dominio público y con el consentimiento del o de los titulares de los derechos. 3. El OA no es un intento de suprimir los beneficios que pueden generar las regalías derivadas de la publicación lo que trata de es de evidenciar que seguramente los beneficios del acceso abierto son superiores a los de no percibir regalía alguna. 4. El OA no niega que este tiene un conjunto de costos de producción lo que afirma es que deben pensarse formas alternativas a trasladar los costos a otros actores que no sean los lectores. 5. El OA no busca eliminar los derechos de autor; por el contrario busca que estos conozcan todo el control de los trabajos que publica. 6. El OA es un intento de acabar la libertad de la libertad de catedra los académicos son libres de enviar sus productos donde quieran. 7. El OA no trata de evadir las acciones contra el plagio o promoverlo; todas las políticas del acceso abierto promueven los reconocimientos a la autoría, es más, las acciones por identificar, regular y sancionar las acciones de plagio han llevado a la creación de entidades como COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics ) (López-López, 2014; Yong, Ledford, & Van Noorden, 2013). 8. El OA no pretende atacar las editoriales convencionales todo lo contrario el acceso abierto promueve los investigadores y las instituciones para las que firman. 9. El OA no promueve el ataque a otros tipos de estrategias editoriales o de editores que no comparta el acceso abierto. 10. El OA no tiene como objetivo el acceso obligatorio a otras audiencias no académicas; el acceso abierto busca en primer lugar facilitar la conexión entre académicos e investigadores. Para esto trata de que cualquier persona con conexión a internet pueda acceder a los contenidos. 11. El OA no implica el acceso universal, pues el mismo no puede controlar por ejemplo los filtros de contenidos que ejercen entidades y gobiernos; no puede controlar las barreras idiomáticas, tampoco puede resolver las barreras que impone la discapacidad y menos las de conectividad. Finalmente agregaría otros 12. El OA no promueve el uso de métricas de la producción publicada incluidas las métricas de citación como las de Scielo que incluye análisis de citación, Redalyc que enfatiza en descargas y colaboraciones e incluso sistemas de indexación en sistemas comerciales como el Web of Science (WOS) de Thompson-Reuters o Scopus de Elsevier que enfatizan en prácticas de citación y desarrollan sistemas como el Journal Citation Reports (JCR) o el Scimago Journal Rank y por ultimo 13. El OA no ataca o promueve la exclusión de las publicaciones en sistemas de indexación. El libro de Suber es una obra muy relevante, de consulta obligada para editores, investigadores y administradores de la gestión de conocimiento por cuanto aclara y precisa los alcances y limitaciones del acceso abierto. Vale la pena mencionar la desafortunada y poco real afirmación de Jeffrey Beall al OA y los sistemas de Scielo y Redalyc al compararlo con favelas. Compartimos las declaraciones de rechazo iniciadas en los diferentes niveles y consideramos que nuestros sistemas han sido una alternativa viable, rigurosa y sostenible ante prácticas inadecuadas y centradas en la comercialización de los contenidos. Hemos aprendido a convivir con las casas editoriales privadas, sus métricas y reglas pero estamos de acuerdo en que su modelo tiene fallas y no representa ni la situación ni abarca la divulgación científica de los países de América Latina y en desarrollo (Alperin et al., 2015). ; Recently, Redalyc shared the first edition of Peter Sauber's book, which was first edited by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and translated by Remedios Melero, of the Redalyc Scientific Committee. This book clears more than a few confusing aspects regarding what Open Access is and is not, which is very relevant for those who, like us, have chosen to use it for scientific communication. I will focus this editorial on what Open Access (OA) is not. Suber (2015) states the following: 1) It is not an attempt to avoid peer review; a part of our communities, especially in the human and social sciences, often equate OA with avoidance of peer-review and confound the common practice of not paying reviewers to review with lack of peer-review. Statements in OA publications certainly promote peer-reviewing processes. 2) OA does not try to change or refuse exploitation rights; open access uses works in the public domain with the consent of the holder of their rights. 3) OA is not an attempt to suppress the benefits from publication royalties; what it does is to point out that benefits from open access are probably higher than those of not earning royalties at all. 4) OA does not deny that there are associated costs, but it does suggest that alternatives to charging readers need to be found. 5) OA does not seek to end copyright; quite the contrary, it aims to acknowledge them. 6) OA is an attempt to end academic freedom; no, researchers are free to submit their products anywhere. 7) OA is not promoting plagiarism or disrupting anti-plagiarism; every OA policy promotes acknowledgment of authorship and in fact actions oriented towards the identification, regulation and punishment of plagiarism have led to the creation of entities such as COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics ) (López-López, 2014; Yong, Ledford, & Van Noorden, 2013). 8) OA is not an attack on traditional publishing houses; in fact, OA is a vehicle for promoting the work of researchers and institutions. 9) OA does not go against other editorial strategies or editors who do not share OA policies. 10) OA's goal is not to force catering to non-academic audiences; open access seeks to facilitate a connection between researchers and the rest of academia, by trying to make knowledge available to anyone with Internet access. 11) OA does not imply universal access, since it cannot, by itself, control content filters put in place by entities and governments; it cannot avoid barriers imposed by language, disability or connectivity. I would also add a couple of additional misunderstandings. 12) OA does not promote the use of published output metrics such as citation analysis (SciELO), downloads and collaborations (Redalyc), or proprietary citation algorithms (Web of Science or Scopus). And finally, 13) OA does not promote the exclusion of publications from indexing systems. Suber's book is very relevant, and needs to be consulted by editors, researchers and knowledge managers, since it clarifies the scope and limitations of open access. It is worth mentioning that this piece is a response to Jeffrey Beall's unfortunate characterization of OA, SciELO and Redalyc as "favelas", poorly grounded in reality. We share the views of many actors and entities who voiced their criticisms to those opinions. We believe that our systems have been a rigorous, viable, and sustainable alternative to inadequate practices centered in the commercialization of content. We have learned to live alongside private publishing houses, their metrics and regulations, but we agree that their model has certain flaws and that it does not represent the situation of scientific dissemination in Latin America and in other developing countries (Alperin et al., 2015).
Характерной чертой инновационной деятельности, определяющей подходы к ее планированию, является информационная неопределенность, связанная с необходимостью прогнозирования результатов в течение жизненного цикла инновационного проекта. Критерий выбора решений в этих обстоятельствах определяется склонностями и субъективными оценками лица, принимающего решение, и задача сводится к уменьшению неопределенности путем сведения ее к условиям риска. Степень неопределенности инновационного проекта во многом определяется его стадией она максимальна на стадии предварительной подготовки проекта и меньше на стадиях его осуществления и оценки результатов. В условиях неопределенности инновационных проектов реализуется экспертный подход к оценке их эффективности, в основе которого лежит не абсолютное измерение социальных, технологических, экономических и политических компонентов эффективности, а их относительное сравнение для альтернативных проектов либо вариантов реализации проекта. Абсолютно другими являются и используемые при этом аналитические методы, инструменты и процедуры. Эти методы, по мере перехода от хорошо структурированных проблем к слабо структурированным и неструктурированным, основываются на все более мягких моделях, являются методами системного анализа, предполагают декомпозицию проблемы в целом на ее составные части, более доступные для решения, с последующим объединением частных решений в решение проблемы в целом. В экспертных оценках существуют следующие проблемы: 1) подбор экспертов, 2) организация их опроса и 3) выбор рационального метода обработки полученных экспертных оценок. Надежность экспертных оценок определяется как подбором специалистов-экспертов, их информированностью в изучаемых проблемах, так и возможностью математико-статистической обработки полученной информации. Этому требованию, по нашему мнению, в наиболее полной мере отвечают метод аналитических иерархий и метод аналитических сетей, разработанные американским математиком Т. Саати и основанные на парных сравнениях. Многообразие задач, возникающих при анализе альтернативных инновационных проектов, обусловило необходимость создания теоретико-множественной модели, рассматривающей процесс решения задачи как многоэтапный переход от некоторого начального состояния в конечное через ряд промежуточных ситуаций. Модели стратегического менеджмента также могут быть построены на базе принципов анализа иерархий, но при этом кардинально меняется структура экспертно-аналитических моделей на нижнем иерархическом уровне рассматриваются не альтернативные проекты, а альтернативные сценарии. Увеличивается также число и содержание уровней иерархии. Характеристики обобщенного сценария оценивались экспертами путем их градуировки в соответствии с различными сценариями. Рассмотренные методологические подходы и инструментарий апробирован авторами при решении различных задач и показал свою эффективность в практике, и применим для стратегического менеджмента. ; A characteristic feature of innovation, defining approaches to planning, information uncertainty is associated with the need to predict outcomes within the life cycle of an innovation project. Selection criteria decisions in these circumstances is defined by tendencies and subjective assessments of the decision maker, and the problem is reduced to reduce uncertainty by reducing it to the risk. The degree of uncertainty of an innovation project is largely determined by its stage it is maximum at the stage of preliminary preparation of the project and less on the stages of its implementation and evaluating results. In the conditions of uncertainty of innovation projects implemented expert approach to assessing their effectiveness, which is based on absolute measurement of social, technological, economic and political components of effectiveness, and their relative comparison to alternative projects or variants of realization of the project. Others are absolutely and used analytical methods, tools and procedures. These methods, as the transition from well-structured problems to your poorly structured and unstructured, based on all the softer models are methods of system analysis, assume a decomposition of the problem into its component parts, more accessible to the solution, and then combining the partial solutions in the solution as a whole. Expert assessments have the following problems: 1) selection of experts, 2) organisation of the survey and 3) the choice of a rational method of processing received expert assessments. The reliability of expert assessments is defined as the selection of the experts, their knowledge in studied these problems and a possible mathematical-statistical processing of the obtained information. This requirement, in our opinion, the most fully meet the analytical method the method of analytic hierarchies and networks developed by the American mathematician T. Saati and is based on pairwise comparisons. The variety of problems arising in the analysis of alternative innovation projects, necessitated the creation of set-theoretic models that consider the process of solving the problem as a multi-step transition from some initial state to a goal state through a series of intermediate situations. Model of strategic management can also be based on the principles of analysis of hierarchies, but at the same time fundamental changes in the structure of the expert-analytical models the lower hierarchical level are considered not alternative projects and alternative scenarios. Increases the number and content of the levels of the hierarchy. Characteristics of generalized scenario was estimated by experts of calibration in accordance with various scenarios. Methodological approaches and tools were tested by the authors in solving various problems and showed its effectiveness in practice, and is applicable to strategic management.
