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Supply chains for various goods span across multiple nations. Often, lower developed countries are involved in which no adequate background institutions have been established. Consequently, sustainable behavior of multinational corporations is important. To make companies' performance regarding sustainability more transparent, various international institutions developed guidelines for sustainability reporting. Based on the predominant Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) framework, they have analyzed the reports of two outdoor equipment vendors, namely Timberland LLC and The North Face. Consumers of outdoor products are expected to be more aware of the impact their purchases have. The authors briefly introduce the GRI framework and the concerned sector. The two companies' actions are compared in detail and their actions assessed based on theories of ethical business operation. Afterwards implications of the findings are discussed. The authors' results suggest that companies in this sector are conscious about sustainability but individual performance greatly differs.

This study analyses the promotion of public health, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability in two Norwegian cities through the co-production of outdoor equipment-lending outlets. Building on seminal insights from Elinor Ostrom, we investigate how the co-production of equipment-lending initiatives can bridge the divide between government, civil society, and the market. Engaging citizens in outdoor activities to promote public health, social inclusion and sustainability is a political focus area in Norway, but the activities often demand access to expensive equipment. Since the 1990s, many Norwegian municipalities have organised lending outlets for outdoor equipment, often relying on volunteer work. The emergence of BUA, a nationwide NGO aimed at engaging children and youth in outdoor activities, added the goal of environmental sustainability as a foundation for equipment-lending outlets. Additionally, it became a catalyst for the articulation of a diverse array of partnerships for the co-production of equipment lending as a public service. This study draws on fieldwork and in-depth interviews with users, staff, volunteers, and institutional partners at two lending outlets, in Kolbotn and Tromsø, in south-eastern and northern Norway. We focus on the co-production of BUA as a public service and discuss how the interplay of various actors leads to the achievement of societal and environmental goals, and subsequently how equipment-lending initiatives can facilitate collaborative consumption practices with the potential to reduce consumption.

IN SUMMARY Youth group's outdoor learning centre uses innovative approaches to adapt activities and equipment to ensure it is accessible to young people with disabilities.

Issue addressed: Exercising outdoors provide beneficial effect on mental and physical health for all ages. However, few older people exercise outdoors other than walking. While outdoor gyms have become increasingly common in Australia, limited outdoor exercise equipment specifically designed for older people is available in public spaces. We have set up and evaluated a unique purpose-built outdoor exercise park for older people in the community setting and demonstrated positive physical and well-being outcomes associated with the provision of this unique exercise mode and social programme. Methods: This study is a reflective narrative describing this innovative exercise approach and reports challenges associated with establishment of the exercise park, conducting the randomised trial, strategies adopted to address these challenges and recommendations for future implementation of this approach in the community. Results: Many challenges were encountered, including securing appropriate land to locate the exercise park, control of environmental factors for safety (non-slippery ground and equipment) as well as logistics in running the exercise programme itself. Several adjustments in the equipment were also required to ensure safe use by older people. Conclusion: The inclusion of outdoor equipment for older people in public spaces or urban parks is important and careful consideration needs to be taken by local/public authorities to provide access, amenities and safety for all as well as activities to suit all ages. So what?: Seniors' exercise parks can be installed in public places and may provide an enjoyable and effective approach to engage older individuals in a more active and healthier lifestyle.

Securing the Outdoor Construction Site: Strategy, Prevention, and Mitigationoffers a holistic view of security planning for vulnerable capital projects, providing the strategic and tactical plans needed to protect large areas with a minimum investment in personnel and equipment. This book is a one-stop reference that provides effective security strategies, methods, and tactics to mitigate the theft of equipment and how to avoid these incidents altogether. In addition, the book outlines the true costs of construction site theft to organizations in terms of lost time, equipment, and brand reputation, along with increased insurance premiums and danger to personnel. It lists the types of theft that regularly occur at sites, explores their underlying causes, and documents their worldwide financial significance. Finally, readers will learn how to conduct a construction site survey with loss prevention in mind, and how to budget for the unexpected. Provides complete guidelines for implementing a loss prevention program for any large outdoor construction projectOffers proven strategies for minimizing capital loss and costly delays using a minimum number of personnel and security technologiesDemonstrates how to develop proactive partnerships with law enforcement to stop theft before it occursIncludes the latest data on outdoor construction theft and its impactDraws on case studies and examples from around the world

Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Aims and Scope -- Series Preface -- Volume Preface -- References -- Contents -- Dosimetry and Toxicology of Nanosized Particles and Fibres -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Factors That Affect Deposition and Clearance -- 3 Deposition Patterns of Spherical Nanoparticles in the Human Respiratory Tract -- 4 Deposition Patterns of Fibres in the Human Respiratory Tract -- 5 Particle Retention and Relocation Pathways Within the Lungs -- 6 Extrapolation from Single Dose to Chronic Exposure -- 7 Toxicity -- References -- Measurement Methods for Nanoparticles in Indoor and Outdoor Air -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Measurement Methods -- 2.1 Stationary Equipment -- 2.1.1 Time-Resolving Instruments -- Measurement of Particle Number Concentration -- Measurement of Particle Lung-Deposited Surface Area Concentration -- Measurement of Particle Mass Concentration -- Measurement of Particle Size Distribution by Electrical Mobility Analysis -- Measurement of Particle Size Distribution by Inertial Separation -- 2.1.2 Time-Integrating Instruments -- Filter Sampling -- Electrostatic Sampling -- 2.2 Portable Equipment -- 2.2.1 Time-Resolving Instruments -- Measurement of Particle Number Concentration -- Measurement of Lung-Deposited Surface Area Concentration -- Measurement of Particle Size Distribution -- 2.2.2 Time-Integrating Instruments -- 2.3 Personal Equipment -- 2.3.1 Time-Resolving Instruments -- Measurement of Number Concentration, Lung-Deposited Surface Area Concentration, and Mean Particle Size -- Measurement of Lung-Deposited Surface Area Concentration -- 2.3.2 Time-Integrating Instruments -- Thermophoretic Sampling -- Sampling on Different Filtration Media -- References -- Exposure Assessment: Methods -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Aim of Exposure Assessment.

Three methods were used to assess the influence of a number of realistic sound stimuli on esthetic evaluations of outdoor settings. We reproduced 18 sounds-including those of children, songbirds, construction equipment, automobiles, aircraft, and wind-for college students serving as evaluators at field sites ranging from a forest to a downtown street. In two other procedures, settings and sounds were described in a questionnaire, or were presented using photographs and tape recordings. All.three procedures produced similar results; natural and animal sounds had enhancing effects on evaluations of the heavily wooded natural and residential sites, and other sounds had detracting effects on the same sites. The sounds were relatively neutral in effect at two downtown streets, where traffic sounds were found to be most enhancing. The results show that the interaction of a setting's visual and acoustic characteristics significantly influences evaluations of that setting, and that appropriateness of sounds only partly accounts for their influence on setting quality.

An overview on studies of outdoor recreation reveals that the S-cul system through rewards such as status, sociability of group activities, value orientations, att's, etc, evokes outdoor recreation preferences as indicated by actual participation rates. Some res shows that participation in sports is strongly associated with soc'ly desirable characteristics that facilitate personal adjustment in the normal soc groups of US society. Eg, a study of M athletes elicited negative scores on a femininity scale & lower intelliegnce scores when compared with non-athletes. The study implies that lower intelligence is soc'ly desirable in the US. Swimmers are less restrained, more ascendant & soc'ly bold & outgoing, while nonswimmers are more restrained, submissive, shy & seclusive, & more emotionally unstable, hypersensitive & self-centered. However, it has not been demonstrated that personality traits can be altered through participation in physical exercise or sport. Persons with diff SE characteristics exhibit diff recreation participation rates. Participation in outdoor activities is associated with age, sex, educ, income, size of place of residence, color, etc, but these provide only a moderately satisfactory basis for predicting outdoor recreation. While predictive factors differ by region, the addition of opportunity characteristics to the model does not appear to improve precision. Over the period 1960-65 Sum recreational activity per person increased by about 40%. Passive forms of recreation increased the most, while backwoods activities increased very little. The vigorous recreational activities of youth also increased in frequency. Outdoor recreation has not been distributed more liberally among the disadvantaged. Reasons given include lack of time & inadequate or inaccessible supply & indicate that these impediments have been increasing for the disadvantaged. However, their capability to engage in outdoor recreation as based upon skill, age, equipment, etc, is improving. 4 Tables. Modified HA.

The outdoor gyms have risen exponentially during the last years as a way of revitalizing public areas to enhance the practice of physical activity by insufficiently active older people. However, little is known about their use patterns that might help to maximize its benefits. To know the outdoor gyms profile, an exhaustive scientific literature review was made on research databases (WOS, Scopus, SportDiscus, CINAHL, Cochrane Library Plus, PubMed, Proquest Dissertations and Theses, and Google Scholar). Only 24 studies met the selection criteria of the 17,035 gathered. In general, outdoor gyms were used 3-5 days per week. They are 10-20 min away from users' home and distance was between 500 and 2007 m. Most activities on outdoor gyms were a supplement of other main PA. More rigorous study designs (intervention programs) are needed. It is necessary to operate in a community setting with local government. Current studies have indicated the existence of potential safety risks due to inappropriate usage behaviours. The most demanded improvements were more instructors, benches, variety devices, small roofs over the equipment, toilets, maintenance, lighting the area, security city guards, better promotion and placing information signs. The average number of devices per outdoor gym was 4,6. The dimensions were between 100-200 m2. ; This work was supported by the European Union and conducted within the framework of the Erasmus+ project Communities of Practice for a Healthy Lifestyle [grant number 587982-EPP-1-2017-1-NL-EPPKA2-KA].

