Suchergebnisse

The results of system studies of the environment and socio-economics of the White Sea and the catchment area (Belomorye), obtained mainly from the results of RFBR project No. 18-05-60296, as well as developments under State assignments, are presented. The changes in the economy, social sphere and the environment that have oc- curred during the years of reforms from 1991 to 2019 are determined. The current state of the White Sea watershed has been studied: forests, soils, hydrological features, climate changes, as well as the economy and social sphere. The state and changes of the White Sea ecosystems under possible climate warming are considered. To study the socio-ecological-economic system of the watershed, cognitive models of the White Sea have been developed, which are considered as a tool for synthesizing the heterogeneous information about a complex system. Prognostic estimates of possible changes in the complex system of the region under a different set of economic and natural conditions are obtained.

Cover; Ecological Dimensions for Sustainable Socio Economic Development; Copyright Page; Contents; Editors and Contributors; Foreword; PART 1: INTRODUCTION; Chapter 1: Introduction to ecological dimensions for sustainable socioeconomic development; Chapter 2: The concept of sustainable development from an ecosystem perspective: history, evolution, and epistemology; PART 2: DWINDLING RESOURCES AND UNCERTAINTY FOR SUSTAINABILITY; Chapter 3: Water, energy and sustainable development in the 21st century.

Rising societal and economic needs of the increasing human population together with the growing size of fishing fleets, developing technology in the fishing and globalization of fish food market exerted a significant pressure on the marine ecosystems within the last decades. These pressures resulted in irreversible changes on the marine ecosystem structures and, in turn, limited the socio-economic benefits obtained from marine ecosystems. Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management aims to achieve a sustainable balance between the sociatial needs of the society and ecological health of the natural resources. This study provides a base for Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management (EBFM) for Turkish Seas employing an interdisciplinary holistic approach in three steps; I) Evaluating the historical development of the Turkish fisheries sector with its diverse sub-sectoral (marine and inland capture and aquaculture), sub-regional (along seven discrete geographical areas) and species based production trends as well as defining its diverse societal objectives, II) Exploring the direction and magnitude of the historical changes in the Turkey's marine capture fisheries (in the Black Sea, the Marmara Sea, the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea) and the corresponding response of its supporting ecosystems in relation to concurrent management measures, III) elucidating and comparing the structure, function and fisheries impact of the regional EEZs and predicting the impact of different management options. The holistic approach included socioeconomic and ecological indicators as well as modelling studies with Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE). Results quantified the level of human induced pressures driven by increasing societal and economic demands due to the human population increase, national economic crises and corresponded governmental subsidies. Since 1980s, per capita fish consumption decreased 1.5 kg/year with 14% increase in Turkey's fisheries production capacity and 52% rise of the human population. Indicator trends and interrelations observed between the indicators in this study could be summarised as follows; i) regional fisheries fleets have developed an over-fishing capacity, too many fishers were exploiting the constrained amount of stocks with excessive number of vessels that have excessive engine power with very low efficiency, ii) this fishing over-capacity eradicated the long sized, vulnerable fish species from the ecosystem and the ecosystem became significantly dominated by small pelagic fish, iii) even though the numbers of fishers, vessels and fishing effort of the fleet have been decreasing within the last decade, ecological indicators continued to give warning signals for a possible more severe deterioration in the regional ecosystems. Scenario simulations (except the ecology weighted scenario in the Black Sea) indicated that if the histrorical management policies were based on the ecosystem characteristics, the current targeted fish species biomass, landing weight and value would be in a better condition. Similar to the past scenario simulations, future predictions showed that EBFM can contribute to the ecological health of the ecosystems as well as to their economic efficiency. For this reason, the achievement and sustainability of ecological and socio-economic targets can be possible with a successful implementation of 'Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management' to the regional seas. The produced information and assessed gaps within the thesis study can be taken as a step forward on this way. ; Geçtiğimiz on yıllık süreçler içerisinde nüfusla birlikte artan sosyo-ekonomik ihtiyaçlar, balık avlama filolarındaki büyüme, balık avcılığındaki teknolojik gelişmeler ve su ürünleri pazarının küreselleşmesi deniz ekosistemleri üzerinde önemli bir baskı unsuru oluşturmaktadır. Bu baskılar deniz ekosistemlerinin yapısında geri dönüşü olmayan değişikliklere yol açmakta ve deniz ekosistemlerinden elde edilen sosyo-ekonomik faydaların azalması ile sonuçlanmaktadır. Ekosistem Temelli Balıkçılık Yönetimi (ETBY), balıkçılık yönetiminde, toplumsal ihtiyaçlar ile doğal kaynakların ekolojik sağlığı arasında sürdürülebilir bir denge sağlamayı hedeflemektedir. Bu tez çalışması disiplinlerarası bütüncül bir yöntem uygulayarak ETBY kararları için üç aşamalı bilimsel bir temel oluşturmaktadır; I) Türkiye balıkçılık sektörünün tarihsel gelişimini alt sektörler (deniz ve iç sularda avcılık ve yetiştiricilik), alt bölgeler (ülkenin yedi coğrafi bölgesi) ve tür bazında değerlendirmek ve toplumsal önceliklerini belirlemek, II) Türkiye deniz balıkları avcılığında (ulusal düzeyde ve Karadeniz, Marmara Denizi, Ege Denizi ve Akdeniz'de) ve geçmişten günümüze gerçekleşen değişimlerin yönünü ve boyutlarını, bölgesel ekosistemler üzerindeki sonuçları ile birlikte süregelen yönetim uygulamaları ile ilişki içerisinde değerlendirmek, III) bölgesel denizlerdeki Münhasır Ekonomik Bölge (MEB) ekosistemlerinin yapı ve işleyişlerini açıklamak ve karşılaştırmak ve aynı zamanda farklı yönetimsel uygulamalarının etkilerini tahmin etmek. Bu amaç için kullanılan bütüncül yöntem sosyo-ekonomik ve ekolojik indikatörler ile birlikte Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) ekosistem modeli ile yapılan modellemele çalışmalarından oluşmaktadır. Sonuçlar insan nüfusu ile birlikte artan sosyal ve ekonomik ihtiyaçlar, ulusal ekonomik krizler ve eş zamanlı hükümet teşviklerinin seviyesini sayısal olarak ortaya koymuştur. Türkiye nüfusunun artarken, toplam balıkçılık üretiminin sadece artmasıyla ile Türkiye'de kişi başına düşen balık tüketimi 1980'lerden günümüze 1,5 kg azalmıştır. Türkiye deniz balıkçılığına uygulanan indikatör eğilimleri I) bölgesel balıkçılıkların yüksek seviyede motor gücüne sahip çok sayıda tekne ve çok sayıda balıkçı ile, düşük verimliliğe neden olan aşırı avcılık seviyesine ulaştığını, II) bu aşırı avcılık kapasitesi ile zaman içerisinde bölgesel ekosistemlerdeki uzun boylu, uzun ömürlü, balıkçılığa hassas türleri azalttığı ve ekosistemlerde küçük pelajik balıkların dominant olduğunu, III) son yıllarda balıkçı ve tekne sayısının ve balık avlama gücünün azalmasına ragmen ekolojik indikatörlerin daha ileri ekolojik zarara yönelik uyarı sinyalleri vermeye devam ettiğini göstermiştir. EwE ile yapılan senaryo simülasyonları (Karadeniz'deki ekoloji öncelikli senaryo dışında) geçmişteki balıkçılık yönetimi uygulamalarının ekosistem temelli yapılmış olmaları halinde avlanan türlerin biyokütle, av miktar ve değerlerinin günümüz değerlerinden daha iyi olacağını göstermiştir. Geçmişe dönük senaryolara benzer şekilde, geleceğe yönelik tahminler ETBY sonuçlarının ekosistem sağlığına olduğu kadar balıkçılığın ekonomik verimliliğine de katkı verebileceğini göstermektedir. Bu nedenle balıkçılıkta ekolojik ve sosyo-ekonomik hedeflere ulaşmanın ETBY'nin bölgesel denizlere uygulanması ile mümkün olabileceği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Tez çalışması kapsamında üretilen bilgiler ve belirlenen eksiklikler bu amaç için bir adım olarak kullanılabilir. ; Ph.D. - Doctoral Program

