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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to address differences in bartering between markets and firms, as this mode of transaction has become a norm in the broadcasting industry in the sale of advertising air time and the purchase of programs.Design/methodology/approachPanel data from television stations in the USA is used to investigate the impact of a group of market‐specific and firm‐specific factors on the level of barter advertisement.FindingsThe results from the random effects regressions show that general economic conditions in the national market, such as unemployment and inflation, profitability of the station, and events such as the Olympics and election cycles affect the level of barter among television stations.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to filling a significant void in the empirical microeconomic analysis of barter transaction by providing an example from the broadcasting industry.

China's aggressive strategy to develop a modern economy is matched only by an even more ambitious program of technological development. The Chinese government has earmarked digital broadcasting as the pre-eminent media technology to emerge in China's expanding and diversifying mediascape. Yet, in spite of predictions of 30 million subscribers by 2005 and $220 billion in revenue by 2015, there is still much to do to sell digital broadcasting to consumers and achieve these targets. This study examines the challenges facing China's digital broadcasting industry using the theory of controlled commodification to critique implementation strategies. Emerging from this analysis is a deeper understanding of the contested role of media in China's socialist market economy, which has had an impact on the successful adoption of digital broadcasting at a crucial stage of development.

Abstract
This paper uses a simple model of duopoly competition to study the market provision of program quality offered by television broadcasters under three different regimes. In regime 1, two broadcasters are financed only with subscription fees (i.e., fee-based or pay TV). In regime 2, the two broadcasters generate their revenues only from advertising (i.e., free TV). In regime 3, one pay TV broadcaster competes with one free TV broadcaster. We show that the broadcasters in regime 3 (but not in regimes 1 and 2) vertically differentiate their channel programs if, for a given level of advertising market profitability, viewers strongly or weakly dislike the presence of advertising. In such cases, although the two pay TV broadcasters in regime 1 will unambiguously offer higher or lower quality programming than the two free TV broadcasters under regime 2, it is not clear which broadcaster will provide higher or lower program quality in regime 3 because this depends on the degree of horizontal differentiation between the channel programs. However, the levels of quality offered under regimes 1 and 2 fall between the quality levels offered by the two broadcasters in regime 3.

The Indonesian government has informed television broadcasting industry since 2007 regarding the policy of migration from analog to digital technology by inviting television associations in joint meetings and discussion forums. However, the efforts that have been made by the government have not been able to make the television broadcasting industry have the same construction on the policy of television digitization to jointly realize it. This study aims to analyze and reveal the reality of the Indonesian government's communication to the television broadcasting industry regarding the policy on terrestrial television digitization. The method used is qualitative with the type of case study and constructivist paradigm. This study reveals that there is uncertainty with the reality of the Indonesian government's communication to the television broadcasting industry regarding terrestrial television digitization policies in 2007-2018, and there is no maximum time to explain issues about television digitization which are very technical. In addition, participatory communication is not fully carried out by the government to invite the television broadcasting industry to participate in the success of accelerating the terrestrial television digitization in Indonesia.

This paper considers the processes supporting agglomeration in the British television broadcasting industry. It compares and contrasts the insights offered by the cultural turn in geography and more conventionally economic approaches. It finds that culture and institutions are fundamental to the constitution of production and exchange relationships and also that they solve fundamental economic problems of coordinating resources under conditions of uncertainty and limited information. Processes at a range of spatial scales are important, from highly local to global, and conventional economics casts some light on which firms are most active and successful.