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In-service training (INSET) is crucial for language teachers who play instrumental role for effective curriculum implementation of any educational programme. Bangladesh Madrasah Teachers Training Institute (BMTTI) is the only government training institute which provides both pedagogical and administrative trainings to 1, 38, 775 madrasah teachers (BANBEIS, 2018). The question which motivated the study was whether the secondary English teachers—6553 as of 2018 (BANBEIS, 2018)—got adequate and effective pedagogical training from the institute. Having adopted the mixed-method-approach, the author administered questionnaires to 20 teachers, interviewed the three English language trainers of the institute, and analysed the training module. Findings show that INSET facilities for madrasah English teachers are clearly insufficient, and the trainings do not deliver expected outcomes due to at least four reasons: (a) inadequacy of the institute's logistics to conduct training sessions for the required number of English teachers every year; (b) absence of permanent and professional trainers; (c) lack of motivated trainee teachers; and (d) ineffective training modules. The study implies that the madrasah education, though runs parallel with the mainstream education system in Bangladesh, has not been given required attention so far as INSET for English teachers is concerned. Since teacher training is an integral part of continuing professional development (CPD), inadequate training facilities will certainly affect CPD for the madrasah teachers which will ultimately encumber curriculum implementation. The study will have substantial impact on the future policy making with regard to the appropriateness and effectiveness of training sessions for the secondary English teachers of Bangladeshi madrasahs.

Globally teachers are experiencing reductions to their autonomy and constraints on their professional practice through legislative impositions of limiting standards, external testing and narrowing curricula. This study explores the ways English educators find a balance between these external expectations, contemporary pressures, professional aspirations, and personal values. It was a qualitative investigation into the perceptions shared by thirty-three English teachers from New South Wales, Australia and across England. A significant gap now exists between the ways English teachers conceive their subject, their purposes and the nature of their work, and that determined by regulation, formalised curriculum and accreditation requirements. The enduring resilience of these teachers is revealed but also the corrosive structural effects produced by narrowly focused, neoliberal policies especially in relation to high stakes testing. However, the research demonstrates how certain English teachers remain remarkably resilient–retaining autonomy where they can–and we define this attribute as 'adaptive agency'. ; may be compliant at https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/publications/contested-territories-english-teachers-in-australia-and-england-r

The purpose of this study was to gain the teachers' idea about learner autonomy and significant different of the perception between teacher in urban and rural areas. This study was designed as ex post facto involving 50 secondary English teachers from East Java. In this project the researcher used questionnaire as the instrument which is adapted from Brog and Al-Busaidi (2012). The result of this study showed that the teachers' perspectives can be divided by 4 categories; technical perspectives, psychological perspectives, political perspectives, and socio-cultural perspectives. Then, from the result of the questionnaire showed that teachers more concern about their political perspectives of learner autonomy. It is determined by the rank of the mean of each category. Political perspectives placed on the first rank with 3.94 as the mean. The researcher find out there are no significant different of the perception of the teachers from urban and rural area for each categories. Keywords: teachers, perception, learner autonomy

The Ministry of Education aligned the national English curriculum with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) to increase the quality and standard of English Language. The success in implementing this educational reform is highly dependent on teachers. Teachers need to have sufficient knowledge in the incorporation of CEFR in their teaching to develop the ability of students to meet targeted CFER levels of English proficiency. The purpose of this study is to identify the teachers' level of knowledge and practice on CEFR-aligned
English curriculum. A total of 148 teachers who teach Form 1 and Form 2 English
from the secondary schools in Pulau Pinang were involved in this study. The instrument of this study was a closed-ended questionnaire adapted from Kır (2011) and Ngo (2017). The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Inferential analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test. The findings showed that the level of knowledge (M = 3.49, SD = 0.58) and practice of teachers (M = 3.50, SD = 0.55) on CEFR-aligned English curriculum were moderate. Also, there was a strong relationship between
teachers' knowledge and practice on CEFR-aligned English curriculum. There was a significant difference existed in the level of knowledge and practice on CEFR-aligned English curriculum based on demographic factor namely the type of training received by teachers on CEFR. The findings of this study implied that the training and workshops ought to be conducted frequently as a support for teachers towards the implementation.

