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The complex phenomenon of syncretism has been a subject of close academic scrutiny in various aspects of humanities, social and natural sciences. In this paper, the study of syncretic features of science fiction texts fits into broader sociocultural context and relates to increasing complexity of modern reality, science and fiction. Understanding a fictional text as a complex and multidimensional integral whole, the authors consider syncretism a typologically marked textual "dimension", produced by a complex system of interrelated and interactive heterogeneous characteristics, fused into a textual whole to realize the author's intention. To confirm the hypothesis, the authors explore the syncretic science fiction texts of the 20 th – 21 st centuries which create a unique fictional world to produce a blended model of the traditionally opposed ways of human cognition: rational and emotional. The authors give a brief overview of the specifics of understanding syncretism in different scientific disciplines; offer the definition of syncretism and the methodology of its description; distinguish three types of syncretism (syncretism of reality, of intention, and of language data); analyze heterogeneous textual characteristics as systemic manifestations of syncretism at different levels of textual organization: subject-and-thematic, lexical-and-semantic, and structural-and-syntactic. The mechanism of creating a syncretic text is connected with the deautomatization of a reader's perception and with higher cognitive activity of the interpreter.

With the advent and development of the theory of metafiction, the range of works that can be referred to this phenomenon is constantly expanding, with the deepest origins of metafiction being found in the history of novel as a genre. Modern Russian metafiction, developing in the context of literary centrism rebooting and new practices being created, is widely represented in different strata of modern Russian literature: in elite literature (Pushkin House by A. Bitov, t by V. Pelevin, Blue Fat by V. Sorokin, etc.), in fiction (Happiness Is Possible by O. Zayonchkovsky, Quality of Life by A. Slapovsky, Medvedki by M. Galina, Self- Taught by A. Utkin, etc.), in mass literature (Stylist by A. Marinina, Boys and Girls by E. Kolina, Point of No Return by P. Dashkova, etc.). The article analyzes different metafictional strategies in modern prose. The process of creating literary text is found to be one of the crosscutting subjects of modern metafiction. This is primarily connected with the writers' desire to capture and reflect the complex and contradictory strategies of writing in the 21st century. The article considers different manifestations of metafictional strategy, such as: 'triple literary matryoshka' (Literary Slave: Weekdays and Holidays by N. Sokolovskaya), the theme of translation and mystification (Interlinear Translation by E. Chizhov and Stylist by A. Marinina), the author's reflection (Adaptor by A. Slapovsky), 'novel about a writer' (Happiness is Possible by O. Zayonchkovsky), text created in collaboration with the new type of the reader (Arbeit. The Wide Canvas by E. Popova). All the analyzed texts raise questions about the changing role of the writer and the reader in the modern world and about the new relations between the writer and the publisher.

The aim of the article is to try to determine the modern role of reproduction of painting in popularization of art. The article for the first time considers the types and functions of painting reproductions in contemporary culture. The definitions of such categories as "enlightenment", "popularization" are clarified, changes in the populariza-tion of painting related to infotainment, edutainment, museum and exhibition marketing are shown. The work reveals the specifics of perception of the reproduced image and the strategy of viewer's behavior. According to the authors, reproductions are only a signifier in relation to painting, which does not prevent them from influ-encing the perception of originals, changing the meanings and values invested by the author in the original. The work examines the peculiarities of mechanisms of communicative, memorial, aesthetic, cognitive, moral-educational and other functions in relation to reproductions. It also demonstrates the influence of contexts on the perception of reproductions.

The article examines the metaphysical provisions of Francis Bacon's philosophical doctrine, which the thinker identified as the initial and intrinsic conditions of scientific knowledge. The author demonstrates that the new scientific paradigm formulated by the English philosopher is based on the traditional Western metaphysical concepts of "first cause" and "God". It is shown that, despite Bacon's significant focus on developing a new method for scientific inquiry, metaphysics is an essential aspect of his doctrine and serves as a necessary pre-requisite for scientific activity. The fact of the gradual displacement of this component of the thinker's views from subsequent scientific reflection is also considered, using the example of the teachings of L. Feuerbach, O. Comte, K. Marx, E. Husserl, K. Jaspers, and J. Habermas. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that neglecting the content of classical metaphysics, as considered by F. Bacon, has a destructive impact on modern science.

