Suchergebnisse

La carta que presentamos traducida al español fue escrita en el año 1008 por el obispo misionero Bruno de Querfurt. El destinatario era el rey sajón Enrique II (1002-1024), emperador desde el año 1014. El contexto de la epístola está marcado por los vínculos cambiantes entre diversos actores políticos. La dinastía polaca piasta había cooperado con el Imperio desde mediados del siglo x. Por otra parte, los liutizos, una confederación de pueblos eslavos paganos, se habían levantado contra las estructuras eclesiásticas e imperiales en la región del Elba en 983, en el marco de un floreciente paganismo. Sin embargo, al iniciarse el nuevo milenio, el piasta Boleslao el Bravo se había convertido en una amenaza más atemorizadora para el Imperio, debido particularmente a la expansión territorial que encabezaba. Así, el rey Enrique II pactó en el año 1003 en Quedlinburg con los liutizos frente al piasta: se sellaba una alianza entre un rey cristiano y una confederación pagana para hacer frente a otro gobernante cristiano. Bruno de Querfurt, que había dedicado su vida a la misión y recibía apoyo de Boleslao, escribió esta misiva, con el objeto de señalar las contradicciones de la alianza citada arriba ; The following letter was written during the year 1008 by Brun of Querfurt -a bishop and missionary. It was addressed to the Saxon king Henry II (1002-1024), who was appointed emperor in 1014. The relations among the political actors involved in the events, which are described in the letter, were constantly changing. The Polish Piast dynasty had cooperated with the Empire since the middle of the 10th century. In 983 the Liutizi (a confederation of Slavic peoples) had risen up against the ecclesiastical and imperial structures in the Elbe region; in that context, paganism seems to have flourished. However, at the beginning of the new millennium, the Piast Boleslaw the Brave became the most intimidating threat for the Empire, particularly because of his expansionist aims. In 1003 King Henry II came to an agreement with the Liutizi against him: this was a pact between a Christian king and a pagan confederation against another Christian ruler. Brun of Querfurt, who had devoted himself to mission and whose activities were supported by Boleslaw, wrote this letter to Henry II in order to highlight the contradictions involved of the aforementioned alliance

Taking as a start point the opuscule by Lucian of Samosata entitled Alexander or The false Prophet, we call attention on some autophone oracles sent by this controversial oracular shrine in Abonuteichos: with singular attention to oracle given to imperial legate Sedatius Severianus, in war against the parthians (Luc. Alex. 27), and the so called «oracle of the two lions» (Luc. Alex. 48), requested by the emperor Marcus Aurelius shortly before the beginning of the military campaign against the barbarians Cuadi and Marcomanni. The rising of divinatory practices and the popularization of «holy men» in this time are symptoms -rather than having relation with crisisof spiritual changes in the religious beliefs of the period. In the case studies analyzed here, these changes are also transferred to the political field: the war in the frontiers, which also show or announced far-reaching structural changes, with barbarian attacks becoming more systematic and effective who harassed the Roman power across the natural barrier of the Danube. We relate the «oracle of lions» with the scene XII (destroyed, but preserved in a drawing of the XVII Century) of the Aurelian Column in Rome. ; Basándonos en el opúsculo de Luciano de Samosata titulado Alejandro o el falso profeta, recordamos algunos de los oráculos autófonos emitidos por este controvertido santuario oracular de Abonuteico, particularmente los de carácter militar: el relativo a la campaña del legado Sedatio Severiano en Armenia (Luc. Alex. 27), y el llamado «oráculo de los leones» (Luc. Alex. 48), solicitado por el emperador Marco Aurelio poco antes de iniciar una campaña militar en tierras bárbaras contra cuados y marcomanos. Ambos acabaron con derrotas del ejército romano. El auge del profetismo y los «hombres divinos» en esta época son síntomas, si no de crisis, sí de cambios en la espiritualidad de la época, que, en los casos analizados, se trasladan también al ámbito político, a la guerra de las fronteras, donde también se evidencian o se anuncian cambios estructurales de largo alcance, con los ataques cada vez más sistemáticos y eficaces de los pueblos bárbaros que hostigaban al poder romano al otro lado de la frontera natural del Danubio. Se relaciona el «oráculo de los leones» con la escena XIII (desaparecida por la erosión, pero conservada en un dibujo del siglo XVII) de la Columna Aureliana en Roma.