In rural Bangladesh, most people speak English with a regional accent generally not intelligible to Non-Native Bengali Speakers (NBS). Although NBS understand each other, this type of pronunciation creates problems for many Bangladeshis, like handicapping students studying abroad, professionals migrating to Anglophone countries, tourists and businessmen, government officials and diplomats, communicating with their foreign counterparts, at home and abroad. This investigation was undertaken with a view to bringing this serious problem to the attention of relevant stakeholders of English education in Bangladesh such as teachers, researchers, course planners and policy makers. One of the key aims was to find out if secondary school teachers would accept English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) and intelligible pronunciation and be prepared to learn and teach their students simplified versions of English pronunciation and spoken English, which would be not just easy to learn and teach, but also a cost-effective and engaging approach. The study leads to the conclusion that the ultimate goal should be to teach Englishfor- life instead of the current approach taken by teachers which is English-for- exam pedagogy.

The present study explored a small-scale English medium instruction (EMI) initiative in Moroccan secondary schools, which is part of a top-down multilingual policy based on teaching science subjects through foreign languages, namely French, English, and Spanish. 18 secondary EMI teachers of math, physics and life and earth sciences were interviewed in order to understand the new policy. Following grounded theory (GT) methodology, the findings show positive attitudes towards the implementation of EMI in Moroccan education, but the teachers seemed unsatisfied with the way it has been implemented. They thought science teachers were not prepared for such a new tendency. The study also revealed that teachers' low English proficiency was considered the major challenge to the successful implementation of EMI in Moroccan secondary schools and the essential reason behind using the first language in the EMI classroom. To prepare future generations for extending EMI in the Moroccan education, the teachers called for a switch to English as the first foreign language, instead of French, in all levels of schooling, and suggested gradual introduction of EMI in primary and middle schools. The study ends with some implications for overcoming the challenges of the new policy.

The study aimed to reveal the level of work stress among secondary school English language teachers in government schools affiliated with the education directorates in Abha, Saudi Arabia, and knowing the impact of both gender, and experience on their estimates. The study population consisted of (105) male and female teachers. A questionnaire was prepared to measure the level of work stress among teachers, and it consisted of (31) items. The results showed that the work pressures facing secondary school English language teachers were at a high level on the dimensions as a whole. The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences due to the variable of gender and teaching experience.

The study aimed to reveal the level of work stress among secondary school English language teachers in government schools affiliated with the education directorates in Abha, Saudi Arabia, and knowing the impact of both gender, and experience on their estimates. The study population consisted of (105) male and female teachers. A questionnaire was prepared to measure the level of work stress among teachers, and it consisted of (31) items. The results showed that the work pressures facing secondary school English language teachers were at a high level on the dimensions as a whole. The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences due to the variable of gender and teaching experience.

English teachers in Bangladesh have undergone numerous training programs. Both government-initiated and donor-sponsored training programs have been in operation in Bangladesh. Government initiated institutions to train teachers are Primary Training Institutes (PTIs) and Teacher Training Colleges (TTCs). However, researchers seemed to label training provided by PTIs and TTCs as inadequate. Bridging the gaps intrigued government of Bangladesh to devise donor-aided training programs, including English Language Teaching Improvement Project (ELTIP), English for Teaching, Teaching for English (ETTE), Secondary Education Quality and Access Enhancement Project (SEQAEP), Teaching Quality Improvement in Secondary Education Project (TQI-SEP). Studies reported their potential failure to bring changes in English teachers' classroom practices. English in Action (EIA) was the last donor-funded project that incorporated school-based training program. The aim of the study was to examine the impact of EIA training program on secondary-school English teachers' classroom practice in Bangladesh, drawing the questions in relation to the elements learned in the training program and the elements practiced in the training program. The present study undertook the Integrated Approaches to Teacher Development suggested by Hargreaves and Fullan (1992) and Reflective Model developed by Wallace (1991). This study adopted phenomenological approach since it subsumed the experience of an activity or concept from the participants' perspective. Eight Participants were selected who had been trained from EIA training program and who had experience of participating in other donor-aided program, in the spirit of yielding the uniqueness of EIA which informed the sustainability of this program. It had been divulged that teachers learned a lot of activities that were related to English language teaching. However, the present studies observed limited practice of such activities in the classroom.

