Suchergebnisse

Growing agriculture remains important for countries like Nigeria where, despite economic transformation at sectoral levels, a significant share of employment still originates from the agricultural sector. The question has continued to be debated of whether increasing Public Expenditures on Agriculture (PEA) is the way to grow agriculture. The needed evidence-base for this debate, while gradually growing, has remained insufficient in African countries, including Nigeria. This has been particularly the case as regards to evidence on the effects of PEA at household levels. This study attempted to partially fill this gap, using state and local government area (LGA)-level PEA figures and household data in Nigeria. The findings suggest that PEA has positive effects on household-level agricultural outcomes in various dimensions, including overall production levels, profits, access to public extension services or subsidized fertilizer, as well as private investments and, in some cases, agricultural mechanization. These patterns generally underscore the hypothesis that increasing direct support to the agricultural sector is likely to have greater effects on agricultural outcomes, compared to alternative strategies of developing agriculture indirectly through the support of other social-sectors like education, health, social safety-nets, among others. Increasing PEA by increasing the agricultural share of public expenditures (PE), while keeping the overall size of PE constant, is found to be particularly effective, compared to alternative approaches of increasing the overall size of PE while keeping agricultural share unchanged. Such patterns may suggest that Ricardian Equivalence partly holds. Furthermore, different agricultural outcomes are found to respond to PEA from different sources (e.g., LGA or State), and types (e.g., recurrent or capital spending). Enhancing research capacity to identify appropriate sources and types of PEA for particular agricultural outcomes remains important. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; CRP2; NSSP; ...

Agricultural development has long been considered an important driver of overall economic development in developing countries such as Nigeria. Whether increasing public expenditures on agriculture (PEA) can directly improve broad dimensions of household well-being has continued to be debated. In addition, there has been growing interest in the economic flexibility of households to switch between nonfarm and farming activities. Such flexibility can potentially enhance the resilience of households to shocks like the COVID-19 pandemic in today's rapidly changing socioeconomic environments. Direct evidence of the impact of PEA on broad development outcomes is also important in informing regional initiatives aiming to use PEA as an instrument for overall food security enhancement and poverty reduction in Africa. Using state- and local government area (LGA)-level PEA figures and household data in Nigeria, this study aims to provide initial evidence at the household level in Nigeria. The findings suggest that greater PEA shares have positive effects on various development outcomes at the household level, including consumption, poverty reduction, nonfarm capital investments, and household dietary diversity. The findings also suggest that greater PEA shares are likely to help farm households enhance their economic flexibility. These findings are consistent with the hypotheses of positive linkages between PEA and agricultural outcomes, and linkages between agricultural and nonagricultural outcomes, often advocated in the literature. PEA should be increased by increasing its share of total public expenditures through conscious efforts to reallocate existing resources, rather than trying to increase it by increasing the overall size of public expenditures. Furthermore, it remains important to identify the appropriate sources (for example, spending by LGA or state) and types of PEA (for example, recurrent or capital spending) for particular development outcomes. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; CRP2; Feed the Future Nigeria Agricultural ...

Over 70 percent of Lesotho's population live in rural areas and depend directly or indirectly on agriculture for their livelihood, and growth in the sector is crucial for poverty reduction. Despite the importance of growth in agriculture, productivity remains low and value addition activities in the sector are limited. Low investment in agriculture has left the sector vulnerable to adverse weather impacts and poorly equipped to adapt to climate change. Low agricultural output and productivity, poverty, and heavy reliance on food imports are closely intertwined with food and nutrition insecurity in Lesotho, which impose high costs on the country. Recognizing the agriculture sector's importance for job creation and inclusive economic growth under a new growth path led by the private sector, the Government of Lesotho (GoL) selected agriculture as one of four productive sectors central in its new national strategic development plan (NSDP) II for 2018-19 to 2022-23, currently under development. To strengthen the alignment between objectives and the allocation of public expenditures to the sector, the GoL asked the Bank for support to agriculture public expenditure review (AgPER) as part of a larger GoL effort to strengthen public financial management. The report is structured as follows: chapter one gives introduction: why an agriculture public expenditure review for lesotho? Chapter two provides an overview of the agriculture sector in Lesotho, outlines some of its main challenges, and provides an overview of the main policy documents that guide investment in the sector. Chapter three describes the data and methodology used for the analysis of this AgPER and is particularly intended for technical staff who work with agricultural budgeting and expenditures. Chapter four is the main analytical chapter. It describes the budget cycle for allocation and reporting public expenditures to agriculture (PEA); looks at discrepancies between budgeted and executed amounts; assesses the nature of PEA between 2011 and 2017; discusses how Lesotho's PEA align with its own policy objectives for the sector as well as with international commitments, especially under comprehensive Africa agriculture development program (CAADP); and seeks to understand if the public support to the sector is of a nature that may crowd out private investment. Chapter five summarizes the findings of the analysis and provides recommendations for how to strengthen effectiveness and quality of public expenditures to the agriculture sector.