A ausência significava, no paradigma "territorialista" tradicional, a ruptura com a sociedade do país e a perda de direitos de cidadania, direitos políticos, sociais e culturais. Os ausentes eram despojados da própria nacionalidade, se adquirissem uma outra. Porém, o carácter automático da recuperação da nacionalidade, em caso de retorno definitivo, indicava que o legislador oitocentista se dava conta da subsistência dos laços de ligação à pátria durante o período de ausência.Para a progressiva tomada de consciência das formas de vencer o distanciamento físico pela presença dos emigrantes na vida da sociedade portuguesa contribuíram, antes de mais, as remessas, os investimentos, as dádivas para a melhoria das suas terras. Mais tardio foi o reconhecimento de uma outra forma de presença, através da criação, no exterior, de espaços de língua e cultura portuguesa.A democratização do país, em 1974, veio permitir a transição progressiva para o paradigma "personalista", em que os expatriados gozam de um novo estatuto de direitos, tendencialmente igual aos dos residentes, e as comunidades do estrangeiro são vistas como parte integrante do património cultural da Nação.The absence meant, in the traditional "territorial" paradigm, the rupture with the society of the country and the lost of citizenship rights, as well as, political, social and culture rights. The absent ones would be stripped from their own nationality, if they acquired another one. However, the automatic character of the recuperation of their nationality, in case of definitive return, indicated that the legislator from the XVIII century was aware of the subsistence of the connecting bounds to the native country during the absence period. The consignments, the investments and the gifts for the improvement of their land contributed, first of all, for the progressive awareness about the ways of overcoming the physical detachment through the presence of the emigrants in the life of Portuguese society. The recognition of another way of presence came later, through the establishment, in the exterior, of spaces of Portuguese language and culture. The democratisation of the country, in 1974, came to allow the progressive transition to the "personal" paradigm, in which the expats enjoy a new status of rights, that tend to be equal to the residents' rights, and the foreign communities are seen as an integrant part of the Portuguese nation.

En este trabajo la casa de habitación doméstica se considera un objeto de estudio que enuncia formas de vida y que muestra comportamientos de tradición social, cultural, religiosa, ideológica, política y económica. La construcción de significación por parte de los sujetos sobre el espacio doméstico vivido y los objetos que en él se encuentran, se relaciona con valores que definen sus rasgos de identidad. El sentido significativo espacial y objetual por parte de sujetos, está limitado muchas veces por circunstancias económicas que dependen de la capacidad de compra sobre el producto ofertado. Las tipologías domésticas que caracterizan los edificios de crecimiento vertical, las casas en serie de espacios mínimos en conjuntos residenciales, las organizaciones espontáneas que dan lugar a diferentes tipos de ranchos o la casa de habitación aislada, son ejemplos que representan conjuntos sociales diversos. A través de la mirada particular sobre tres desarrollos de esquemas urbanos residenciales dirigidos a la clase media en la ciudad de Mérida, Venezuela, se muestran nuevos conceptos que sintetizan la diversidad construida en el espacio habitacional venezolano en un tiempo específico que remite a las últimas tres décadas del siglo XX. ; In this research the house for domestic living is considered an object of study that enunciates ways of life and shows the resulting behaviors of social, cultural, religious, ideological, political and economical traditions. The meaning construction by the individual, in the domestic living space with objects that are in it, are related with values that define its importance to its identity traits. The spatial and objectual significant senses are generally limited by economic circumstances that depend on the capacity of buying the offered product. The domestic typologies that characterize the vertical growing buildings, the serialized housing of minimum space, the spontaneous organization that generate different types of shacks, or the isolated domestic house, are examples that represent social definitions. Through the particular looking to three urban residential developments for the middle class in Mérida, Venezuela, new concepts show the synthesis of the diversity of the Venezuelan domestic housing in a specific time during the three last decades of the 20th century. ; 115-133 ; maguirre@ula.ve ; trimestral

