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ABSTRACTAs the first country stricken by the COVID-19 pandemic, China deployed a policy response that was chaotic at the start but effective in the end. A complete account to explain China's COVID-19 experience should explain both. By examining policy changes in China's fight against the pandemic, I show that pandemic as an exogenous shock invalidated the normal policy logics followed by multiple policy actors, resulting in policy inconsistency and chaos. A policy mix comprised traditional measures, i.e. strict community lockdown, cross-jurisdictional mobilization of resources and officials' sanction contributed to the eventual effectiveness of China's response to the pandemic. I argue that the policy mix during crises should conform with rooted national policy style to be consistent and effective.

Twelve small experiential learning groups were conducted in which leader style and leader consistency were experimentally manipulated. The leaders were predominantly meaning attributive or predominantly caring in style, and either consistent or inconsistent in their behavior from session to session. Each group was composed of two high, two medium, and two low scorers on the change subscale of the PRF-E. Seventy-one participants provided self-report data concerning several aspects of learning. Evaluations of participant learning were also provided by the three leaders. Leader style that was characterized by a predominance of meaning attributive interventions relative to caring interventions was associated with greater learning. Consistent leader behavior as opposed to inconsistent leader behavior was also associated with greater learning. Evidence for the additive effect of meaning attributive style and consistency on participant learning was discussed. Relationships among participant perceptions of leader style and reports of learning were consistent with previous research findings. The personality trait, change, was associated with few significant findings. Contributions and limitations associated with the present investigation were considered.

This study examines the relationship between corporate managers' political ideology and corporate leverage policies conditional on investor sentiment. Based on a minimum of 21,884 observations over the 1992–2008 period, the authors show that Republican managers significantly reduce leverage during periods of high investor sentiment. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper is the first to document that Republican managers are not swayed by the general tendency to increase leverage in high-sentiment periods. Overall, the empirical evidence from this study indicates that personal characteristics of managers have a consistent impact on corporate policies, providing support for the "behavioral consistency" theory. Further, the results of this study imply that internal and external stakeholders of a corporation should take into account manager personality in their decisions. For example, the board of a highly indebted company may consider hiring a conservative manager to reduce its financial risk.

The paper discusses similarities and differences between past EU binding internal liberalization "across the board" in the industrial sector and present so-called voluntary sectoral liberalization of member states of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). While both approaches are second-best compared to unconcerted unilateral liberalization, the major disadvantage of liberalization APEC style in the industrial sector consists in introducing distortions between sectors as well as between member states due to rising disparities in timing liberalization within Asia Pacific. Such disparities raise problems of time consistency of liberalization under the so-called Bogor target of achieving free trade within APEC in 2010 (2020 for less advanced member states). Reliance on "peer pressure" as the only mechanism to commit member states to liberalization is seen as a weak driving force to make APEC's concerted unilateralism a stepping stone for the successor round of the Uruguay Round. The paper proposes a number of measures successfully applied in the EU to give APEC's liberalization more "teeth" to the benefit of multilateral liberalization.

This study aimed to examine the influence of human resource quality, budget politics and budget transparency for consistency of budgeting process with the leadership style as a moderating variable. The population of this study were all local government work units in (satuan kerja) kota Sabang – Aceh. The respondents were 163 people that consist of 34 budgeting information users and 129 head of divisions and subdivisions. The data used was primary data which was collected through questionnaires. The data analysis was performed using a regression model of interaction or moderate regression analysis (MRA). The results showed that the quality of human resources, budget politics, budget transparency and leadership style has positive influence on the consistency of the budgeting process either simultaneously or partially. The leadership style partially strengthen the link between the quality of human resources, budget politics and transparency with the consistency of the budgeting preparation process.

In this article, we study the oral history interviews of eight survivors of Auschwitz-Birkenau. We give a detailed analysis of a central narrative in their life story, the "selection narrative," the experience of being forcibly separated from family into groups for labor or death, as it is told in the late 1970s-to-early 1980s and again in the 1990s. We study patterns of structure and variation in the referential aspects of narrative, how narratives recapitulate past actions, and the evaluative aspects of narrative, how narratives are interpreted. Our analysis of these eight sets of repeated narratives focuses on four processes that help structure consistent accounts over time: the past, previous tellings, culture and the interview situation. In each set of repeated narratives, the selection narrative maintains significant portions of the complicating action and evaluations over time. At the same time, various changes are evident that alter the style or interpretation of the narrative. In other words, changes were, in large measure, observed in "how" or "why" the narrative was told but not in "what" was recounted. Our data suggests that despite changes in context, critical aspects of our identities endure over long periods of time.

Effective teacher leadership promotes not only students' motivation to learn, but also the productivity and development of educational institutions. My purpose in this study was to develop the Teacher Leadership Style Scale (TLSS) to extend the framework of the charismatic, ideological,
and pragmatic (CIP) model of outstanding leadership. Participants were 264 Chinese college students in Macau. Data collection took place midway through the school year, and respondents took approximately 10 minutes to complete the questionnaire. The 29-item TLSS demonstrated high internal
consistency (> .80) and a robust 3-dimensional factor solution. Factor loading results showed that the instrument converged well with measures for 3 possible CIP-based teacher leadership styles. Overall, my results showed that the TLSS is suitable for assessing stable teacher leadership
styles based on the perceptions of college students, and that it aligns with theoretical expectations.

In recent years, many researchers have reported positive outcomes and effects from applying computer games to the educational process. The main preconditions for an effective game-based learning process include the presence of high learning interest and the desire to study hard. Therefore, educational game design has to tailor gameplay to the psycho-cognitive abilities, attitudes and skills of an individual player, in order to foster the player's motivation and creativity. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to draw a parallel between learning and playing styles, and to investigate the correlations between these types of constructs. The article presents a new playing style family based on Kolb's experiential learning theory that is appropriate to be used for educational games. This family is composed of four playing styles: Competitor, Dreamer, Logician and Strategist, and corresponds to Honey and Mumford's learning styles. To measure the four playing styles, a 40-item questionnaire was designed. In order to verify the consistency, validity, and reliability of that questionnaire as an accurate tool for recognizing the four suggested player styles, a pilot study was conducted. The article reports the results obtained from the study, along with their analysis and applicability. ; This study is part of the RAGE project. The RAGE project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 644187. This publication reflects only the author's view. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.