The article examines the history and prehistory of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The analysis of functioning conditions of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, ways of its financing, privileges and benefits granted to scien­tists, as well as the active actions of the academic administration demonstrated how quickly St. Petersburg turned into one of the most important scientific cen­ters of the world. The author reveals the role of outstanding figures of the En­lightenment era, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Christian Wolf, in the creation of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. She notes that Leibniz saw the cre­ation of the Academy of Sciences in Russia as the implementation of Bacon's epistemological utopia, the "New Atlantis," and was ready to take a direct part in its creation. The article notes that together with the Academy of Sciences in Russia a new intellectual community emerged, and this community was ca­pable of solving important state tasks and complex research problems. One of the important conclusions of the study is the analysis of how the academic community was integrated into the social structure of Russia and constantly evolved into the country's academic system. The article gives a brief overview of the history of the emergence of academies of sciences in Europe in the New Time, it considers main directions of their activities, features of financial sup­port, publications, and working conditions of scientists. Particular attention is paid to the development of philosophical and worldview lines of the academic institutions' activities. The formation of the academic space in Europe is com­pared with the development of the Academy of Sciences in Russia, where the idea of creating the Academy from the very beginning acquired a state char­acter.

The article presents a sociological analysis of the discourses of Soviet professionals, as well as the identifica-tion of their antagonism and hegemony. Soviet production brochures containing author's narratives of profes-sionals of several specialties and industries are analyzed. The sequence of discourse analysis is developed according to the methodological model of E. Laclau and Ch. Mouffe. The following categories are identified: key signs, articulation, moments, elements, domain of discursivity, discourse structure, nodal point, subject, discourse, slippage, antagonism, hegemony. Within the overarching hegemonic Soviet discourse, the following specific discourses are identified: quantitative and qualitative indicators, collectivism and individualism, men-torship and apprenticeship, personal responsibility and public good. Social practices for shaping these dis-courses were identified, as well as mechanisms for forming, maintaining, and preserving the social patterns of Soviet professionals. A generalizing classification of the identified discourses has been developed. Through a rigorous sociological analysis, this study sheds light on the diverse discourses among Soviet professionals and their role within the broader societal context. Furthermore, the developed methodology provides a framework for future studies on discourse analysis in similar socio-political contexts.

The article scrutinizes the various aspects of the conceptualization of profession in sociological discourse. The works of both foreign and domestic sociologists are analyzed. Using the method of discourse analysis, inter-pretations of the phenomenon of profession as a social association, a subculture, a set of networks and con-nections, a social institution, as well as an independent discourse have been identified. A discourse analysis of the types of professional communities is presented depending on the main sociological parameters: status, sense of significance/closeness, isolation, cohesion, degree of loyalty, value of belonging to the community. Particular attention is paid to the interpretation of the profession as a social institution, expressed in the pres-ence of attitudes and patterns of behavior, symbolic cultural characteristics, specific ethics and ideology. A set of aspects of the systemic impact of professional discourse on personality is defined. The article develops a generalizing model of interpretation of the given phenomenon in sociological discourse.