Reputacijos tema buvo kalbama jau Antikos laikais, kai asmens, šeimos padėtis, visuomeninis gyvenimas, verslo sėkmė buvo siejami su gera reputacija. Prarasti gerą vardą ir pasitikėjimą reiškė socialinę mirtį. XX a. pabaigoje–XXI a. pradžioje rinkos ekonomikos šalims įžengus į poindustrinę vystymosi fazę, į pirmą vietą iškilo nematerialūs organizacijų aktyvai, kurių vienas pagrindinių – organizacijos ir joje dirbančių vadovų nepriekaištinga reputacija. Gera vadovų reputacija suteikia papildomą psichologinę vertę organizacijos produktams, tai svarbi priemonė pritraukiant investuotojus ir partnerius, išlaikant aukštos kvalifikacijos darbuotojus. Galima teigti, kad reputacijos tema nėra nauja, tačiau vadovo reputacija pasaulyje buvo pradėta nagrinėti palyginti neseniai, o Lietuvoje yra itin mažai tyrinėta ir beveik neaprašyta moksliniuose ar populiariuosiuose leidiniuose. Taigi, šio straipsnio tikslas yra atskleisti vadovų reputacijos esmę, jos elementus ir pasitelkiant empirinį tyrimą aptarti, kaip jų svarbą suvokia Lietuvoje veikiančios organizacijos vadovai ir kaip tai atsispindi vieninteliame Lietuvoje verslo naujienų dienraštyje.Reikšminiai žodžiai: vadovo reputacija, vadovo reputacijos struktūra, reputacijos elementai, turinio analizė.Manager's Reputation: Nature and Main ElementsVioleta Kavaliauskienė, Greta DrūteikienėSummaryThe topic of reputation has been discussed since ancient times when the personal and family status, social life and business success were associated with a good reputation. Losing good name and trust meant social death. Furthermore, late in the 20th and in the beginning of 21st century, when countries pursuing market economics moved through the post-industrial development phase, intangible assets were given the highest priority; among them, there was the impeccable reputation of an organization and its managers. Reputation provides an additional physiological value to the organization's products and becomes an important means of attracting investors and partners, sustaining highly qualified employees.The concept of reputation and the elements of manager's reputation are discussed in this article. The authors also discuss the manager's reputation factors and classify them into main categories. The results of a surrvey (24 managers of different levels in IT company were the respondents) and the content analysis (past five years, 2007–2011) presented by one of the Lithuania's daily newspapers are also discussed in this article.Conclusively, it is apparent that an excellent reputation is a feature of a competent manager, supreme leader with a long-term successful carrier, who can lead the organization to success. The result of a good reputation is prestige, trust, support and positive recommendations.

PurposeLeadership theories that inform business education have largely been rooted in Western conceptions of leadership. The purpose of this paper is to report on research that seeks to uncover and reflect on how leadership wisdoms originating beyond the Western world can support the radical transformation of global business education toward a more responsible and sustainable template. It argues that indigenous and Eastern ideologies will be needed if we are to change educational mindsets and challenge the obsolete model of Western business school education.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 45 in‐depth interviews with leaders from indigenous and non‐Western cultures were conducted in order to gain deep insights into how their leadership identities, values and behaviours have been shaped by their societies and the oral wisdoms in their cultures. The author also draws on interviews and observations of 26 executives participating in a class of the International Masters Programme in Practicing Management. The findings from each study were combined to propose how these might challenge and inform a future business school curricula that challenge its orthodoxy of "shareholder value above all else".FindingsThe research identified a number of embedded leadership wisdoms currently overlooked in the current model of business education. Based within a deep‐rooted ethic of responsibility, conviction, stewardship and sustainability and reflecting a cosmopolitan mindset, the critical knowledge and values embedded in indigenous communities, transmitted orally across many generations, provides a challenge to Western business schools to embed the knowledge found within those societies and communities toward a more sustainable response to the crisis of our planet. Responsibility, humanity, benevolence, trusteeship, contribution, honesty and conviction are some of the core "wisdoms" uncovered in the research that can inform and frame a radical rethink of the norms of business school curricula.Originality/valueThe current model of business education preserves the status quo of twenty‐first century capitalism. As globalisation advances, leaders appear to be powerless to act against a dominant ideology that reveres shareholder value above all else. The research builds on De Woot's critique of the shareholder value paradigm to suggest that a new form of business education based on leadership wisdoms in indigenous and oral cultures, and ancient texts has much to contribute to radical mindset change in business education.