АНОТАЦІЯСпис О. А. Пізній протестантизм в Україні в процесі пострадянських внутрішньо-інституційних суспільних трансформаційСтаття присвячена дослідженню характеру, напрямів та динаміки інституалізаційних змін пізнього протестантизму в процесі трансформації українського суспільства. Виснувано, що зміст еволюції пізнопротестантських спільнот в Україні в перші півтора десятиліття функціонування в умовах релігійної свободи визначає їх послідовна інституалізація та десектанізація.Виявлено і досліджено зміни в процесі внутрішньоінституційних трансформацій, а також з'ясовано специфіку адаптивної здатності пізнього протестантизму до нових соціальних, політичних і культурних реалій українського соціуму.Протестантизм в пострадянській Україні продемонстрував не просто живучість, а "влився" в українську релігійність, що вже на початку 90-их років минулого століття промовисто засвідчила поява на релігійній карті Україні значної кількості церков протестантського напряму та їх бажання взяти участь у реєстрації. Перші півтора десятиліття релігійної свободи докорінно змінило обличчя українського протестантизму, трансформаційні зміни в якому з одного боку, дозволили вивести український протестантизм на магістралі тіснішої взаємодії зі світовою протестантською спільнотою, а з іншого – спричинили перегляд тих принципів, на яких стояла протестантська церква в період атеїстичної доби.Встановлено, що найважливішими принципами, за допомогою яких українському протестантизму вдалося "вижити" в атеїстичний період, були такі: тенденція до самоізольованості, концепція домашньої церкви, суворе дотримання принципу "Sola Scriptura", конфесійна винятковість, підтримка зв'язків із західною спільнотою, психологічний чинник. Тенденція до самоізольованості змушена була поступитися процесу "розгерметизації", за яким по суті сектантські утворення набули церковного статусу. До того ж із причини активного поповнення церков людьми "зі світу" концепція "домашньої церкви" втрачала свою актуальність; а необхідність багатьох, і насамперед фінансово-матеріальних та кадрових потреб детермінувала більш тісні зв'язки зі світовим протестантизмом; що також переживав активний вплив глобалізаційних процесів сучасності і відповідно зазнав неминучих змін. З'ясовано, що на шляху інституалізаційного становлення, в період переходу від підконтрольної, "підпільної" і напівпідпільної діяльності до відкритої в умовах демократичного розвитку, українські протестанти зіткнулися з цілою низкою проблем, які можна поділити на три групи. До першої належать ті проблеми, які стали типовими для всіх протестантських конфесій. До другої групи – протиріччя, які властиві лише певним деномінаціям – традиційним протестантам або неопротестантам. Третю групу становлять міжконфесійні протиріччя, які виникли між традиційними і – умовно – новими протестантами.Проблеми, з якими зіткнулася протестантська спільнота на шляху подолання свідомості "гетто", а також у зв'язку з гострим "дефіцитом" кадрів; несформованістю інституту лідерства, необхідністю самозбереження традицій, фінансовою залежністю від зарубіжних центрів та неконкурентноспроможністю світським ЗМІ через півтора десятиліття релігійної свободи поволі почали знаходити позитивне вирішення. Проте Церква стала перед новою, і як з'ясувалося найсерйознішою загрозою, секуляризаційною хвилею, захист від якої стало нагальним завданням як традиційних, так і нових протестантських громад.Ключові слова: пізній протестантизм, традиційні протестанти, неопротестанти, релігійна свобода, еволюція пізньопротестантських спільнот, інституційні трансформації, релігійно-суспільні зміни, десектанізація.АННОТАЦИЯСпис О. А. Поздний протестантизм в Украине в процессе постсоветских внутриинституционных общественных трансформацийСтатья посвящена исследованию характера, направлений и динамики институциональных изменений позднего протестантизма в процессе трансформации украинского общества 90-ты гг. ХХ – начало XXI вв. Сделан вывод, что содержание эволюции позднепротестантских сообществ в Украине в первые полтора десятилетия функционирования в условиях религиозной свободы определяет их последовательная институализация и десектанизация.Обнаружено и исследовано изменения в процессе внутриинституциональных трансформаций, а также выяснена специфика адаптивной способности позднего протестантизма к новым социальным, политических и культурным реалиям украинского социума.Протестантизм в постсоветской Украине продемонстрировал не просто живучесть, а "влился" в украинскую религиозность, что уже в начале девяностых годов прошлого века красноречиво показало появление на религиозной карте Украины значительное количество церквей протестантского направления и их желание принять участие в регистрации. Первые полтора десятилетия религиозной свободы в корне изменило лицо украинского протестантизма, трансформационные изменения в котором, с одной стороны, позволили вывести украинский протестантизм на магистрали более тесного взаимодействия с мировой протестантской общиной, а с другой – вызвали пересмотр тех принципов, на которых стояла протестантская церковь в период атеистической эпохи.Установлено, что важнейшими принципами, с помощью которых украинскому протестантизму удалось "выжить" в атеистический период, были следующие: тенденция к самоизоляции, концепция домашней церкви, строгое соблюдение принципа "Sola Scriptura", конфессиональная исключительность, поддержка связей с западным сообществом, психологический фактор.Тенденция к самоизоляции вынуждена была уступить процессу "разгерметизации", согласно которому, по сути, сектантские образования получили церковный статус. К тому же, по причине активного пополнения церквей людьми "из мира" концепция "домашней церкви" теряла свою актуальность; а необходимость многих, и прежде всего финансово-материальных и кадровых потребностей детерминировала более тесные связи с мировым протестантизмом; что также переживал активное воздействие глобализационных процессов современности и соответственно получил неизбежные изменение.Установлено, что на пути институализационных становлений, в период перехода от подконтрольной, "подпольной" и полуподпольной деятельности в открытых условиях демократического развития, украинские протестанты столкнулись с целым рядом проблем, которые можно разделить на три группы.К первой относятся те проблемы, которые стали типичными для всех протестантских конфессий. Ко второй группе - противоречия, присущие только определенным деноминациям - традиционным протестантам или неопротестантам. Третью группу составляют межконфессиональные противоречия, которые возникли между традиционными и - условно - новыми протестантами.Проблемы, с которыми столкнулась протестантская община на пути преодоления сознания "гетто", а также в связи с острым "дефицитом" кадров; несформированностью института лидерства, необходимостью самосохранения традиций, финансовой зависимости от зарубежных центров и неконкурентноспособность светским СМИ через полтора десятилетия религиозной свободы медленно начали находить положительное решение. Однако Церковь стала перед новой, и как выяснилось, серьезной угрозой, волны секуляризаци, защита от которой стало насущной задачей как традиционных, так и новых протестантских общин.Установлено, что наряду с задачей обращения людей в церковь "из мира" перед украинским протестантизмом, как и перед всем христианством III тысячелетия, открывается новая работа - "внутренняя миссия", которая заключается в том, что центром благовестия становится не только «мир», который не знает Христа, но и так называемое "номинальное" христианство.Эпоха постмодернизма и религиозной свободы в стране заставляет украинских протестантов расставить правильные акценты в определении "первичное-вторичное», без чего протестантская церковь, что всегда руководствовалась принципами "Sola Fide" и "Sola Scriptura", может в обозримой перспективе потерять статус "соли земли".Ключевые слова: поздний протестантизм, традиционные протестанты, неопротестанты, религиозная свобода, эволюция позднепротестантских общин, институционные трансформации, религиозно-общественные перемены, десектанизация.SUMMARYO.A. Spys. Sociopolitical and sociocultural challenges of Ukrainian independence period within institutional formation of Late Protestant Communities of Ukraine This article investigates character, tendency and dynamic of institutional changes of Late Protestantism in the process of Ukrainian society transformation during the 1990s ХХ – early XXI.It is concluded that presence of evolution in Late Protestant Ukrainian communities in the first fifteen years of functioning in religious liberty environment determines their sequential institutionalization and de-sectanization. Changes in the process of internal institutional transformation were disclosed and investigated so as the specifics of adaptive capacity of Late Protestantism to the new social, political and cultural realities of the Ukrainian society.Ukrainian Protestantism in post-Soviet period has demonstrated its strong survivance and became integrated in the Ukrainian religiosity. As a result considerable number of Protestant churches has appeared on the religious map of Ukraine and participated in the official registration in the early nineties of the last century. The image of Ukrainian Protestantism was radically changed by first fifteen years of religious liberty. On the one hand its transformative changes leaded to more close synergy between Ukrainian and world's Protestant community, on the other hand, caused the revision of the Protestant church principles in atheistic period.The essential principles which helped Ukrainian Protestantism to "survive" in the atheistic period were: the tendency to self-isolation, the home church concept, the strict observance of the principle of "Sola Scriptura", denominational exceptionality, support of communicational connection with the Western community and psychological factor. The tendency to self-isolation was forced to give way to the process of "decompression", according to which, in fact, sectarian education received ecclesiastical status. Furthermore, concept of "house church" has lost its relevance due to active accession of the churches with the outside world people, while the financial and personnel needs determined closer connection with the world's Protestantism, which in its turn experienced an active influence of globalization processes of modernity and accordingly received the inevitable changes. It is specified that on the way of institutionalization formations during the transition period from controlled, "clandestine" and the semi-clandestine activity in conditions of opened democratic development Ukrainian protesters have faced a number of problems, which can be divided in three groups. First group includes problems that have become most typical for all Protestant denominations. Second group includes the contradictions only inherent in certain denominations – Orthodox Protestants or Neo-Protestants. Third group consists of interdominational conflicts between Orthodox and nominally new Protestants. Problems faced by Protestant community in overcoming the consciousness of "ghetto", as well as with the severe " shortage " of staff, regosolic Leadership Institute, liability for preservation of traditions, financial dependence on foreign centers, uncompetitiveness against secular media slowly arrived to a positive solution in one and a half decades of religious freedom. However, the Church faced new more serious threat of secularization, the maintenance of which has become an urgent task of both Orthodox and new Protestant communities. Along with the task of proselyting outside world people Ukrainian Protestantism, as well as the whole Christianity of the III millennium faces new task, "Internal Mission", which involves the fact that the center of the Annunciation is not only "the world" which does not know Christ, but also so called "nominal" Christianity.The era of postmodernism and religious freedom in the country makes the Ukrainian Protestants to highlight key points in the definition of "primary - secondary" otherwise the Protestant Church that has always been guided by the principles of "Sola Fide" and "Sola Scriptura", may lose its status of "salt of the earth" in prospect.Key words: Late Protestantism, Orthodox Protestants, Neo-Protestants, religious liberty, evolution of Late Protestant communities, institutional transformation, religious social changes, de-sectanization.
