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This paper examines the problem of risk mitigation in virtual organizations (VOs). We begin by discussing risk propensity in virtual organizations, and draw on a variety of research to suggest processes important in obtaining high levels of reliable performance in VOs. From this research we identify four processes we think are important: organizational structuring and design, communication, culture, and trust. Based on existing research done in conventional and high reliability organizations (HROs), we suggest how these processes may enhance reliability in VOs. We discuss how thoughtful management of these attributes can mitigate risk, and conclude with a theoretical and research agenda for future work.

Multilateral institutions have been critical to catalyzing financing and mitigating risk in the developing world. They have been successful in creating new platforms designed to accomplish both objectives, but investors, traders, and lenders continue to perceive high degrees of risk in developing countries. Africa's multilateral institutions have been at the forefront of this effort and are in the process of creating new approaches to risk mitigation, including by pooling their resources.

Literatures on parenting strategies examine social and cultural reproduction. However, a growing literature also documents the unique concerns of parents from marginalized communities. Of particular concern for these parents is the racialized surveillance of their children. This is especially true in Muslim communities. Racialized surveillance influences Muslim parents' childrearing practices and erodes trust in law enforcement. Due to this distrust, parents have a "talk" to prepare their children for the realities of discrimination and causes them to develop risk mitigation strategies for police interaction. These precautions are similar to the ones issued by non-Muslim racialized parents. Using qualitative data from a survey of Muslim parents (N = 90), this paper explores how a diverse group of Muslim parents create safety plans for police interaction. I argue that Muslim parents' childrearing strategies include a form of risk management that provides their children with necessary cultural repertoires to safely navigate police interactions. Body and emotion management are key components of these strategies. The directives issued by the Muslim parents I surveyed focus on mitigating the vulnerability their children experience as racialized beings – whether this is due to their Muslim identity, being read as Muslim, or their racial and/or ethnic identity.

Do banks charge an environmental premium when lending to publicly listed firms? Using a unique and comprehensive database on carbon emissions, we find that higher carbon emissions are associated with higher loan spreads. This effect exists for loans arranged by all lenders suggesting that spread premia are driven by environmental risks rather than investor preferences. Consistent with ex-post risk, companies without appropriate board-level responsibility pay higher spreads. While countries might introduce effective legislation to mitigate the effects of climate change, our results indicate that there is scope for a market-based solution to complement explicit environmental regulation.

PurposeSupply chain risk management assumes importance in the wake of organizations understanding that their risk susceptibility is dependent on other constituents of their supply chain. The purpose of this paper is to present an approach to effective supply chain risk mitigation by understanding the dynamics between various enablers that help to mitigate risk in a supply chain.Design/methodology/approachUsing interpretive structural modeling the research presents a hierarchy‐based model and the mutual relationships among the enablers of risk mitigation.FindingsThe research shows that there exists a group of enablers having a high driving power and low dependence requiring maximum attention and of strategic importance while another group consists of those variables which have high dependence and are the resultant actions.Practical implicationsThis classification provides a useful tool to supply chain managers to differentiate between independent and dependent variables and their mutual relationships which would help them to focus on those key variables that are most important for effective risk minimization in a supply chain.Originality/valuePresentation of enablers in a hierarchy and the classification into driver and dependent categories is unique effort in the area of supply chain risk management.