The 2011-12 Lecture Series of the Center for Globalization and Governance at the University of Hamburg will focus on Global Constitutionalism: Thinking about Justice, Legitimacy and Democracy in Global Terms

Time and Place:
02.11.2011 – 25.01.2012 WEDNESDAY, 6 – 8 pm
University of Hamburg, Lecture Room K, Edmund-Siemers-Allee 1

Participants: Robert Howse & Ruti G. Teitel, New York University; Richard Bellamy, University College London; Cecelia Lynch, University of California at Irvine; Christoph Möllers, Humboldt Universität Berlin; Neil Walker, University of Edinburgh; Richard Ned Lebow, Darthmouth College

Abstract: The 21st century has brought about a change from merely globalised to constitutionalised international relations. The shift comes with a paradox: While international organisations have undergone processes of constitutionalisation compliance with international law is highly contested. At the same time, most international actors including both states and none-states would be in broad agreement that legitimacy and legality matter in international relations. The paradox has been addressed by lawyers and political scientists from a range of theoretical angles who raised questions about the relationship between different legal orders and the role of international organisations. Specifically, recent studies of global constitutionalism have discussed ways in which the United Nations (UN) can be incorporated into a constitutional order and developed methods to assess the constitutionalisation of international organisations such as the World Trade Union (WTO, the European Union (EU), Mercosur and other. These academic debates are global. They reflect the pressing problem of legitimate governance for politicians and courts as contested UN Security Council decisions inside and outside European and other regional courts demonstrate (compare the debate about the Kadi case and its implications for law and politics). However, despite the wide-ranging interest and the political pressure to fix global problems with the intervening assistance of international institutions, there is little agreement on how to proceed (compare the UN Security Council decision on Libya). The observed change that is brought to the fore by global constitutionalism represents a particular challenge to international relations theory since it involves a distinct constitutional quality in an area not commonly addressed by constitutional theory.

COORDINATION: Professor Antje Wiener, Chair in Political Science and Global Governance, University of Hamburg

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Fifty years ago, around 1960, the widely accepted sociology of modernization divided the world into 'modern societies' and societies that still had to undergo processes of 'modernization and development'. After fundamental criticism of its evolutionist and functionalist assumptions, the theory was widely discredited two decades later. Its demise, though, has left the comparative sociology of contemporary societies with numerous problems. First, modernization theory has not been replaced by any other approach that aims at providing a sociological analysis of the global social configuration, despite all the talk about 'globalization'. Second, the critique of functionalist reasoning has deprived sociology of the means of assessing collective problem-solving capacity. As a consequence, neo-liberal economics and comparative political economy have come to dominate this issue. Third, the critique of evolutionism has tended to throw overboard all normative concerns in the sociological analysis of social configurations. As a consequence, normative political theory in various guises has tended to become more central than sociology in the assessment of contemporary socio-political constellations. This article explores the 'conceptual relation' between the so-called modern societies of the 1960s and apartheid and post-apartheid South Africa over the past half century with a view to elaborating elements of a new sociology of the global social configuration, or in short: a world-sociology. Discussing at the outset the common assumption that a conceptual abyss separated apartheid society, which operated by means of violent oppression, from liberal-democratic societies, in which public action wants justification, the article insists instead on the need for a comparative-historical reconstruction of the trajectories of 'Western societies', on the one hand, and South Africa, on the other, in their changing connectedness in the world context. It is argued that violence has never been absent from the history of modernity and that concerns for justice can be expressed in more varied ways than much modernist thinking assumed. The comparative observations, furthermore, show that key questions of socio-political organization, such as the formation of a collective will, the relationship between individual freedom and collective self-determination, and social justice, have not found permanent answers; and that there is little reason to assume that the responses found in the 'old modernity' of the 1960s are superior to others in the current condition of global modernity.