"Edited by Ay,se K. Üskül and Shigehiro Oishi, Socio-Economic Environment and Human Psychology focuses on the social and economic conditions that impact on every aspect of an individual's life cycle. This edited collection showcases a variety of approaches to the study of the role of the social and economic environment in human psychological processes, such as: judgment and decision-making, trust, the self, and happiness. Further, it brings together state-of-the-art research from the fields of psychology, anthropology, economics, epidemiology, and evolutionary science. Illuminating how individuals think, feel, and behave in response to the social and economic conditions and settings that shape our daily lives, contributors to this volume explore the role played by economic conditions (wealth, scarcity, disasters); economic change (urbanization, socio-economic mobility); and the type of economic activity or structure (farming, herding, market economy) in the shaping of different psychological processes. As a result, the findings presented in this volume provide readers with important policy implications that have the potential to help to improve the psychological health of citizens at large."

ABSTRACTCocoa is a tree of the humid lowland tropics produced largely by small farmers, therefore in developing countries it can be used to generate farmer's income, provide labor employment and conserve environment. At the last decade, the cocoa productivity, the size and quality of beans in Indonesia significantly tend to decline due to the ageing of the tree, poor farming maintenance practice, planting of low yielding variety and ravages caused by pest and diseases. Such declining affects the price and the farmer's income, and farmers respond by leaving the plantation, replacing with food crops or oil palm, and increasing forest clearing which will threaten the environment. Such problem can be addressed by increasing the long term cocoa productivity of existing farms through side grafting of unproductive cocoa trees with genetically improved varieties. In 2008, it was reported that there are around 235.000 ha of unproductive cocoa that can be improved though side grafting. There was almost 90.000 ha that has been side grafted in 2009 and 2010 by the government support, and in 2011 evaluation through focus group discussion has been carried out. Side grafting with recommended varieties normalizes the cocoa growth, and cures the diseases. With a recommended cultivation technique, the productivity increases twice which followed by improve seed size. These result probably will gives an impact not only on the income but also farmer's future. Several farmers informed that they will not demolish their cocoa farm or even clear new land for crop food. Normal growth of cocoa and stopping opening new land will have a positive effect to the environment especially in mitigating climate change. Keywords: side grafting, cocoa

Edited by experts at the leading edge of the development of causal assessment methods for more than two decades, Ecological Causal Assessment gives insight and expert guidance on how to identify cause-effect relationships in environmental systems. The book discusses the importance of asking the fundamental question ""Why did this effect happen?"" before moving on to ""How can we fix it?"" The book provides a deeper understanding of different philosophical and analytical approaches, and of cognitive tendencies that can lead to errors. It describes formal processes for causal assessment that are