Five full years of the functioning of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) provide an opportunity to highlight the main trends of cooperation under this association and to summarize some of their results. The article discusses the trends and results of Kazakhstan's foreign economic cooperation with the EAEU countries in the main areas, including mutual trade, mutual investments, as well as some others. The analysis revealed that in most areas of cooperation between Kazakhstan and the EAEU countries during the period of the union's existence, leading dynamics were observed, which indicates the positive results for the national economy of the first five years of operation as part of the integration association.
The Republic of Korea has achieved economic growth and development thanks to the benefits of trade liberalization within the framework of a multilateral trading system. However, it faced a new international trading environment with the emergence of neoprotectionism. Initially, neoprotectionism was promoted by developed countries, but now it is becoming a common phenomenon in the international trading environment. In particular, the political and economic conflicts between the United States and China are forcing a radical change in the foreign trade policy of the Republic of Korea. The prolonged confrontation between the two largest markets for the South Korean economy has reinforced the need to review the foreign economic policy of the Government of the Republic of Korea. In response to changes in the international trading environment, the Government of the Republic of Korea was forced to develop and promote new directions of foreign economic policy for the development of the multilateral trading system.
Russian-Danish economic cooperation has a long and rich history, in which St. Petersburg, due to its geographical location, has always played an important role. The study of the role of large megacities in national foreign economic policy is now of great scientific and practical importance. The authors of this article attempt to examine the economic sphere of paradiplomacy based on the example of St. Petersburg. The article analyzes the legal framework for economic cooperation between St. Petersburg and Denmark, trade and investment cooperation, determines the place of St. Petersburg in the total trade turnover of Russia with Denmark, and the importance of Danish exports and imports for St. Petersburg's economy. Special attention is paid to the period 2014–2020, namely, the impact of the sanctions regime on Danish and St. Petersburg economic cooperation, as well as the new role of the Danish autonomous regions — the Faroe Islands and Greenland. The authors determine that there were no drastic changes in the economic interaction between St. Petersburg and Denmark after the introduction of sanctions. Although the counter-sanctions reduced the supply of Danish food products, the export of St. Petersburg goods to Denmark increased. The vacuum created by the reduction in the supply of Danish products was filled by enterprising residents of the Faroe Islands, who are not members of the European Union (EU). St. Petersburg has become one of the key centers of consumption of Faroese fish and seafood. The main obstacles to the development of economic cooperation between St. Petersburg and Denmark remain: value differences between the Russian Federation and the EU, the sanctions regime, an outdated regulatory framework, and a high degree of distrust between partners, which is beginning to affect the pragmatic sphere of the economy. The global economic crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic also has a negative impact on economic cooperation between St. Petersburg and Denmark. However, the epidemic opens up new opportunities for cooperation in areas that were on the periphery of Danish-Russian economic relations: digitalization of the economy and education, urbanism and the implementation of the ideas of a "smart city", cooperation in the field of pharmaceuticals and medical technologies, and cybersecurity.
The article discusses changes in the foreign economic policy of the Republic of Korea in connection with the deterioration of international trade at the beginning of the XXI century. The direct motive for changing the foreign economic policy of the Republic of Korea is the decline in the role of the WTO as a multilateral trading partner. On the other hand, FTA, based on economic cooperation between the two countries, is becoming a new model for economic development and cooperation in the XXI century. Bilateral negotiations are more likely to end than multilateral ones, because they are actively conducted in accordance with the interests of two countries. Therefore, free trade agreements (FTAs) are becoming the main direction of the economic policy of the Korea's government to adapt foreign economic policy and overcome the negative trend of global economic development. An FTA has various economic effects, such as the development of trade between two countries, improving the efficiency of resource allocation, reviving investment between two countries and stimulating economic growth. In accordance with this situation, the Republic of Korea justifies the relevance of trade and economic cooperation between two countries through the conclusion of an FTA as a means of implementing an active foreign economic policy. The Republic of Korea has become an opportunity to introduce an advanced economic structure through the signing of free trade agreements with advanced countries. On the other hand, it served as an opportunity to strengthen economic cooperation through the signing of free trade agreements with developing countries. For this reason, the experience of the foreign economic policy of the Republic of Korea can serve as a good example for the economic development of developing countries.