PurposeThe primary purpose of the present paper is to critically evaluate the extant literature on relational exchange, a fundamental driver of buyer‐seller relationship management in the twenty‐first century. Toward that goal, a meta‐analytic approach is employed to determine specific conditions under which relational exchange may have a greater or lesser impact on B2B relationship outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThe data were extracted from a multitude of effects in the large body of empirical research investigating relational exchange within the business and allied social sciences research. Then, a meta‐analytic methodology using multiple regression was used to assess the in/congruity across relational exchange effects.FindingsThe findings indicate that the association between relational exchange and outcome variables is highly dependent on three factors: how relational exchange is operationally defined, who evaluates the relationship (upstream firm versus downstream firm and high‐status employee versus low‐status employee within the organizational hierarchy), and the data source (from a single industry or from multiple industries).Research limitations/implicationsDespite the extensive attention afforded to relational exchange, an overarching limitation is the paucity of empirical attention as evidenced by the diminutive effects tested in the meta‐analysis. The meta‐analysis is also limited by the selective set of predictor variables that may account for variance in the effect size. Additional effects are needed to assess the conspicuous absence of potentially significant factors underlying B2B relationships (i.e. organization size and relational monitoring by the upstream firm).Practical implicationsThe findings offer insights for researchers and practitioners who deal with dyadic relationships in B2B exchanges. One of the most important implications of this meta‐analysis is the need to clarify the operational definition of relational exchange. The disparity across measures and measurements of relational exchange highlights the need for greater clarity in defining the seminal factors that underlie this important managerial direction.Originality/valueThe findings of this study point to the inconsistencies that exist in the current literature with regard to the operational definition of relational exchange, as well as the study designs employed by different researchers. These inconsistencies have led to inconclusive results across effects. This research challenges B2B researchers and practitioners alike to reconsider the presumed benefits of relational exchange in inter‐organizational relationship management.

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde der, über Jahrhunderte fortdauernde Entwicklungsprozess des Kirchhofes als Begräbnisstätte in und um eine Kirche bzw. den Reliquienaltar nachgezeichnet, grundlegende Merkmale eines Kirchhofes definiert und anhand der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse als Bestattungsplatz genutzte Kirchhofanlagen im Bezirk Freistadt (Österreich) sowie im Bezirk Český Krumlov (Tschechien) verortet, hinsichtlich ihrer historischen Entwicklung, deren baulich-räumlichen Organisation, Ausstattung und Nutzung untersucht und verglichen. Für den Bezirk Freistadt konnten dabei elf, gegenwärtig mit Gräbern belegte Kirchhofanlagen, zum Teil mit angrenzender Friedhofserweiterung, eruiert werden. Aus dem Bezirk Český Krumlov wurden drei Kirchhöfe in die Bearbeitung aufgenommen. Die, vor allem im 20. Jahrhundert politisch und gesellschaftlich stark differenzierte Entwicklung der beiden benachbarten Bezirke machte einen direkten Vergleich der Beispiele nur bedingt möglich. Der Kirchhof, ab dem Frühmittelalter Urform eines christlichen Bestattungsplatzes, ist seit jeher einem steten Wandel unterzogen, ein Idealbild kann daher nur als Ausschnitt einer Entwicklung mit ihren zahlreichen Anweichungen gesehen werden. Der Kirchhof wird damit zu einem Spiegelbild der Gesellschaft der jeweiligen Zeit. Das Wissen um den religiösen Sinngehalt, um die Formensprache, um Entstehung und Entwicklung der Kirchhöfe als Einheit von Kirche und Friedhof kann dabei Grundlage sein für ein neues Verständnis, aus dem heraus Wertschätzung und Erhalt zu resultieren vermag. ; Within the framework of this paper, the centuries-long development process of the churchyard as a burial place in and around the church or the alter of relics has been traced, the fundamental characteristics of the churchyard defined and, on the basis of the knowledge acquired, churchyards used as burial grounds in the districts of Freistadt (Austria) and Český Krumlov (Czech Republic) located, investigated and compared with respect to their historical development, their spatial organisation, their physical elements and their utilisation. During this process it was possible to find eleven churchyards presently containing graves in the district of Freistadt, partially with neighbouring cemetery expansions. Three churchyards in the district of Český Krumlov were included in the work. Due to the development of the two neighbouring districts, which was strongly diverse in political and social terms in particular during the 20th century, it was only possible to direct compare the examples to a limited degree. The churchyard, from the early Middle Ages the archetypal Christian burial ground, has been under a constant process of change and an ideal image can thus only be seen as an extract of a development with numerous deviations. The churchyard therefore becomes a reflection of society during the given period. Knowledge regarding the religious meaning, the language of form, the establishment and development of the churchyard as a unit of the church and cemetery, can thereby serve as a basis for a new understanding, from which appreciation and maintenance of these old burial sites may arise. ; Verf.: Markus Barth ; Zsfassung in engl. und tschech. Sprache ; Wien, Univ. für Bodenkultur, Dipl.-Arb., 2011 ; (VLID)1036351