The objective of the Chad Public Expenditure Analysis (PEA) is to examine the technical efficiency and effectiveness of public expenditure, thereby creating fiscal space for more social sector spending. With continued pressures to rationalize expenditure, the government of Chad is interested in finding options to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public spending, especially in the education and health sectors. In addition, Chad needs to urgently develop structural growth drivers which makes adequate social sector expenditure a priority. Therefore, this PEA explores options to improve (non-oil) revenue mobilization and channel oil revenues towards these social sectors. Finally, a series of policy recommendations is derived from analysis. The PEA is organized around four chapters: chapter one presents short term fiscal developments, long term trends and a medium term macro-fiscal framework. Chapter two serves as an overview and presents detailed analyses of domestic revenues and central government expenditures. Chapter three focuses on the education sector by: (i) analyzing trends and composition of education spending; (ii) examining efficiency in the management and utilization of resources; and (iii) evaluating technical efficiency. Chapter four provides a description of public spending bottlenecks in the health sector while examining resource and expenditure patterns with a focus on technical efficiency and equity of public health spending.

Papua has abundant natural and fiscal resources but also faces great development challenges. On the one hand, Papua currently has the largest per capita fiscal capacity after West Papua. Papua is rich in natural resources such as non-oil-and-gas minerals and forest products. On the other hand, development challenges in Papua are significant, including geography, terrain and demography. In general, Papua is still underdeveloped both socially and in economic terms compared to other regions in Indonesia. This underdevelopment is evident in most poverty, education, health, and infrastructure indicators. The economy and investment in Papua are dominated by the mining sector and, in a distant second place, the agricultural sector. Between 2004 and 2007, the mining sector accounted for more than 50 percent of the Papua's gross regional domestic product (GRDP). As a consequence, economic growth was determined by fluctuations in mineral commodity prices. The second largest sector is agriculture, which accounts for about 14-18 percent of GRDP. This sector absorbed the most workers in Papua province until 2008. Meanwhile, industry continues to lag and contributed less than 10 percent to GRDP. The PEA is a part of the PEACH (Public Expenditure Analysis and Capacity Harmonization) program. This program is an initiative of the Government of Papua to continuously improve its public financial management performance. Consequently, the analysis contained in this report addresses issues that are the region's main focus. Today, the Government of Papua is trying actively to achieve a 'New Papua' through implementing the following agenda: a) restructuring the local government; b) developing a prosperous Papua; c) developing a safe and peaceful Papua; and d) improving and accelerating the development of basic infrastructure and facilities.

Knowledge gaps remain as to how longer-term public investments (PI) such as agricultural research and development (R&D), and short-term interventions through other public expenditures in agriculture (PEA) complement each other in enhancing productivity and efficiency in the agrifood sector. This study attempts to partly fill this gap by using nationally representative panel household survey data, subnational PEA data, locations of national agricultural R&D, and various spatial agroclimatic data in Nigeria. The analyses generally indicate that marginal returns to agricultural inputs/services (fertilizer, agricultural mechanization, irrigation, extension, agricultural equipment, and family labor) often increase by PI that raise overall agroclimatic similarity (AS) (through R&D locations), as well as increase PEA-share by subnational governments. There is often complementarity between these PI and PEA, particularly for extension services, investment in agricultural equipment, irrigation, and in the northern part of the country. Promoting further adoptions of modern inputs/services, increasing PEA-share, and selecting PI for agricultural R&D given in-country variations in agroclimatic conditions can help raise agricultural profitability and incomes in Nigeria. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; 1 Fostering Climate-Resilient and Sustainable Food Supply; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; NSSP; CRP2; Feed the Future Nigeria Agricultural Policy Project ; DSGD; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

This case describes the umbrella organization Printed Electronics Arena (PEA) which is situated in the Norrköping region, Sweden. The strategy of the PEA organization is based on the triple helix model, which is an academic model that promotes regional development through the interaction between academy, public bodies, and industry. The main asset is a new technology – printed electronics (PE) - that the research institute Acreo and Linköping University (LiU) are creating, developing and exploiting. Acreo and LiU in co-operation with regional municipalities, industrial partners, a business incubator and a science park are active stakeholders in PEA. To that end, the PEA organization has three financiers; the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA), the Norrköping Regional Development Foundation (NRDF) and Acreo. The case provides an overview from the triple helix level that pinpoints the relationship between actors involved. In addition to that, the case describes PEA from a business perspective, and then goes on to describe new potential business ideas based on PE. The account of the case begins with local politics and the ambitious expansion of LiU in Norrköping. Then, the case describes the efforts of the triple helix actors to attract research resources to Campus Norrköping. Also, the establishment of the research institute Acreo in Norrköping is depicted as well as how the specific PE technology became established at the campus. The case then describes the birth of the umbrella organization PEA and illustrates how it is based on the earlier activities of Acreo. The activities and the result of PEA as well as two illustrating cases finish off the portrayal of the first stages of the PEA project.