АНОТАЦІЯСпис О. А. Пізній протестантизм в Україні в процесі пострадянських внутрішньо-інституційних суспільних трансформаційСтаття присвячена дослідженню характеру, напрямів та динаміки інституалізаційних змін пізнього протестантизму в процесі трансформації українського суспільства. Виснувано, що зміст еволюції пізнопротестантських спільнот в Україні в перші півтора десятиліття функціонування в умовах релігійної свободи визначає їх послідовна інституалізація та десектанізація.Виявлено і досліджено зміни в процесі внутрішньоінституційних трансформацій, а також з'ясовано специфіку адаптивної здатності пізнього протестантизму до нових соціальних, політичних і культурних реалій українського соціуму.Протестантизм в пострадянській Україні продемонстрував не просто живучість, а "влився" в українську релігійність, що вже на початку 90-их років минулого століття промовисто засвідчила поява на релігійній карті Україні значної кількості церков протестантського напряму та їх бажання взяти участь у реєстрації. Перші півтора десятиліття релігійної свободи докорінно змінило обличчя українського протестантизму, трансформаційні зміни в якому з одного боку, дозволили вивести український протестантизм на магістралі тіснішої взаємодії зі світовою протестантською спільнотою, а з іншого – спричинили перегляд тих принципів, на яких стояла протестантська церква в період атеїстичної доби.Встановлено, що найважливішими принципами, за допомогою яких українському протестантизму вдалося "вижити" в атеїстичний період, були такі: тенденція до самоізольованості, концепція домашньої церкви, суворе дотримання принципу "Sola Scriptura", конфесійна винятковість, підтримка зв'язків із західною спільнотою, психологічний чинник. Тенденція до самоізольованості змушена була поступитися процесу "розгерметизації", за яким по суті сектантські утворення набули церковного статусу. До того ж із причини активного поповнення церков людьми "зі світу" концепція "домашньої церкви" втрачала свою актуальність; а необхідність багатьох, і насамперед фінансово-матеріальних та кадрових потреб детермінувала більш тісні зв'язки зі світовим протестантизмом; що також переживав активний вплив глобалізаційних процесів сучасності і відповідно зазнав неминучих змін. З'ясовано, що на шляху інституалізаційного становлення, в період переходу від підконтрольної, "підпільної" і напівпідпільної діяльності до відкритої в умовах демократичного розвитку, українські протестанти зіткнулися з цілою низкою проблем, які можна поділити на три групи. До першої належать ті проблеми, які стали типовими для всіх протестантських конфесій. До другої групи – протиріччя, які властиві лише певним деномінаціям – традиційним протестантам або неопротестантам. Третю групу становлять міжконфесійні протиріччя, які виникли між традиційними і – умовно – новими протестантами.Проблеми, з якими зіткнулася протестантська спільнота на шляху подолання свідомості "гетто", а також у зв'язку з гострим "дефіцитом" кадрів; несформованістю інституту лідерства, необхідністю самозбереження традицій, фінансовою залежністю від зарубіжних центрів та неконкурентноспроможністю світським ЗМІ через півтора десятиліття релігійної свободи поволі почали знаходити позитивне вирішення. Проте Церква стала перед новою, і як з'ясувалося найсерйознішою загрозою, секуляризаційною хвилею, захист від якої стало нагальним завданням як традиційних, так і нових протестантських громад.Ключові слова: пізній протестантизм, традиційні протестанти, неопротестанти, релігійна свобода, еволюція пізньопротестантських спільнот, інституційні трансформації, релігійно-суспільні зміни, десектанізація.АННОТАЦИЯСпис О. А. Поздний протестантизм в Украине в процессе постсоветских внутриинституционных общественных трансформацийСтатья посвящена исследованию характера, направлений и динамики институциональных изменений позднего протестантизма в процессе трансформации украинского общества 90-ты гг. ХХ – начало XXI вв. Сделан вывод, что содержание эволюции позднепротестантских сообществ в Украине в первые полтора десятилетия функционирования в условиях религиозной свободы определяет их последовательная институализация и десектанизация.Обнаружено и исследовано изменения в процессе внутриинституциональных трансформаций, а также выяснена специфика адаптивной способности позднего протестантизма к новым социальным, политических и культурным реалиям украинского социума.Протестантизм в постсоветской Украине продемонстрировал не просто живучесть, а "влился" в украинскую религиозность, что уже в начале девяностых годов прошлого века красноречиво показало появление на религиозной карте Украины значительное количество церквей протестантского направления и их желание принять участие в регистрации. Первые полтора десятилетия религиозной свободы в корне изменило лицо украинского протестантизма, трансформационные изменения в котором, с одной стороны, позволили вывести украинский протестантизм на магистрали более тесного взаимодействия с мировой протестантской общиной, а с другой – вызвали пересмотр тех принципов, на которых стояла протестантская церковь в период атеистической эпохи.Установлено, что важнейшими принципами, с помощью которых украинскому протестантизму удалось "выжить" в атеистический период, были следующие: тенденция к самоизоляции, концепция домашней церкви, строгое соблюдение принципа "Sola Scriptura", конфессиональная исключительность, поддержка связей с западным сообществом, психологический фактор.Тенденция к самоизоляции вынуждена была уступить процессу "разгерметизации", согласно которому, по сути, сектантские образования получили церковный статус. К тому же, по причине активного пополнения церквей людьми "из мира" концепция "домашней церкви" теряла свою актуальность; а необходимость многих, и прежде всего финансово-материальных и кадровых потребностей детерминировала более тесные связи с мировым протестантизмом; что также переживал активное воздействие глобализационных процессов современности и соответственно получил неизбежные изменение.Установлено, что на пути институализационных становлений, в период перехода от подконтрольной, "подпольной" и полуподпольной деятельности в открытых условиях демократического развития, украинские протестанты столкнулись с целым рядом проблем, которые можно разделить на три группы.К первой относятся те проблемы, которые стали типичными для всех протестантских конфессий. Ко второй группе - противоречия, присущие только определенным деноминациям - традиционным протестантам или неопротестантам. Третью группу составляют межконфессиональные противоречия, которые возникли между традиционными и - условно - новыми протестантами.Проблемы, с которыми столкнулась протестантская община на пути преодоления сознания "гетто", а также в связи с острым "дефицитом" кадров; несформированностью института лидерства, необходимостью самосохранения традиций, финансовой зависимости от зарубежных центров и неконкурентноспособность светским СМИ через полтора десятилетия религиозной свободы медленно начали находить положительное решение. Однако Церковь стала перед новой, и как выяснилось, серьезной угрозой, волны секуляризаци, защита от которой стало насущной задачей как традиционных, так и новых протестантских общин.Установлено, что наряду с задачей обращения людей в церковь "из мира" перед украинским протестантизмом, как и перед всем христианством III тысячелетия, открывается новая работа - "внутренняя миссия", которая заключается в том, что центром благовестия становится не только «мир», который не знает Христа, но и так называемое "номинальное" христианство.Эпоха постмодернизма и религиозной свободы в стране заставляет украинских протестантов расставить правильные акценты в определении "первичное-вторичное», без чего протестантская церковь, что всегда руководствовалась принципами "Sola Fide" и "Sola Scriptura", может в обозримой перспективе потерять статус "соли земли".Ключевые слова: поздний протестантизм, традиционные протестанты, неопротестанты, религиозная свобода, эволюция позднепротестантских общин, институционные трансформации, религиозно-общественные перемены, десектанизация.SUMMARYO.A. Spys. Sociopolitical and sociocultural challenges of Ukrainian independence period within institutional formation of Late Protestant Communities of Ukraine This article investigates character, tendency and dynamic of institutional changes of Late Protestantism in the process of Ukrainian society transformation during the 1990s ХХ – early XXI.It is concluded that presence of evolution in Late Protestant Ukrainian communities in the first fifteen years of functioning in religious liberty environment determines their sequential institutionalization and de-sectanization. Changes in the process of internal institutional transformation were disclosed and investigated so as the specifics of adaptive capacity of Late Protestantism to the new social, political and cultural realities of the Ukrainian society.Ukrainian Protestantism in post-Soviet period has demonstrated its strong survivance and became integrated in the Ukrainian religiosity. As a result considerable number of Protestant churches has appeared on the religious map of Ukraine and participated in the official registration in the early nineties of the last century. The image of Ukrainian Protestantism was radically changed by first fifteen years of religious liberty. On the one hand its transformative changes leaded to more close synergy between Ukrainian and world's Protestant community, on the other hand, caused the revision of the Protestant church principles in atheistic period.The essential principles which helped Ukrainian Protestantism to "survive" in the atheistic period were: the tendency to self-isolation, the home church concept, the strict observance of the principle of "Sola Scriptura", denominational exceptionality, support of communicational connection with the Western community and psychological factor. The tendency to self-isolation was forced to give way to the process of "decompression", according to which, in fact, sectarian education received ecclesiastical status. Furthermore, concept of "house church" has lost its relevance due to active accession of the churches with the outside world people, while the financial and personnel needs determined closer connection with the world's Protestantism, which in its turn experienced an active influence of globalization processes of modernity and accordingly received the inevitable changes. It is specified that on the way of institutionalization formations during the transition period from controlled, "clandestine" and the semi-clandestine activity in conditions of opened democratic development Ukrainian protesters have faced a number of problems, which can be divided in three groups. First group includes problems that have become most typical for all Protestant denominations. Second group includes the contradictions only inherent in certain denominations – Orthodox Protestants or Neo-Protestants. Third group consists of interdominational conflicts between Orthodox and nominally new Protestants. Problems faced by Protestant community in overcoming the consciousness of "ghetto", as well as with the severe " shortage " of staff, regosolic Leadership Institute, liability for preservation of traditions, financial dependence on foreign centers, uncompetitiveness against secular media slowly arrived to a positive solution in one and a half decades of religious freedom. However, the Church faced new more serious threat of secularization, the maintenance of which has become an urgent task of both Orthodox and new Protestant communities. Along with the task of proselyting outside world people Ukrainian Protestantism, as well as the whole Christianity of the III millennium faces new task, "Internal Mission", which involves the fact that the center of the Annunciation is not only "the world" which does not know Christ, but also so called "nominal" Christianity.The era of postmodernism and religious freedom in the country makes the Ukrainian Protestants to highlight key points in the definition of "primary - secondary" otherwise the Protestant Church that has always been guided by the principles of "Sola Fide" and "Sola Scriptura", may lose its status of "salt of the earth" in prospect.Key words: Late Protestantism, Orthodox Protestants, Neo-Protestants, religious liberty, evolution of Late Protestant communities, institutional transformation, religious social changes, de-sectanization.
El trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo de estudio la representación discursiva de la figura de la mujer política española. El análisis se enfrenta desde un punto de vista contrastivo, italiano-español, concentrando la atención en los medios de comunicación digitales de ambos países y de ideología contrapuesta. Los estudios y el análisis del lenguaje empleado en los medios de comunicación revelan que la función de informar o entretener quedan relegados al objetivo principal que es el de crear ideologías o, cuanto menos, reforzar las establecidas con el fin de mantener el estatus quo social y económico. Visto el tema objeto de estudio, los instrumentos metodológicos implicados se irán desarrollando en un doble sentido. Por un lado, se inscribe necesariamente en el ámbito de los principales estudios socio-culturales y de género (Aday y Devitt, 2001; Braden 1996; Falk, 2008, Fernández 2008, 2010, etc.) en relación con los medios de comunicación. Por otro lado, se centra en el análisis de las principales estrategias lingüísticas presentes en los medios digitales que componen el corpus. La investigación se desarrolla al interno del cuadro general de los estudios del Análisis del Discurso (T. Van Dijk, R. Wodak, N. Fairclough, etc.) y, en lo específico y, dada la compleja polifónica de este tipo de discurso, la metodología usada es avalada por los instrumentos de la Lingüística Pragmática y de los estudios de la (des)cortesía (D. Bravo, A. Briz, E. Brenes, H. Haverkate, C. Fuentes Rodríguez.) La hipótesis de partida está formulada desde la perspectiva del género de la mujer y su imagen pública como miembro integrante del grupo social de la política de acciones dirigidas a la composición de cargos representativos. En este sentido, la mujer política española soporta todavía en cierta medida el estereotipo asignado a la mujer que se proyecta desvelar a través del fenómeno de la (des)cortesía en los medios de comunicación escritos. Los objetivos del proyecto de tesis se articulan entorno a tres temas principales: a) Ampliar los escasos estudios del análisis del fenómeno de la (des)cortesía en los textos escritos, por lo que esta investigación supone una aportación científica que permitirá avanzar las teorías de la (des)cortesía. b) Identificar y describir la imagen pública de la mujer política y su representación en los medios de comunicación escritos. c) Descubrir la igualdad o desigualdad de género en los medios de comunicación escritos en el ámbito de la política. Los estudios más recientes entorno al fenómeno de la (des)cortesía se desarrollan desde la perspectiva de la Lingüística Pragmática. Esta propuesta teórica aspira a unir lo lingüístico y lo extralingüístico, es decir, pone en relieve el contexto donde se suceden los actos lingüísticos y distingue el plano microestructural (el material lingüístico seleccionado) y el macroestructural (plano enunciativo, modal, informativo y argumentativo) del tipo discursivo. Contrariamente a otras líneas de investigación, desde la Lingüística Pragmática se considera que la cortesía no solo surge en la conversación oral, sino que también aparece en los textos escritos, incluso aquellos que están dirigidos hacia un receptor múltiple o indefinido (Fuentes Rodríguez 2011; p. 32-33). Por otro lado, los estudios realizados en torno a la representación de la mujer en la esfera pública coinciden en que las mujeres líderes se encuentran en minoría en las posiciones de poder y que la mujer política aún sigue siendo representada de forma estereotipada en los medios (Aday y Devitt, 2001; Braden 1996; Falk, 2008, Fernández 2008, 2010, etc.). En el ámbito de la política viene justificada, en parte, por la tardía incorporación de la mujer a la política, pero, por otro lado, los medios de comunicación en su firmeza de crear ideologías o reforzar aquellas ya establecidas, tienden a representar a la mujer desnaturalizada en un espacio que no se le atribuye haciendo que su presencia se valore a través de elementos ajenos a su proceder político, que queda en un segundo plano, ocultando las actuaciones a favor de las apariencias. En este sentido, mediante el análisis del fenómeno de la (des)cortesía de los textos, quedará evidenciado el objetivo final de los medios de comunicación escritos, sin obviar la fuerza referencial que ejercen sobre la sociedad convirtiéndose en entidad representativa de ésta. Con este trabajo se pretende analizar y describir las estrategias discursivas y recursos argumentativos empleados en los textos escritos destinados a reforzar o destruir estereotipos alojados en el imaginario colectivo respecto a la imagen de la mujer política. Todo el estudio estará enmarcado desde las pautas establecidas de las teorías de la (des)cortesía (Bravo, Briz, Brenes, Haverkate, Fuentes Rodríguez, etc.). La unidad de análisis de este trabajo engloba tanto artículos de información como editoriales y artículos de opinión y desde un punto de vista contrastivo, italianos y españoles, concentrado la atención en los medios de comunicación digitales de ideología contrapuesta de ambos países. ; The research work aims to study the discursive representation of the figure of the Spanish female politician. The analysis presents a comparative view, Italian-Spanish, focusing on the digital mass media from both countries and opposite ideologies. Studies and analyses on the language in the mass media show that information and entertainment are secondary functions, as the real aim is to create/build ideologies and strengthen them in order to keep the social and economic status quo. Having seen the object of study, the methodological instruments used are developed in two ways. On the one hand, this study follows the stream constituted by the main sociocultural and gender studies (Aday y Devitt, 2001; Braden 1996; Falk, 2008, Fernández 2008, 2010, etc.) regarding the mass media. On the other hand, the analysis focuses on the principal language strategies of mass media from our corpus. The research is developed within the general framework of the Critical Discourse Analysis (T. Van Dijk, R. Wodak, N. Fairclough, etc.). Because of the polyphonic complexity of this type of discourse, the methodology is based on the Pragmatic Linguistics and the studies on (Im)politeness (Bravo, Briz, Brenes, Haverkate, Fuentes Rodríguez.). The hypothesis is formulated starting from the female gender and face (E. Goffman, 1967) as member of the social group of politicians in representative positions. In this sense, the Spanish female politician still bears the assigned stereotype, which can be seen in (im)politeness phenomena to be found in written mass media. The aims of this research are about three main topics: a) Expanding the few existing studies about the analysis of the (im)politeness phenomenon in written texts. b) Identifying and describing the face of the female politician and her representation in the written mass media. c) Discovering gender equality or inequality in written political media. Recent studies about the (im)politeness phenomenon have been developed according to the Pragmatic Linguistics perspective. This theoretical approach aims to connect what islinguistic with what is extralinguistic, highlighting the context where linguistic acts take place and differentiating the macro (linguistic material select) and the micro structure (enunciative, modal, informative and argumentative plane) of the type of discourse taken into account. Unlike other research lines, according to the Pragmatic Linguistic perspective, politeness is found, not only in oral conversations but also in written texts, even if they are directed towards multiple and indefinite recipients (Fuentes Rodríguez 2011; p. 32-33). On the other hand, existing studies about the representation of women in the public sphere agree on the fact that female leaders are a minority and that the female politician stereotype is still represented in the mass media (Aday y Devitt, 2001; Braden 1996; Falk, 2008, Fernandez 2008, 2010, etc.). In the political sphere this is justified because it represents a relatively new role for women, but in the mass media the steadiness in building ideologies and reinforcing them tends to represent the woman as denatured, in a space originally not attributed to her. The female presence is in fact represented through elements unrelated to her political behaviour, which remains in the background, this way hiding her actions in favour of her appearance. In this sense, through the analysis of the (im)politeness phenomenon in texts, it is highlighted the main aim of the written mass media, without denying their power and standing in society, because they have become a representative entity of it. In this research we analyse and describe discursive strategies and argumentative recourses present in written texts to reinforce or destroy stereotypes regarding the face of the female politician.
In this paper authors argue that the main determinants of differences in prosperity across countries are differences in economic institutions. To solve the problem of development will entail reforming these institutions. Unfortunately, this is difficult because economic institutions are collective choices that are the outcome of a political process. The economic institutions of a society depend on the nature of political institutions and the distribution of political power in society. As yet, authors only have a highly preliminary understanding of the factors that lead a society into a political equilibrium which supports good economic institutions. However, it is clear that it is the political nature of an institutional equilibrium that makes it very difficult to reform economic institutions. The authors illustrate this with a series of pitfalls of institutional reforms. The author's analysis reveals challenges for those who would wish to solve the problem of development and poverty. That such challenges exist is hardly surprising and believe that the main reason for such challenges is the forces authors have outlined in this paper. Better development policy will only come when authors recognize this and understand these forces better. Nevertheless, some countries do undergo political transitions, reform their institutions, and move onto more successful paths of economic development.