KurzzusammenfassungDas umfangreichste Kapitel ist das erste, das einen systematischen Streifzug durch die Philosophiegeschichte darstellt und aufzeigt, wie aktuelle Lebensfragen schon immer die Menschheit beschäftigten. Im Zuge dessen kommen Philosophen von der Antike bis ins 20.Jhdt. kurz zu Wort, bzw. werden ob ihrer Leistung bezüglich des Themas kurz beleuchtet. Jeder einzelne Philosoph, jede einzelne philosophische Strömung kann nur gestreift, bzw. überblicksartig dargestellt werden, und doch versuche ich, weit über die geschichtliche Analyse Schmids hinauszugehen. In den kleineren Kapiteln zwei bis sieben werde ich mich, wenn auch in aller Kürze, relativ eng an Schmids Grundlegungen anlehnen, da hier Vieles meinen eigenen Intentionen entspricht. Mit einigen Ergänzungen meinerseits kann, glaube ich eine gute Diskussionsbasis entstehen. Das zweite Kapitel widmet sich der grundlegenden Bedeutung der Philosophie für die Lebenskunst; es werden viele Möglichkeiten angeführt, die Lebenskunst aus den verschiedensten Blickwinkeln zu beleuchten. Im dritten Kapitel wird erörtert, inwiefern das Leben zum Kunstwerk werden kann.Dass die Beschäftigung mit dem Menschen und dessen Verhältnissen in der Welt zu einer Anthropologie führt und im Weiteren dann zur Lebenskunst, erklärt das vierte Kapitel. Mit der Freiheit und der daraus resultierenden die Möglichkeit der Wahl beschäftigt sich das fünfte Kapitel. Wie sich das Subjekt in der Welt und im Bezug auf die Außenwelt verhält, hat das sechste Kapitel zum Inhalt. Wissen und das Verstehen von Zusammenhängen als Basis für die Kunst zu leben legt das siebente Kapitel dar. In Form von Essays beleuchtet das letzte Kapitel einige wichtige Facetten der Lebenspraxis, die zu einer kunstvollen Lebensgestaltung führen sollen. ; AbstractIn this paper, I try to show, how philosophical thinking and the practice of life melt into one another. This theme was always interesting for me, so it gave me moreover the impulse to study Philosophy. The book ?Philosophie der Lebenskunst?, written by Wilhelm Schmidt, impressed me a lot, and it attended me trough my work.The paper is not a strong analytical work, it should rather take a general view on the subject; important ranges couldn`t be treat of, such as religion, ethics, politics, Eastern Philosophy, ?.The first chapter makes an excursion through the history of philosophy, from the Antiquity up to the 20.century. The focus in the second chapter is the basic importance of the philosophy for the art of living. How the life can grow to a work of art describes the third chapter. Anthropology in connection with the art of living illustrates the fourth chapter. Liberty and the possibility of option are engaged in the fifth chapter, the individual and his position in the world shows the sixth chapter. Knowledge of the relations in the life contents the seventh chapter. The eighth and likewise the last chapter gives important facets of experience formed in essays, introduced with a convenient quotation. ; vorgelegt von Sabine Allmer ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2011 ; (VLID)213590