Freshwater scarcity has increased in the cities of the global South due to rapid urban agglomeration and changing climate. Alternative water resources such as treated wastewater can play a significant role to reduce the water supply-demand gap. In the recent past, wastewater has been used solely for irrigation and other allied agriculture purposes, with limited focus on reuse for other purposes within the cities. Despite the progress in wastewater treatment technology and various policy frameworks, in low income and lower-middle-income countries, limited progress has been made. Through this article, we compare three aspects, representing the wastewater paradigms in India and the Netherlands. The three elements are 1) framing, 2) policy goals, and 3) technical and financial instruments. Using policy document analysis and interviews, we compare water and related policies prepared in India and the Netherlands. We found that the wastewater paradigms have evolved in the two countries. In India, the wastewater paradigms have realized paradigm changes from 'water resource to meet a basic human need' to 'water as an engine of economic growth' and then to 'water scarcity and beautification of cities'. In the case of the Netherlands, the wastewater paradigms have changed from an emphasis on 'public health and environmental concerns' to the 'circular economy of wastewater'. Although the Netherlands has to still meet the water quality targets of the European Water Directive Framework with regards to micropollutants, the country has made significant progress towards wastewater treatment and reuse in the last four decades. On the contrary, the Indian wastewater policy domain has room for improvement in terms of designing appropriate financial instruments and governance strategies to increase the urban wastewater treatment capacity and reuse. This article concludes that the use of the concept of wastewater paradigm is useful to show the progress and challenges in the two countries.

Within the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme project "Enhancing of legumes growing in Europe through sustainable cropping for protein supply for food and feed" (EUROLEGUME) producing of the knowledge required for the implementation of legume supported cropping system in sustainable agriculture was done. The main objective of this study was to investigate spring cereal species effect on protein content in pea grains depending cropping system (organic and conventional). The research involved two field pea (Pisum sativum var.arvense L.) cultivars – 'Kirke' and 'Bruno', and two spring cereal species: spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) grown in mixtures. The results demonstrated that in pea-cereal mixtures cereal species can affect the protein content of grains of pea. Depending cultivar the effect was different. In grains of cv 'Bruno' crude protein content was highest; the higher the protein of grains fixed in yield from organic field.

This article addresses the insertion of the Heritage Education approach in the public environmental management scope related to Federal Environmental Licensing. This is part of the Programa de Educação Ambiental da Bacia de Campos (PEA-BC), specifically the Territorios do Petróleo (PEA-TP) environmental education Project implemented by the Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renováveis (Ibama). The Participatory Inventory methodology was used to carry out educational activities. The pedagogical process is based on research starting from the collection and organization of information on a cultural asset or reference of meaning for the involved communities. As a result, the educational action consolidated affective bonds and solidarity, reaffirming the cultural identity, and favoring the strengthening of political actions of social control.

Abstract: The labor market in the Brazilian Northeastern agriculture is characterized by many forms of occupation, ranging from the salaried work to the various forms of family work. In a heterogeneous and diverse agriculture, there is a complex labor market, with changes in recent times. Therefore, it is necessary to keep a watchful eye on important structural features. As a result, this paper aims to analyze the main aspects related to work and employment relations in the Brazilian Northeastern agriculture in the 2004-2014 period. The sources of information are special tabulations from the National Survey by Household Sample (PNAD), conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The results pointed to a continuing decline in Northeastern PEA (Economically Active Population) occupied in agriculture, partially offset by the growth of Northeastern rural residents occupied in non-agricultural activities, in addition to the people occupied in self-consumption production. Women and young people were the ones who mostly left the agricultural activities, reinforcing the "ageing" process of the occupied PEA. The crops with the largest reduction in the occupied in agricultural PEA were: cassava, rice, coffee, banana, sugarcane, cocoa, vegetables and fruits. On the other hand, the number of occupied people increased in: corn and grape cultivation, services for agriculture, swine and poultry farming and integrated agricultural and livestock production systems. An increase in schooling of the occupied PEA was registered, though it is still below the national average.

Non-Peer Reviewed ; Pulse crop production in Saskatchewan has increased from about 10,000 ha of pea in 1968 to 322,000 ha in 1992, consisting of 190,000 ha lentil, 130,000 ha pea, 900 ha dry bean, 800 ha faba bean and 200 ha chickpea. Furthermore, peas should increase to 160,000 ha in 1993 and total pulse crop production should exceed 400,000 ha by the year 2000. Pulse crop production embodies all the priority attributes promoted by various levels of government: crop diversification, value added processing (200 cleaning, bagging and pea splitting operations in western Canada), new industries (the new legume inoculant industry started in 1987) and increased sustainability of our soils (N2 fixation and reduced fallowing). This increased production traces back to 1976 when the Saskatchewan Pulse Crop Growers Association (SPCGA) was organized. In 1985 this group reorganized into the Saskatchewan Pulse Crop Development Board and was empowered to collect a mandatory levy of 0.5% on initial sales of Saskatchewan-grown pulse crops. This levy was partially matched by the Saskatchewan Agriculture Development Fund and Agriculture Canada. This money is used by the SPCDB to fund pulse crop research and market development. Research is expensive, but it is an investment in the future and required to make Saskatchewan farmers more competitive globally.