ÖzetDemokratik ülkelerde Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları (STK'lar) toplumun önemli birer öğesi haline geldi; bir ülkede demokrasi seviyesi yükseldikçe STK'ların sayısı, kalitesi ve etkinlikleri de artmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu tezin baş tarafında "sivil toplum" ve "demokrasi" kavramlarının tarih boyunca gelişmesi incelendi. Antik Yunan'dan başlayarak, günümüze kadar birçok filozof bu iki kavramın gelişmesi için çalışmalar yaptılar.Avrupa'daki feodal yapıda şehir-devletler arasında ticari faaliyetlerin arttığı 11. yüzyıldan itibaren Sivil Toplum kuruluşları oluşmaya başladı; ticari faaliyetler arttıkça tüccarlar daha zenginleşti ve toplumlar içindeki etkinlikleri arttı. Özellikle İtalya ve İngiltere'de bilimsel sivil toplum kuruluşları 17. asrın ortalarında çok etkin hale gelmişlerdi ve bir çok bilimsel buluşu gerçekleştirdiler. Batı Avrupa ülkelerindeki bazı krallar bu kuruluşları cesaretlendiriyor ve hatta mali yönden destekliyorlardı. Halbuki Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda ilk sivil toplum örgütü 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından sonra, yani Avrupa'daki bilimsel NGO'lardan 200 yıl sonra, kurulabilmişti. Bu gecikmenin ana sebebi Osmanlı yöneticilerinin kafa yapısında yatmaktadır; onlar eğer sivil toplumun örgütlenmesine izin verirlerse toplum üzerindeki otoritelerinin bir kısmını onlara devretmek zorunda kalacaklarından korkuyorlardı.Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda ve daha sonra Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'ndeki STK sayısı, yönetim şekli daha demokratik yapıya kavuştukça arttı; aynı zamanda bunların kamu oyu oluşturulmasındaki etkinlikleri de buna paralel olarak arttı. Türkiye sosyal ve politik standartlarını Avrupa Birliği (AB) kriterlerine uydurmak amacıyla geliştirdiği son dönemde STK'ların prestij ve etkinlikleri daha da arttı. AB; Türkiye'yi Avrupalılaştırma projesi çerçevesinde Türkiye'deki STK'ların etkinliklerini arttırmak için, bunların hazırlayıp yönettiği projeleri AB fonlarından desteklemektedir.Bu günlerde Türkiye'de on binlerce STK vardır; kamu oyunu oluşturmalarındaki etkinlik ve Türkiye'nin AB'ye tam üye olarak katılabilmesi için yaptıkları etkin lobi faaliyetleri nedeniyle bunların bazıları kamuoyu tarafından çok iyi tanınmaktadır. Bu tezde kamu oyu tarafından daha az bilinen fakat yönettikleri projeleri AB fonlarından desteklenen ve lobi faaliyetleri ile etkili olan bazı STK'lar örnek olarak sunulmuştur. Böyle bir seçim yapılmasının sebeplerinden biri STK'ların ne kadar yaygınlaşmış olduğunu göstermektir, diğer bir neden de STK'lar tarafından oluşturulup yönetilen projeler için ne gibi AB fonlarınınmevcut olduğu konusunda bilgi vermektir.AbstractNon Governmental Organizations (NGOs) became one of the important tools of civil society in democratic countries; as the level of democracy improved in a country, number, quality and effectiveness of NGOs are also increased. For this reason historical developments of the concepts of "civil society" and "democracy" are studied at the beginning of the thesis. Starting in the ancient Greek period many philosophers helped to improve these two concepts through out the history.Civil society associations started to be formed in Europe in the 11th century, when the commerce among the city-states of feudalist Europe increased; they became more effective as they became wealthier. Scientific associations were very effective in the realization of many scientific inventions especially in Italy and in England in the mid 17th century. Even some kings in Western Europe encouraged and financially supported some of these scientific associations. Where as the first NGO in Ottoman Empire could be established only in the second half of the 19th century; 200 years later than these scientific NGOs in Europe. The reason for this delay was in the mentality of the Ottoman administrators; they were afraid of loosing some of their authority over the public if they would allow the establishment of the civil society associations.Number of NGOs in the Ottoman Empire and later in the Republic of Turkey increased as the governing regimes get more democratic and they became more effective in forming the public opinion; their prestige and effectiveness are further increased after Turkey started to alter its social and political standards towards the EU criterion. EU is helping the Turkish NGOs to increase their effectiveness by supporting their projects through EU founds as a part of its Europeanization policy.There are tens of thousands of NGOs in Turkey in these days; some of them are very well known with their effectiveness in forming public opinion and/or with their lobbying activities, especially lobbying for the acceptance of Turkey as a full member to EU. In this thesis some of the less popular NGOs are presented with their projects which are supported by EU founds and with their lobbying activities. One of the reasons for this selection is to emphasize the spread of NGOs all over the country, another reason is to indicate the types of founds available for the projects which are led by the NGOs.
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kamanuru-1microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 749 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 68 per cent is covered by soil, 28 per cent by rock out crops and four per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below The soils belong to 11 soil series and 33 soil phases (management units) and 5 Land management units. The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils. About 19 per cent is sandy (loamy sand) at the surface, 34 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 15 per cent has clayey (sandy clay) soils at the surface. About 36 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) available water capacity. An area of about 67 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands and 0.75%) in 9 per cent area of the soils. Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 30 per cent of the soils. Available potassium is low (20 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in 54 per cent of the area. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 6 per cent of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 94 (13) 52 (7) Pomegranate - 183(24) Maize 13 (2) 134 (18) Guava - 100(13) Bajra 13(2) 211(28) Jackfruit - 100(13) Redgram - 123 (16) Jamun - 168(22) Bengal gram 82(11) 83(11) Musambi 82(11) 101(13) Groundnut - 326 (43) Lime 82(11) 101(13) Sunflower 82 (11) 42 (5) Cashew 13(2) 147(20) Cotton 82(11) 65(8) Custard apple 94(13) 419(56) Chilli 13(2) 51(7) Amla 13(2) 501 (67) Tomato 13(2) 51(7) Tamarind - 126(17) Drumstick - 353(47) Marigold 13(2) 134(18) Mulbery - 473(63) Chrysanthemum 13(2) 134(18) Mango - 27(4) Jasmine 13(2) 51(7) Sapota - 100(13) Crossandra 13(2) 52(7) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 78 (53.79%) men and 67 (46.21%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 4, small farmer was 3, semi medium farmer was 6, medium farmers were 10 and for landless farmers it was 4. There were 31 (21.38%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 48 (33.1%) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (37.24 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (8.28%) were above 61 years of age. The micro watershed had 22.76 per cent illiterates, 4.83 per cent functional literates, 27.59 per cent of them had primary school education, 11.72 per cent of them had middle school education, 17.24 per cent of them had high school education, 3.45 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.69 per cent of them had ITI, 9.66 per cent of them had degree education and 0.69 per cent of them had masters education. The results indicate that, 51.43 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 54.48 per cent of the household members, 2.76 per cent were agricultural labourers, 6.9 per cent were general labours,4.14 percent were in government service, 1.38 per cent of them were in private sector, 21.38 per cent of them were students and 3.45 per cent were housewives. The results shows that 3.45 per cent of them participated in self help groups, 1.38 per cent of them participated in gram panchayat, 1.38 per cent of them participated in cooperative bank, 0.69 percent of them participated in zilla panchayat and 96.19 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. Landless and medium farmers were found to have no participation in any local institutions. Semi medium farmers were found to participate in one or the other local institutions. The results indicate that 97.14 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 8.57 per cent of them possess pucca house. 100 percent of the landless, marginal and small farmers possess katcha house. The results shows that 2.86 per cent of the households possess radio, 77.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 48.57 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 45.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 34.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The average value of radio was Rs.100, television was Rs.2185, mixer grinder was Rs.1094, DVD player was Rs.2000, motor cycle was Rs.31153 and mobile phone was Rs.890. About 45.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 34.29 per cent of them possess bullock cart and 31.43 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 20 per cent 2 of them possess chaff cutter and 82.86 per cent of the households possess weeder. The average value of plough was Rs.745, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 18500 and the average value of sprayer was Rs.1913. The results indicate that, 40 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 22.86 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess crossbred cows, 5.17 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 2.86 per cent of the households possess sheep. Average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.6, average own labour (women) available was 1.1, average hired labour (men) available was 6.5 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.17. The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, 1 and 3 persons were migrated from micro watershed that belonged to marginal and medium farmer category. People have migrated on an average of 212 Kms and average duration was 22.5 months. Marginal farmers have migrated 370 kms and on an average for 36 months. Job/work and education of the children were equally important reasons for migration for all the migrants. Households of the Kammanur-1 micro watershed possess 30.64 ha (88.85%) of dry land and 3.44 ha (9.98%) of irrigated land. The average value of dry land was Rs.260995 and average value of irrigated was Rs.348705. There were 1 functioning and 1 defunct bore wells in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source for 2.86 per cent of the farmers and open well was the source of irrigation for 5.71 per cent of the farmers. There was only 2.43 ha of irrigated area in total in the micro watershed which belonged to semi medium farmers. Farmers have grown Maize (12.05 ha), Navane (5.09 ha), Sajje (3.64ha), Bajra (4.66ha), Bengal gram (2.63 ha), Paddy (2.02 ha), Horse gram (1.31ha), Sorghum (0.96 ha) and Red gram (0.43ha). Marginal farmers have grown Maize, Navane, Bajra, Sorghum and Redgram. Small farmers have grown Maize, Navane, Bajra, and Horse gram. Semi medium farmers have grown Maize, Bengal gram and Paddy. Medium farmers have grown Maize and Bengal gram. The cropping intensity in Kammanur-1 micro watershed was found to be 97.93 per cent. In case of Marginal farmers it was 113.48 per cent, for small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 79.32 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 100 per cent. The results indicate that, 97.14 per cent of the households have both bank account and savings. Among landless farmers 80 percent of them possess bank account and 3 savings. Hundred per cent of marginal, small, semi medium and medium category of farmers possess bank account and also savings. The results indicate that, 56.25 per cent have availed loan in grameena bank, 15.63 per cent have availed loan in money lender and 3.13 per cent have availed loan from SHGs/CBOs. Landless, marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed Rs.2500, Rs.35000, Rs. 98846, Rs.148333, and Rs. 70000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 68593. The results indicate that, 94.44 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture and 5.56 per cent of them have borrowed loan for animal husbandry. Only small farmers (11.1%) have borrowed credit for the purpose of animal husbandry and all other category of farmers have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. The results indicate that, house hold consumption and other reasons were the main purpose for which landless and small farmers borrowed loan. Another 25 percent of small farmers also borrowed loan for social functions like marriage. The results indicate that, 47.37 per cent of the households have repaid partially which includes 20 per cent of marginal farmers, 60 per cent of small farmers and 66.67 per cent of semi medium farmers. The data also shows that 47.37 per cent of households have not repaid their loans and only 5.26 per cent of households have fully repaid their loans. Results indicated that 33.33 per cent of the households have repaid partially, another 33.33 per cent have unpaid their loan and 16.67 percent of the households have full paid their loan. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 14769. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23450.5. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs.8680.82, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.6. The total cost of cultivation for horsegram was Rs.14451.57. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 14167. The net income from horsegram cultivation was Rs.-284.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.98. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 37053.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36730.47. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. - 323.12, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.99. The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 17786.45. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23546.38. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 5759.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.32. The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 19170.22. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21143.20. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 1972.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.1. 4 The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 24733.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20039.62. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. - 4694.33. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.81. The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 13408.29. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48465.96. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 35057.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.61. The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 48019.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86046.57. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 38027.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.79. The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate which includes 7.69 per cent of small, 66.67 per cent of semi medium farmers. The data revealed that 22.86 per cent of the farmers opined that dry fodder is inadequate and 2.86 per cent opined that green fodder is inadequate. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 30 coconut trees in their field and 6 in backyard. Mango (6) trees and a jackfruit tree were also grown by the households. Households have planted 57 neem trees in field and 2 in backyard, 2 acacia, 2 banyan tree, 2 peepul tree and 1 tamarind tree. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs.1428 for land development and Rs.21,142 in irrigation facility. Marginal households have an average investment capacity of Rs.3846 for land development and Rs. 21538 in irrigation facility. Small farm households have an average investment capacity Rs.25384 in irrigation facility. Semi medium households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 43333 for irrigation. The results indicated that for land development 2.86 per cent dependent on government subsidy. For irrigation facility 68.57 percent depend on government subsidy and 2.86 percent depend on loan from bank loan. The results indicated that, 60 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchants which includes, 46.15 per cent the marginal farmers, 84.62 percent small farmers and 100 percent semi medium farmers. About 34.29 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets which includes 53.85 percent marginal farmers, 23.08 percent small farmers and 100 percent medium farmers. The results indicated that 77.14 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport and 17.14 per cent have used tractor. The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 7.96 percent of small farmers and 33.33 percent semi medium farmers. About 82.86 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 92.31 per cent of marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have shown interest in soil testing. 5 The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding which includes 30.77 per cent of marginal, 69.23 per cent of small farmers, 66.67 per cent of semi medium farmers, 100 per cent of medium farmers. Summer ploughing was adopted by 62.86 per cent of the households i.e. 69.23 per cent of the marginal farmers, 76.92 per cent of the small farmers, 66.67 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent medium farmers. Combination of deep and shallow root crops was followed by 62.86 per cent of the farmers. The results indicated that, 6.67 per cent of the households who adopted field bunding opined that bunds are good, 13.33 per cent opined that bunds are slightly damaged, and 6.67 per cent of the households opined that bunds are severely damaged and 73.33 per cent opined that the bunds required full replacement. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.29 per cent which includes 100 per cent of landless, 84.62 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. About 42.86 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 60 per cent of landless, 53.85 per cent of marginal, 23.08 per cent of small, 33.33 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have sanitary toilet facility. Around 91.43 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 40 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 48.57 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (57.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (57.14%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80%), high rate of interest on credit (82.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (74.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.86%), inadequate extension services (82.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (82.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: This working paper shall investigate the trade integration between Turkey and the EU. The plan of this book is as follows. At first the historical background of the development concerning the trade relations between the two parties is conveyed. This includes the period from first association to implementing a customs union (CU) between Turkey and the European Union (EU) and to deeper integration abolishing barriers of trade until today. Subsequently an evaluation of the influence of the customs union follows in chapter 3 which constitutes the main part of the paper. Hereby the analysis is divided into the short-term static and long-term dynamic effects of the CU with the EU that Turkey entered on 1st January 1996. To analyze the static effects this paper adopts Viner's traditional approach, by comparing the trade creation effects with the trade diversion effects resulting from the removal of trade restrictions for Turkey and the EU as a whole. Thus, the predominant economical theory applied in this paper is the neoclassical customs union theory. This theory was chosen because it still is the predominant and widely recognized theory in analyzing trade data providing a variety of tools. Within the neoclassical theory Ricardo as well as Heckscher-Ohlin play an important role as a tool of analysis. In the relevant passages in the text the most important theoretical principles will be explained with the help of the Turkish example. At the limits of the neoclassical theories the new trade theory is supposed to help out especially where the assumptions of the neoclassical theory limit further analysis. It is the purpose of this paper to analyze the question how the trade liberalization in form of the CU between Turkey and the EU influences the development of Turkish welfare, specialization in different sectors, economies of scale, competitiveness, technological transfer and direct foreign investment. In some parts of the paper the analysis also refers to some effects for the EU, but main emphasis shall clearly be laid upon the effects on the Turkish economy. For the analysis foreign trade data is used which was compiled by the Turkish Undersecretariat of the Prime Ministry for Foreign Trade, the Prime Ministry Undersecretariat of Treasury, the Turkish Statistical Institute and Eurostat. Finding the adequate data created difficulties because of different time spans available and data from different sources being not comparable. This is why the time spans observed are sometimes not optimal. Therefore the analysis concentrates on the development within the last years, because not many studies were written in the 21st century or using data from this period. Thus, where long time spans were not available, the findings from old studies are compared with the new findings based on data from the last years. Especially within chapter 3.3 dealing with the dynamic effects this approach is reasonable since it shows the long term effects of the CU. The last subitem within chapter 3 allows a glance at the possibility of further integration taking monetary integration as an example. Last but not least chapter 4 will summarize the findings of the previous sections which will lead to a final estimation of the effects of the CU on Turkey and the EU.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSIII LIST OF FIGURESIV APPENDICES INDEXV 1.INTRODUCTION1 2.HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ABOUT THE RELATIONS BETWEEN TURKEY AND THE EU2 2.1GENERAL OVERVIEW2 2.2FROM THE ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT UNTIL TODAY THE HISTORY OF THE CU3 2.3FROM PROTECTIONISM TO MORE TRADE LIBERALISATION6 2.4THE ABOLITION OF BARRIERS TO TRADE8 2.4.1Tariff barriers8 2.4.2Non-tariff barriers9 3.THE CUSTOMS UNION AS A FORM OF TRADE INTEGRATION - IMPLICATIONS FOR TURKEY AND THE EU13 3.1GENERAL ANALYSIS13 3.2THE STATIC EFFECTS OF THE CUSTOMS UNION18 3.3DYNAMIC EFFECTS25 3.3.1The specialization effect25 3.3.1.1Inter-industry trade25 3.3.1.1.1Theoretical background Neoclassic25 3.3.1.1.2Turkey's comparative advantage27 3.3.1.2Intra-industry trade32 3.3.2Economies of scale35 3.3.3Competitiveness38 3.3.4Technological transfer40 3.3.5Direct foreign investment44 3.3.5.1Theoretic implementation44 3.3.5.2Direct foreign investment inflows by countries46 3.3.5.3Direct foreign investment volume47 3.3.5.4Direct foreign investment by sectors48 3.3.5.5Prospects50 3.4EXCHANGE RATES EXCURSUS: FREE FLOATING OR PEGGING TO THE EURO52 3.4.1Gains and losses from pegging to the euro52 3.4.2Recommendation55 4.CONCLUSIONS59 BIBLIOGRAPHY62 INTERNET SOURCES67 APPENDICES71Textprobe:Text Sample: Chapter 3.3.4 Technological transfer: According to the theory of catching up underdeveloped countries may close a technology gap by free trade. The more a country's productivity and technology is backward the higher is its growth potential and its growth rates in case of free trade. Trade also causes a technology transfer, and underdeveloped nations may use new technologies without spending a lot on invention. This is also connected with the product cycle hypothesis. The high developed industrial countries are the producers of new products realising export monopolies at the beginning of the product cycle. If the product reaches its maturing stage less developed countries may foster development through imitation. In the standardization period, it is possible to produce with standardised techniques and low-qualified labour, which makes it possible for developing countries to specialise on these goods due to their lower costs of production and low wage rates. This is also often thanks to direct foreign investment (DFI), giving the ability to develop competitive products. Rising commercial contacts between countries causes an accumulation of knowledge. This leads to a catching-up, while producing low technology goods under protection causes falling behind. Producing standardised low-technology goods may end in the so called Heckscher-Ohlin trap. That means that there is no remarkable technical progress because of lacking human capital accumulation in the production. There is no significant technology transfer because DFI is also going into branches with less human capital. Without technical progress the country will fall behind. Low-technology goods in the exporting sector will suffer from rising competition in the world market. Convergence is evoked mainly by the 2 factors technological progress and capital accumulation. Faster implementation of technological innovations can lead to a higher rate of technological change. As an industrializing country, Turkey needs advanced technologies to speed up its industrialization process. There is a natural alliance between the new trade theory, with its emphasis on increasing returns and imperfect competition, and the view that technological change is a key factor driving international specialization. Technological development is normally an increasing returns process carried out in imperfectly competitive industries, and the most important sources of increasing returns in practice probably lie in dynamic economies of learning and research and development. If bigger sales markets and increased competition initiate innovations and growth processes, which excite technologic dynamics, then those positive effects can be carried over to other companies or even to other sectors by spill-over effects, learning effects and income effects. Technological gaps are also explainable with the traditional trade theory. The H–O model would predict that technologically advanced countries have a comparative advantage in technology-intensive goods. Innovation, by increasing the range of products, represents an increase in real world productivity. Technology transfer then since it is allowing a wider range of goods in Turkey, also represents a gain from a global point of view. Innovation as well as technology transfer increase world output. Hereby innovation disproportionately benefits the EU, the more innovative area, while technological transfer supports Turkey. The high protection rates of the Turkish industry before the CU lead to a relatively underdeveloped level of technology in its production. It shall be considered how this situation changed under the CU. The whole level of technology itself is not measurable; however technology-input can be measured with the expenses for education, research and development or the employment of scientists and engineers. The following graphic gives an overview about the employment of research and development (RD) personnel including scientists and technicians. As it can be seen the number of people employed within RD increased significantly during the regarded period. The comparison between Turkey and other chosen countries in Appendix N with respect to the education expenses as a percentage of GDP confirms Turkey's high technology input. In 2002 Turkey spend 7.26% on education being 1.36 percentage points higher than the OECD average. Unfortunately there are no time series evidences available in this matter. Yet, the different factors indicating Turkey's technology input show positive results. Technology-output is measured by the number of patent applications. If this number increases within the time period of the CU it can be interpreted as a positive sign for the catching-up process of Turkey. Alternatively the percentage of innovative firms can give an impression about the technology output. In the following graphic the development during the years 1997-2004 is shown. The percentage of innovative firms increased being a sign on the one hand of more investment in RD and on the other hand of possible spillover effects due to the closer integration with Europe. The overall estimation for Turkey's technology change is a positive one although Turkey still needs to increase its transfer of technology to overcome the shortcomings of their trade balance. Another possibility would be to attract more DFI which is the topic of the next chapter. Direct foreign investment: Positive growth effects can occur when the CU leads to an increase in investments. Reasons like high competition plead for such a positive relation. The CU had influence on the location and volume of real investment which is analysed in more detail in this chapter. Theoretic implementation: "Direct foreign investment is defined as an investment in which the investor acquires a substantial controlling interest in a foreign firm or sets up a subsidiary in a foreign country. DFI involves ownership or control of a business enterprise abroad." Thus the distinctive feature of DFI is that it involves not only a transfer of resources but also the acquisition of control. The subsidiary is part of the same organizational structure. In case of a plant the transfer of resources and production capabilities, and therefore DFI, contribute to the industrial base of the host country Turkey. DFI is one important pillar of convergence theories, in which it is assumed that capital flows into the region with lower wages and higher interest rates. In the "catching up" theory it is the source of technology and know-how because every investment from developed countries will cause a technology transfer, and the production will have external effects via learning-by-doing and spill-over to other industries. Increasing intra-industry trade is a sign of catching up while DFI flows may be an indicator of technology transfer. The growth in investments is one important requirement to catch up with the development level of the EU. There are a lot of factors determining investment decisions, among others: In developing countries there often exists a lack of savings and capital accumulation which is needed to realize additional profitable investments. Hence investment opportunities which promise high profits are realised by foreign entrepreneurs especially if the domestic demand in the invested sector offers good growth prospects. Another advantage is the relatively cheap quality and surplus of the labour force in developing countries. By shifting the assembly industries to these countries they can reduce their costs and increase their ability to compete in the world market. Moreover the geographical position of the country and suitable connections to different foreign markets are a determining factor for choosing the country of investment. In this way Turkey could be used as an export base to the Middle Eastern and Islamic countries. Susanne Voigt, Studium an der Berufsakademie Berlin in der Fachrichtung Bank, Abschluss 2004 als Diplom-Betriebswirtin (BA), Aufbaustudium an der Europa Universität Viadrina in Frankfurt/Oder, Abschluss 2007 als Master of Arts (European Studies).