The thesis is about the representation of the rebel crowds in the Italian literature in the 19th century. We consider the contributions of social sciences, from Le Bon to the lombrosian school of Scipio Sighele and Pasquale Rossi, as well as Freud, until some more contemporary sociologists, like Reich, Ortega y Gasset, Canetti, Allport, Turner etc; but the research focuses on the novels and the short stories, which are conceived in Italie, when the fight for the national unity tries, without success, to transform the political revolution in a national revolution, according to the expression of Nievo. Manzoni standardizes de model of the representation of the rebel crowds, which will be followed by Nievo, with some important variations. Therefore, the influence of Zola adds to the Manzoni's one. It will dominate, on the one hand, the idea of a rational crowd, that is a potential revolutionary subject (the , scapigliati, Valera, De Amicis, etc), on the other hand the one of the pessimism and of the predetermined destiny of the masses (Verga). Finally, Gabriele D'Annunzio, in his novels and short stories, fluctuates between the fascination for the savage side of the crowds and his aristocratic contempt. ; La thèse porte sur la représentation de la foule « rebelle » dans la littérature italienne du XIXème siècle. Tout en considérant les contributions des sciences sociales, de Le Bon a l'école lombrosienne de Scipio Sighele et Pasquale Rossi, passant par Freud, jusqu'aux sociologues plus contemporains, comme Reich, Ortega y Gasset, Canetti, Allport, Turner etc, la recherche se concentre sur le roman et la nouvelle, qui voient le jour dans une Italie qui, luttant pour son unité nationale, n'arrive pas a transformer la révolution politique en révolution nationale, selon la formule de Nievo. Manzoni fixe le modèle de représentation des foules rebelles, qui sera suivi par Nievo avec des variations importantes. Ensuite, l'influence de Zola s'ajoutera a celle de Manzoni et dominera, d'une part, l'idée que la foule est capable de montrer un comportement rationnel et d'être un sujet vraiment révolutionnaire (les scapigliati, Valera, De Amicis, etc), d'autre part celle du pessimisme et du destin prédéterminé des masses (Verga). Enfin, Gabriele D'Annunzio, dans ses nouvelles et ses romans, oscillera entre la fascination pour la sauvagerie des foules et son méprise d'aristocratique.

The aim of thesis is to study the development of the prison between 1791 and 1848. Part One ('The philosophical and legislative origins of the penal prison') investigates the philosophical underpinning of penal law during the period, and, in particular, considers the first purpose-built places of detention constructed by the French state. Part Two ('Consequences of the rise of the individual prison cell in France: spaces and responses) presents an analytical approach to studying the prison as an architectural space, especially the evolution of the ideology behind the prison cell and the formal-spatial qualities of the cell itself. The thesis necessarily draws from a variety of disciplines. In order to discern how the penal prison's main exponents shaped its development at the end of the eighteenth century, Part One brings together material from the histories of law, political philosophy and ideas. By contrast, Part Two concerns the theory of architecture and scrutinises how the formal prison space was constructed both in reality and the imagination: in addressing the link between the detainee's physique and this type of constrained space, it draws from the sociology of the body and the psycho-sociology of space. ; La thèse a pour objectif d'étudier l'élaboration de l'espace carcéral de 1791 à 1848 en deux temps. Le livre I, Genèse philosophique et législative de la prison pénale, étudie le réinvestissement de la philosophie dans le droit pénal, et s'intéresse aux premières occurrences formelles de lieux de détention français pensés spécifiquement pour cet usage. Le livre II, La promotion du système cellulaire en France : conséquences, questions de spatialité et de réception, propose une étude analytique du fait carcéral dans sa dimension spatiale, en insistant sur l'élaboration idéologique et formelle de l'espace cellulaire. D'un point de vue épistémologique, le livre I sollicite l'histoire du droit, des idées, et la philosophie politique afin de conclure sur la manière dont les principaux promoteurs de la prison pénale ont influencé les évolutions de la fin du XVIIIe siècle. Le livre II s'intéresse davantage à la théorie d'architecture et analyse la manière dont l'espace carcéral formel s'est construit dans les faits et dans les imaginaires, en concluant sur la question du rapport qu'entretient le corps du détenu avec ce type d'espace contraint, sollicitant alors la sociologie du corps et la psychosociologie de l'espace.