English teachers in Bangladesh have undergone numerous training programs. Both government-initiated and donor-sponsored training programs have been in operation in Bangladesh. Government initiated institutions to train teachers are Primary Training Institutes (PTIs) and Teacher Training Colleges (TTCs). However, researchers seemed to label training provided by PTIs and TTCs as inadequate. Bridging the gaps intrigued government of Bangladesh to devise donor-aided training programs, including English Language Teaching Improvement Project (ELTIP), English for Teaching, Teaching for English (ETTE), Secondary Education Quality and Access Enhancement Project (SEQAEP), Teaching Quality Improvement in Secondary Education Project (TQI-SEP). Studies reported their potential failure to bring changes in English teachers' classroom practices. English in Action (EIA) was the last donor-funded project that incorporated school-based training program. The aim of the study was to examine the impact of EIA training program on secondary-school English teachers' classroom practice in Bangladesh, drawing the questions in relation to the elements learned in the training program and the elements practiced in the training program. The present study undertook the Integrated Approaches to Teacher Development suggested by Hargreaves and Fullan (1992) and Reflective Model developed by Wallace (1991). This study adopted phenomenological approach since it subsumed the experience of an activity or concept from the participants' perspective. Eight Participants were selected who had been trained from EIA training program and who had experience of participating in other donor-aided program, in the spirit of yielding the uniqueness of EIA which informed the sustainability of this program. It had been divulged that teachers learned a lot of activities that were related to English language teaching. However, the present studies observed limited practice of such activities in the classroom.

Master's thesis in Literacy Studies ; This thesis is about the homework practices of English teachers at lower secondary schools in Norway. The aim of the thesis was to learn about what attitudes, practices and considerations English teachers have when assigning homework, and to connect this to existing international and national research on the field. A qualitative method using semi-structured interviews was used to gather the data. Six different teachers from different schools across the western part of Norway were interviewed individually. The review of established research on homework and the data collected for the current study have found that research demonstrates that the effects of homework are variable and inconclusive. The uncertainty reflected by the research on the field is also shown by the participating teachers in the current study. This thesis has found that the participating teachers make numerous considerations when it comes to homework decisions. There is agreement on many topics between the participants, at the same time, there is also disagreement and various practices. All the considerations made are possible to link to research findings. The teachers mention considerations and practices that are discussed in studies and research; however, none of the participants refer to any of these studies. This indicates that there are common understandings of homework principles and practices; however, the teachers seem unaware of the connection to research. This thesis contributes with valuable research and adds further inquiry into a field where studies are inconclusive, and the debate is still going strong in research, politics and media across the globe. Furthermore, this thesis adds to a broader understanding of the homework practices of Norwegian lower secondary school teachers in the English subject. At present there is little over all research focusing on teachers of English as a foreign language. There are very few studies done in Norway within the context of homework in English. By concentrating on teachers the aim is to give insight into the important work teachers do for their pupils and to help the participating teachers and others to continue to develop their practices. Contributing to a discussion about homework and prompting teachers to have a look at their own homework practices is especially interesting and important in Norway as there are no national guidelines on homework.

This study described politeness strategies used by the English teachers one of secondary school in Medan. The source of the data was two English teachers of class VIII and IX in one of the junior high school in Medan, Indonesia. This study was analyzed politeness strategies in the teaching learning process according Brown and Levinsons' (1987). The data collection technique was video recording and interviewing.The findings were (1) there were four politeness strategies; Bald on Record 137 (47,08%), Positive Politeness 89 (30,58%), Negative Politeness 48 (16,49%), and Off Record 17 (5,84%). (2) Bald on Record was realized to make the close relationship between teachers and students. Positive Politeness strategies were realized to give respect to students. Negative Politeness was realized to maintain closer friends among them and Off Record was realized to give the students the opportunity to care for the teacher said.This study was referred Politeness, it is influenced by Power, Distance, and Relationship, and affected by speech events and politeness is the use of the right word in the power context, it is determined by the rules that are prevalent in society. The result was constributed teachers, linguists, other researcher sociolingustics lecturers and government that impicated with directly or indirectly involved to online learning as the classroom and the teaching learning process at school are suggested to apply this politeness strategies which put impact students' attitude and behavior and to elaborated of politeness, politeness strategies, the reason of politeness strategies, E-Learning and Teacher and students communication.