The fundamental concept is that public space is not a private property. So, a facade (the outer skin, the last millimeter) belongs to the town, not to the owner of the building. Changing the rendering, a window, adding or removing anything from a facade requires a permission delivered by the town's authority.In places like Paris, Bordeaux, Marseilles, Lyon, Strasbourg… everywhere one can find a registrated building such as a cathedral, a castle, or a group of ancient buildings, a national administration is controlling this permission. This administration is called «historical monuments administration» and is locally lead by a specialized architect.In the late seventies, French government decided to reduce advertising on the roads and on the city walls. Advertising on the road was leading to a confusion reducing the efficacy of the roadsigns and direction signs, which is dangerous. The reduction was under control of a national administration: the ministry of equipment in charge of the roads design. Advertising on the walls with publicity boards was under control of the cities. Every city has a townplanning regulation. Many cities included forbidding advertisement boards on the walls in this regulation.A couple of firms, but mainly once (Decaux) found clever to give a hand to the cities to control advertising. Decaux developed a line of bus stop shelters including advertisements and advertising panels and paid the cities the right to put rather smaller publicities on the public domain.Now Decaux is no more alone on this market and the cities are comparing offers.Marseille turned to a foreign advertising firm who pays three times the price Decaux paid… for half of the advertising surface. Freiburg erased totally the public domain advertisements, selling the tramways and bus coachwork as advertising spaces. Paris is reopening the advertising market before the end of Deacaux's contract and will pay Deacaux a huge amount for this breach of contract. But the price paid by the new contracting party is expected to be over ten times what Decaux is presently paying… So Bertrand de la Noe, the Lord Mayor, decided to reduce by three or four the surface. The Paris citizen will earn 2.5 to 3 times more money getting also a cleaner public space. Yes… as public space, public money belongs to the community of the citizen…The other fundamental laws are commercial: on one hand «low offers make high prices» and on the other hand «too many signs are insignificant».Reducing the number of signs makes the remaining signs more readable, which is the first quality of advertising. That is why every one seems to be satisfied with few publicity. The town gets more money out of it and offers a nice townscape. The publishers are sure to be alone on the market as long as they keep the contract. The publishers are sure to be alone on the market as long as they keep the contract. The firms are guaranteed to be well seen.

"No escape to nature is complete without a trip to an outdoor recreational store or a browse through online offerings. This is the irony of the American outdoor experience: visiting wild spaces supposedly untouched by capitalism first requires shopping. With consumers spending billions of dollars on clothing and equipment each year as they seek out nature, the American outdoor sector grew over the past 150 years from a small collection of outfitters to an industry contributing more than 2 percent of the nation's economic output. Rachel S. Gross argues that this success was predicated not just on creating functional equipment but also on selling an authentic, anticommercial outdoor identity. In other words, shopping for the woods was also about being--or becoming--the right kind of person. Demonstrating that outdoor culture is commercial culture, Gross examines Americans' journey toward outdoor expertise by tracing the development of the nascent outdoor goods industry, the influence of World War II on its growth, and the boom years of outdoor businesses"--

This paper analyzed the conditions for the occurrence of corrosion processes on historically important weapons and military equipment made of steel during the period in outdoor environment. A considerable attention has been given to the characteristics of the most important corrosion products formed on the steel surface. The formation of akaganite, β-FeOOH is a sign of active corrosion under a layer of corrosion products. The conditions that cause the formation and regeneration of hydrochloric and sulphuric acid during the exposure to the elements were analyzed. The most often applied methods of diagnostics and procedures of removing active corrosion anions (desalination) were described as well. The NaOH solution of certain pH values still has the most important application for the desalination process. The procedures for cleaning the surface before the application of protective coatings and the application of chemicals that transform rust into stable compounds were discussed. As protective coatings, different types of organic coatings plated on well-prepared steel surfaces were used and sometimes special types of waxes as well. This paper presents the results of the tests of corrosion products taken from the exhibits of weapons and military equipment from the Military Museum in Belgrade.

© Copyright 2017 NCEUB. The morbidity rates in populations of older persons are rising in parallel with increases in life expectancy. Increases in the numbers of older persons, many of whom will be physically dependent, will challenge communities both economically and socially. To compensate for this health loss and the subsequent demands placed on the health care system, there is a growing demand for effective preventative public exercise interventions to enable the ageing population to maintain independence and enjoy a healthier lifestyle. The provision of age-appropriate playground and exercise equipment for older persons has been gaining international popularity and is expected to become increasingly popular among local governments as a direct result of rhetoric relating to the development of age-friendly cities. Using a multidisciplinary lens, this project maps desired rehabilitation outcomes with exercise equipment design and landscape architecture. It seeks to identify both physical and motivational strategies that are most successful in maintaining good health and well-being in old age. Findings suggest that there is demand for open public space interventions that can safely train balance, muscular strength, and cardiovascular fitness. However, there is a lack of health research examining the usefulness and the sustainability of currently available equipment. There is also a necessity to address participation barriers and manage potential adherence issues that prohibit older persons from engaging in beneficial physical activity.