En el presente artículo se aborda la cuestión de las finalidades de la Educación Secundaria española en el contexto de una sociedad democrática a inicios del siglo xxi. Se establecen los criterios que legitiman, ética y socialmente, las finalidades del sistema educativo en democracias avanzadas, interpretando críticamente las relaciones entre las finalidades y las prácticas de los procesos de la educación. Desde ahí, se argumenta a favor de criterios internos y externos para la delimitación de las finalidades de la Educación Secundaria, llegando a la conclusión de que las finalidades fundamentales giran en torno a las capacidades lógico-argumentativas (el dominio del lenguaje simbólico, del pensamiento crítico y sus consecuencias, etc.) y las capacidades morales (sentimientos de reciprocidad e interiorización razonada de valores éticos democráticos). Por último, desde la filosofía de las finalidades de la educación, se manifiestan algunas valoraciones sobre cuestiones que están debatiéndose en la opinión pública y entre los expertos, como la cuestión de las metodologías más adecuadas para alcanzar las finalidades de la Educación Secundaria o la cuestión del nuevo papel del profesorado en la consecución de tales fines. ; In the present paper, we analize the question of the aims of Spanish Secondary School in the context of a democratic society in the early twenty-first century. We argue about the criteria that legitimate, ethically and socially, the aims of the education system in advanced democracies, interpreting in a critical way the relations between the aims and practices of education processes. From here, we defend the existence of internal and external criteria for the definition of the aims of the Secondary School, concluding that the fundamental purposes of education are related to logical and argumentative abilities (the symbolic language proficiency, the critical thinking and its consequences.) and moral capacities (feelings of reciprocity, reasoned internalization of ethical values of democracy). Finally, from a philosophical perspective of the aims of education, we present some considerations on issues which are discussed in the public opinion and among experts, for example the issue of appropriate methodologies to achieve the aims of the Secondary School, or the question of the new role of teachers in achieving these aims. ; Educación

Englisch ist die neue globale Sprache mit ein bis eineinhalb Milliarden Sprechern. Jedoch war diese nicht immer sehr erfolgreich und musste sich gegenüber dem Französischen und Lateinischen behaupten. Erst im 17. Jahrhundert begann ihr Siegeszug um die Welt. Das Ziel dieser Diplomarbeit ist es, einen Einblick in die Komplexität der englischen Sprache zu gewähren und einen ausgewogenen Überblick über ihre Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und potenzielle Zukunft zu geben. Die Hauptthemen, die diese Arbeit umfassen sind folgende: Sprachevolution und die Herkunft der Englischen Sprache; politische, gesellschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Ereignisse, die die Sprache seit ihrem Entstehen im Jahr 449 n. Chr. beeinflussten; Sprachkontakt und dessen Auswirkungen; Englisch im 21. Jahrhundert sowie Zukunftsprognosen. Das Resultat dieser Arbeit zeigt, dass Sprachkontakt einer der Hauptgründe ist, warum die englische Sprache sich stetig verändert. Viele Menschen, sowie ganze Länder sind besorgt, dass Englisch ihre Sprachen und infolgedessen ihre Kulturen und Identitäten bedroht. Jedoch sollte man beachten, dass Englisch selbst einmal von vielen Quellen beeinflusst wurde und erst dadurch zu dem wurde was es heute ist. Es ist noch nicht abzusehen ob Englisch das gleiche Schicksal wie Latein erwartet und sich in viele unterschiedliche Sprachen teilen wird oder ob es zu der Weltstandardsprache heranwächst. Ihre Entwicklung war schon immer von vielen Faktoren abhängig und deshalb kann auch heute niemand vorhersagen was die Zukunft bringt. ; English is the new global language, with one to one and a half billion speakers worldwide. It has a special status in over 70 countries across the globe, and has risen to become the largest western language of the day. But it was not until the 17th century that English began its rise in status. In order to give some insight into the complexity of the English language, this thesis provides a balanced overview of its past, present, and potential future. The main topics addressed are language evolution and the origin of English, external history, language contact, global English and its advantages and disadvantages, as well as the question of how English might develop in the near future. The result of this investigation is the conclusion that one of the main reasons why the English language has changed is the influence of other languages. Today many people and countries are concerned that English threatens their traditional languages and thus their cultures and identities. One must keep in mind, however, that English itself was influenced by many different languages, and that it owes its present form to such impacts. Even though English is still the current global language, it is already facing fierce competition from Mandarin. The development of the English language has always depended on various factors and, therefore, it is impossible to predict whether English will remain a world language, or if it will meet a similar fate as that of Latin. ; vorgelegt von Michaela Ehmann ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2011 ; (VLID)213019