With the democratization of digital technologies, the construction of a globalized cyberspace insidiously transforms our lifestyle. Connect more than 4 billion people at high speed, requires the invention of new concept of service provision and trafic management that are capable to face the challenges. For that purpose, Cloud Computing have been set up to enable Datacenters to provide part or total IT components needed by companies for timely services delivering with performance that meets the requirements of their clients. Consequently, the proliferation of Datacenters around the world has brought to light the worrying question about the amount of energy needed for their function and the resulting difficulty for the humanity, whose current reserves are not extensible indefinitely. It was therefore necessary to develop techniques that reduce the power consumption of Datacenters by minimizing the energy losses orchestrated on servers where each wasted watt results in a chain effect on a substantial increase in the overall bill of Datacenters. Our work consisted first in making a review of the literature on the subject and then testing the ability of some prediction tools to improve the anticipation of the risks of energy loss caused by the misallocation of virtual equipment on servers. This study focused particularly on the ARMA tools and neural networks which in the literature have produced interesting results in related fields. After this step, it appeared to us that ARMA tools, although having less performance than neural networks in our context, runs faster and are best suited to be implemented in cloud computing environments. Thus, we used the results of this method to improve the decision-making process, notably for the proactive re-allocation of virtual equipment before it leads to under-consumption of resources on physical servers or over-consumption inducing breaches of SLAs. Based on our simulations, this approach enabled us to reduce energy consumption on a firm of 800 servers over a period of one day by more than 5Kwh. This gain could be significant when considering the enormous size of modern data centers and projected over a relatively long period of time. It would be even more interesting to deepen this research in order to generalize the integration of this predictive approach into existing techniques in order to significantly optimize the energy consumption within Datacenters while preserving performance and quality of service which are key requirements in the concept of Cloud Computing ; Avec la démocratisation des technologies du numérique, la construction d'un cyberespace globalisé s'est faite insidieusement, transformant littéralement notre mode de vie et notre vécu quotidien. Faire communiquer plus de 4 milliards d'individus à une vitesse devenue incontrôlable, nécessite l'invention de nouveaux concepts pour la production des services informatiques capable de s'adapter à ce défis. Le Cloud Computing, dans cette optique permet de fournir à travers des Datacenters, une partie ou la totalité des composants nécessaires aux entreprises pour la délivrance de leurs services dans les délais et avec des performances conformes aux exigences de leurs clients. Dès lors, la prolifération conséquente des Datacenters aux quatre coins du monde a mis au jour la préoccupante question de la quantité d'énergie nécessaire pour leur fonctionnement et la difficulté qui en résulte pour l'humanité dont les réserves actuelles ne sont pas extensibles à l'infini. Ainsi, il est apparu nécessaire de développer des techniques permettant de réduire la consommation électrique des Datacenters en minimisant les pertes d'énergie orchestrées sur les serveurs dont le moindre watt gaspillé entraine par effet de cascade une augmentation substantielle de la facture globale des Datacenters. Notre travail a consisté à faire dans un premier temps une revue de la littérature sur le sujet, puis de tester la capacité de quelques outils de prédiction à améliorer l'anticipation des risques de pertes d'énergie engendrer par la mauvaise allocation des machines virtuelles sur les serveurs. Cette étude s'est focalisée notamment sur les outil ARMA et les réseaux de neurones qui dans la littérature ont produit des résultats intéressants dans des domaines proches. Après cette étape, il nous est apparu que les outils ARMA bien qu'ayant des performances inférieures aux réseaux de neurones dans notre contexte, s'exécute dans plus rapidement et sont les plus adaptés pour être implémenter dans les environnements de Cloud Computing. Ainsi, nous avons utilisé les résultats de cette méthode pour améliorer le processus de prise de décision, notamment pour la re-allocation proactive des machines virtuelles avant qu'il n'entraine des sous-consommations des ressources sur les serveurs physiques ou des surconsommation pouvant induire des violations des accords de niveaux de service. Cette démarche a permis sur la base de nos simulations de réduire de plus de 5Kwh la consommation d'énergie dans une ferme de 800 serveurs et sur une durée d'une journée. Ce gain pourrait se révéler important lorsque l'on considère la taille énorme des datacenters modernes et que l'on se projette dans une durée relativement longue. Il serait encore plus intéressant d'approfondir cette recherche afin de généraliser l'intégration de cette approche prédictive dans les techniques existantes afin d'optimiser de façon significative les consommations d'énergie au sein des Datacenters tout en préservant les performances et la qualité de service indispensable dans le concept de Cloud Computing.
The Peruvian university is not depositaria of the technological or scientific truth like constituting itself in the axis of the national development, central fact that it motivated the execution of the present investigation. In the historical period of the Spanish coloniaje, as well as in the republican life the University did not have, nor has to the date, own personality like becoming, in the axis of the national development, because she has not formed herself according to our reality and I interest nationals, has not changed the political scheme of the origin of the world-wide university, simply adopted the conception, the method and the government of a millenium ago of years, therefore it is a dehumanized center, in which it prevails the cientificismo and university or been out of phase theories and lacks the democratic advances that must have by their importance in the world-wide society. This historical reality and antecedents justify the removal of its base that entail to change their structures and to form a new being of University, for such reason our problem of raised investigation was: What paradigms must sustain the model of Peruvian university like axis of development of Contemporary Peru? The central variables of the problem are sustained in the approach of the nature of science based on a world-wide vision, in the level of development of Peru and in how altogether creating a scientific attitude in their estates and the population, mainly in the production agents. This scientific conception cannot be to the margin of a variable humanist, that is to say, in as much it is not understood what is man in the Peru and how to honor it in its person, her dignity of such form that humanizes to science and the technology or he is to the service of her the being of the university. The democratic conception completes this theoretical base since at the moment the university is not an island of the society, is not a feudo so that their governed authorities and are muten in brief time, when occupying positions, become scientists, models of government and handle the new monarchy that the estates confer to him; then the democracy has evolved much, but not yet the Peruvian university has arrived. We culminated these approaches conceptualizando the terms: development, legal security, human rights, human person and human dignity. Then, the handled hypothesis necessarily gathers the teorización that we propose to the investigated problem and its presentation like work direction, was formulated thus: "The paradigms that must sustain the university model as axis of development of contemporary Peru is: the humanismo based on the process of hominización, science like instrument of the state and the Peruvian nation and the democracy sustained in a social state of right. " As far as the material and methods used in the execution of the investigation, there are been premunidos of the conceptions and modern approaches to try at any moment to be objective and to find episteme university that we drew up in the objectives and to obtain to the longed for university paradigm that direccione the development of the Peruvian nation. In the pertinent part to results and discussion, we have found the conception humanist of the man during last the 1000 years and stated that the single Peruvian university makes of it a normative declaration, but is free in all the academic activity, because in his currículo and units of learning do not exist the mini sample of humanismo, on the contrary prohangs to the dehumanization, no university even exhibits certain conception humanist. As far as science, the Peruvian university does not make it and the 30.000 educational college students, approximately, make remedos of scientific research, are mentally ill with the cientificismo, proof of it is that the Peruvian society does not benefit with any from those investigations, inasmuch as they do not enter the scientific or technological market, single are personal rejoicings intrawalls. As far as the democracy, the director, the dean, the institute and director of an institution in general is not but monarchs had with being able and connected among them, who turn to the university their feudo, reason of the struggles and university crisis; this monarchic structure has not changed during last the 500 years of university existence. The conclusions of the thesis are centered in standing out separately on humanismo, science and democracy, the alternative falencias of the Peruvian university, as well as proposals. Finally in this investigation we recommended to carry out matematizadas investigations, of such form that we enter to the era of the accreditation from an historical perspective and in her to postulate the philosophy of this thesis. ; La universidad peruana no es depositaria de la verdad tecnológica o científica como para constituirse en el eje del desarrollo nacional, hecho central que motivó la ejecución de la presente investigación. En el periodo histórico del coloniaje español, así como en la vida republicana la Universidad no tuvo, ni tiene a la fecha, personalidad propia como para convertirse, en el eje del desarrollo nacional, pues ella no se ha configurado de acuerdo a nuestra realidad e intereses nacionales, no ha cambiado el esquema político del origen de la universidad mundial, simplemente adoptó la concepción, el método y el gobierno de hace un milenio de años, por tanto es un centro deshumanizado, en el cual prevalece el cientificismo y teorías universitarias ya desfasadas y carece de los adelantos democráticos que debería tener por su importancia en la sociedad mundial. Esta realidad y antecedentes históricos justifica la remoción de su base que conlleven a cambiar sus estructuras y configurar un nuevo ser de Universidad, por tal razón nuestro problema de investigación planteado fue: ¿Qué paradigmas deben sustentar el modelo de universidad peruana como eje de desarrollo del Perú contemporáneo? Las variables centrales del problema se sustentan en el enfoque de la naturaleza de la ciencia en función de una visión mundial, en el nivel de desarrollo del Perú y en cómo crear una actitud científica en sus estamentos y en la población en conjunto, principalmente en los agentes de producción. Esta concepción científica no puede estar al margen de una variable humanista, es decir en tanto no se entienda lo que es hombre en el Perú y cómo honrarlo en su persona, en su dignidad de tal forma que humanice a la ciencia y la tecnología o esté al servicio de ella el ser de la universidad. Completa esta base teórica la concepción democrática puesto que actualmente la universidad no es una isla de la sociedad, no es un feudo para que sus autoridades y gobernados se muten en brevísimo tiempo, al ocupar cargos, se conviertan en científicos, modelos de gobierno y manejen la nueva monarquía que los estamentos le confieren; pues la democracia ha evolucionado mucho, pero aun no ha llegado la universidad peruana. Culminamos estos enfoques conceptualizando los términos: desarrollo, seguridad jurídica, derechos humanos, persona humana y dignidad humana. Entonces, la hipótesis manejada necesariamente recoge la teorización que proponemos al problema investigado y su presentación como dirección de trabajo, se formuló así: "Los paradigmas que deben sustentar el modelo de universidad como eje de desarrollo del Perú contemporáneo son: el humanismo basado en el proceso de hominización, la ciencia como instrumento del estado y la nación peruana y la democracia sustentada en un estado social de derecho.". En cuanto al material y métodos utilizados en la ejecución de la investigación, hemos estado premunidos de las concepciones y enfoques modernos para tratar en todo momento de ser objetivos y encontrar el episteme universitario que nos trazamos en los objetivos y conseguir el ansiado paradigma universitario que direccione el desarrollo de la nacion peruana. En la parte pertinente a resultados y discusión, hemos encontrado la concepción humanista del hombre durante los últimos 1000 años y constatamos que la universidad peruana solo hace de ello una declaración normativa, pero está exenta en toda la actividad académica, pues en su currículo y unidades de aprendizaje no existe la mínima muestra de humanismo, por el contrario se propende a la deshumanización, incluso ninguna universidad exhibe determinada concepción humanista. En cuanto a la ciencia, la universidad peruana no la realiza y los 30,000 docentes universitarios, aproximadamente, realizan remedos de investigación científica, están alienados con el cientificismo, prueba de ello es que la sociedad peruana no se beneficia con ninguna de esas investigaciones, por cuanto no ingresan al mercado científico o tecnológico, solo son regocijos personales intramuros. En cuanto a la democracia, el rector, el decano, el director de escuela y de los institutos en general no son sino unos monarcas revestidos de poder y enlazados entre ellos, que convierten a la universidad en su feudo, razón de las pugnas y crisis universitaria; esta estructura monárquica no ha cambiado durante los últimos 500 años de existencia universitaria. Las conclusiones de la tesis se centran en resaltar por separado sobre humanismo, ciencia y democracia, las falencias de la universidad peruana, así como las propuestas alternativas. Finalmente en esta investigación recomendamos efectuar investigaciones matematizadas, de tal forma que ingresemos a la era de la acreditación desde una perspectiva histórica y en el seno de ella postular la filosofía de esta tesis.
Problem setting. Innovation and innovative development is the basis of economic independence of the Ukrainian state in the direction of overcoming imbalances in the field of application of tech and technology by developed countries and Ukraine. The innovative development of the national economy in today's realities is a difficult task, taking into account the imbalance of Ukraine's economic system and its low competitiveness on the world stage. Therefore, at the state level, support for innovative projects should be stepped up and efforts should be made to increase the interest of entrepreneurs to modernize their production and to translate the state's economy into an investment-innovative type. This will enhance the dynamics of positive changes in the economy of the Ukrainian state in the long run.Recent research and publications analysis. Problems of innovative development of the national economy have been the subject of research of many scientists. In particular, such specialists as L. Antoniuk, L. Bezchasnyi, O. Bohma, O. Balduyeva, L. Honcharenko, E. Huseinova, I. Kobushko, A. Poruchnyl, N. Puhalska, V. Savchuk, L. Fedulova, I. Khovrak and others work in this direction. However, the innovative aspect of this issue is too global and requires deep research that should focus on a detailed study of all aspects of innovation and innovative activity, both at the macro and micro levels.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The paper aims at studying the peculiarities of functioning of those entities that introduce innovative products in their activity, evaluating the place of the Ukrainian economy in the global ratings concerning the innovative activity, analyzing the causes of unsatisfactory situation in the field of production and sale of innovative products and finding ways of improving the innovative development of the national economy of Ukraine.Paper main body. According to the ratings determined by the world agencies, Ukraine occupies a low position on the level of innovative development of the national economy in comparison with the developed countries. The development of Ukrainian enterprises that use innovative products in their activity is also unstable.The analysis of innovative development of domestic economic entities and the state of innovative competitiveness of the national economic system of Ukraine in comparison with the developed countries shows that the Ukrainian economy is far behind the global trends. The main reasons for the unsatisfactory situation with the production and sale of innovative products in Ukraine are the following objective reasons: the overwhelming belonging of the Ukrainian economy to the third and fourth technological structures; the lack of sufficient state-level resources to support high-tech innovative industries; the lack of sufficient demand for innovative products in the country, which hinders the innovative development of the national economy; insufficient justification of development priorities and effectiveness of prospective developments.The subjective reasons for the unsatisfactory situation with the production and sale of innovative products in Ukraine include: imperfection of regulatory, investment and credit support of innovative activity; low level of innovative management at enterprises; outdated technology and low production culture at most businesses; insufficient financing of innovative activity of economic entities; unsatisfactory level of institutional support for innovative processes; insufficient incentives for specialists to achieve high results in the innovative sphere.Accordingly, several proposals are presented regarding the active introduction of innovations into the economic activity of domestic entities; the development and preservation of scientific and technical potential of the country; determination of national priorities of scientific and technical direction; preferential taxation of the subjects of innovative activity; development of industries and types of industries aimed at innovative development that do not require large investments; creation of an appropriate legal and institutional field; adoption of legislative acts favourable for the development of entrepreneurship; stimulation of personnel to high-productivity work; increasing the share of highly skilled intellectual work.Organic combination of all these directions will strengthen the innovative component in the national economy and improve its innovative development in general. At the same time, the level of innovative activity of the subjects is closely linked to the level of progressive transformations in the socio-economic sphere of the state, so the focus on innovation alone is insufficient. These issues need to be addressed in combination with the need to develop Ukrainian society and improve the level of the Ukrainian population as a whole.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The national economy of Ukraine is currently on the path of its innovative development. However, in comparison with the developed countries, the economic system of the Ukrainian state and the domestic economic entities require considerable activation in the production and introduction of innovative products. This is because of a number of reasons that are both objective and subjective. In order to increase the level of innovative development of the national economy, it is necessary to implement measures of strategic, economic, regulatory and social nature. ; Розглянуто основні засади інноваційного розвитку національної економіки України. Здійснено оцінку діяльності вітчизняних підприємств, які впроваджують інноваційні продукти у свою діяльність. Запропоновано шляхи покращення інноваційного розвитку національної економіки України, враховуючи причини незадовільної ситуації у сфері виробництва і реалізації інноваційної продукції.
Problem setting. Innovation and innovative development is the basis of economic independence of the Ukrainian state in the direction of overcoming imbalances in the field of application of tech and technology by developed countries and Ukraine. The innovative development of the national economy in today's realities is a difficult task, taking into account the imbalance of Ukraine's economic system and its low competitiveness on the world stage. Therefore, at the state level, support for innovative projects should be stepped up and efforts should be made to increase the interest of entrepreneurs to modernize their production and to translate the state's economy into an investment-innovative type. This will enhance the dynamics of positive changes in the economy of the Ukrainian state in the long run.Recent research and publications analysis. Problems of innovative development of the national economy have been the subject of research of many scientists. In particular, such specialists as L. Antoniuk, L. Bezchasnyi, O. Bohma, O. Balduyeva, L. Honcharenko, E. Huseinova, I. Kobushko, A. Poruchnyl, N. Puhalska, V. Savchuk, L. Fedulova, I. Khovrak and others work in this direction. However, the innovative aspect of this issue is too global and requires deep research that should focus on a detailed study of all aspects of innovation and innovative activity, both at the macro and micro levels.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The paper aims at studying the peculiarities of functioning of those entities that introduce innovative products in their activity, evaluating the place of the Ukrainian economy in the global ratings concerning the innovative activity, analyzing the causes of unsatisfactory situation in the field of production and sale of innovative products and finding ways of improving the innovative development of the national economy of Ukraine.Paper main body. According to the ratings determined by the world agencies, Ukraine occupies a low position on the level of innovative development of the national economy in comparison with the developed countries. The development of Ukrainian enterprises that use innovative products in their activity is also unstable.The analysis of innovative development of domestic economic entities and the state of innovative competitiveness of the national economic system of Ukraine in comparison with the developed countries shows that the Ukrainian economy is far behind the global trends. The main reasons for the unsatisfactory situation with the production and sale of innovative products in Ukraine are the following objective reasons: the overwhelming belonging of the Ukrainian economy to the third and fourth technological structures; the lack of sufficient state-level resources to support high-tech innovative industries; the lack of sufficient demand for innovative products in the country, which hinders the innovative development of the national economy; insufficient justification of development priorities and effectiveness of prospective developments.The subjective reasons for the unsatisfactory situation with the production and sale of innovative products in Ukraine include: imperfection of regulatory, investment and credit support of innovative activity; low level of innovative management at enterprises; outdated technology and low production culture at most businesses; insufficient financing of innovative activity of economic entities; unsatisfactory level of institutional support for innovative processes; insufficient incentives for specialists to achieve high results in the innovative sphere.Accordingly, several proposals are presented regarding the active introduction of innovations into the economic activity of domestic entities; the development and preservation of scientific and technical potential of the country; determination of national priorities of scientific and technical direction; preferential taxation of the subjects of innovative activity; development of industries and types of industries aimed at innovative development that do not require large investments; creation of an appropriate legal and institutional field; adoption of legislative acts favourable for the development of entrepreneurship; stimulation of personnel to high-productivity work; increasing the share of highly skilled intellectual work.Organic combination of all these directions will strengthen the innovative component in the national economy and improve its innovative development in general. At the same time, the level of innovative activity of the subjects is closely linked to the level of progressive transformations in the socio-economic sphere of the state, so the focus on innovation alone is insufficient. These issues need to be addressed in combination with the need to develop Ukrainian society and improve the level of the Ukrainian population as a whole.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The national economy of Ukraine is currently on the path of its innovative development. However, in comparison with the developed countries, the economic system of the Ukrainian state and the domestic economic entities require considerable activation in the production and introduction of innovative products. This is because of a number of reasons that are both objective and subjective. In order to increase the level of innovative development of the national economy, it is necessary to implement measures of strategic, economic, regulatory and social nature. ; Розглянуто основні засади інноваційного розвитку національної економіки України. Здійснено оцінку діяльності вітчизняних підприємств, які впроваджують інноваційні продукти у свою діяльність. Запропоновано шляхи покращення інноваційного розвитку національної економіки України, враховуючи причини незадовільної ситуації у сфері виробництва і реалізації інноваційної продукції.