The article analyzes the linguistic features of the novel Zumalacárregui by the Spanish writer Benito Pérez Galdos, first published in 1898. The novel opens the third series of the National episodes (Episodios Nacionales) and is dedicated to the First Carlist War in Spain (1833–1840). The protagonist is the Carlist general T. de Zumalacárregui, whose Doppelgänger is the priest José Fago. General T. de Zumalacárregui is frequently mentioned in periodical publications, in memoires and in fiction of the 19–20th centuries. The article analyzes nouns, adjectives and substantive combinations used by the writer to create the image of the protagonist. The semantic fields "war", "politics" and "religion" are distinguished among the lexical units used in relation to the general. The image of T. de Zumalacárregui is analyzed separately in the direct speech of the characters of the novel. The most common lexemes used to describe the general are "caudillo" ("leader"), "guerrero" ("warrior"), and "héroe" ("hero"). These lexical units, commonly used with positive connotations, acquire a comic connotation in the context of the novel or serve to express a negative value judgment. The vocabulary related to the semantic field "religion" at first sight repeats the clichés of Carlist propaganda, according to which T. de Zumalacárregui appears as a "martyr" who suffered for the "Cause". At the same time, by replacing individual lexical units, the author turns the protagonist into a parody of Christ. The vocabulary related to the semantic field "politics" is analyzed. T. de Zumalacárregui appears in the work as a supporter of "Absolutism". It is concluded that B. Pérez Galdós, copying some clichés of Carlist propaganda, created a negative image of T. de Zumalacárregui.

The modern theory of style requires clarification of some aspects of this multifaceted phenomenon, because of its absolute anthropocentric and functional nature, as well as the resultant immanent connection of style not only with linguistic elements but also with extralinguistic factors. The study shows that such clarifications are largely related to style characteristics, such as relationality, which is the explicit expression of the relationship between the language and the person using it in specific types of speech activities and communications in the style and through it, polyvalence or the ability to express not one, but a whole bunch of correlative ties between language units and non-language phenomena, alternativity, which means an implication of the will expression of a linguistic persona in the style category. This will expression is aimed at consciously choosing from two or more options available to the linguistic persona based on the resources of the appropriate language and language experience to utter the desired message. As a modus of formulating a specific functional-conceptual whole realized through the interconnected set of features of a systemic-structural formation that can be distinguished and interpreted, style is a crucial parameter of utterance, text and discourse. Being the specific functional-conceptual whole formulation modus, it is realized through the interconnected set of features of a systemic-structural formation that can be distinguished and interpreted. Recognition of stylistic information contained in the holistic statements formulation modus optimizes the successful course of speech communication.

The present paper focuses on external language-based culture presentation, which can result from two distinct kinds of translation – the traditional translation, departing from a culturally loaded text, and the translation of culture, departing directly from the culture being presented. Despite the fact that in both instances we deal with translation and similar linguistic mechanisms are being involved, the comparative study of a transcultural text of L. Tolstoy's Hadji Murad and its translation into English allows to demonstrate significant distinctions between the two modes of translation. At that, the distinctions affect such core features of translation as its accuracy and readability. In particular, the study revealed that the direct translation of culture, being unconditioned by the source text and the derivative status, tends to be more precise in rendering the specific features of a unique culture it deals with, introducing xenonymic elements at the expense of language homogeneity. While traditional text-to-text translation, striving to comply with the requirements of readability and normality, cultural meanings appear to be much more prone to neutralizing and distorting. The presented study demonstrates that the losses and distortions we associate with translation are not inevitable and can be minimized. The practice underlying the translation of culture can serve as a source of a strategy fit to deal with culturally loaded texts.

The U.S. Constitution requires the President to submit Supreme Court nominees to the Senate for its advice and consent. The appointment of a Supreme Court Justice is an event of major significance in American politics. Since the early 20th century, Presidents have submitted 62 nominations for the Court, including those for the post of Chief Justice. Of this total, 55 were confirmed (seven declined to serve). The article dissects the crucial constitutional disputes between the executive and legislative branches of government from the Eisenhower administration to the end of the Clinton administration, and examines the day-to-day working relations between the President and Congress, which go beyond the traditional discussions of Supreme Court decisions. The article analyzes the conflicts between the President and Congress in the field of shared power – nomination and confirmation of the Supreme Court Justices in the Senate. The research is based on historical and statistical data on the Supreme Court: its institutional development; decision trends; background, nomination; its relations with public, governmental, and other judicial bodies; and its influence. A special place in the article is given to the analysis of the policies of the Nixon, Reagan and Clinton administrations.

The historical memory of Dmitry Donskoy in the first centuries after his death was primarily of a secular nature. His victory in the Kulikovo field determined the public perception of his image. Even during the life of Dmitry, there was a convergence between his image and the memory of Alexander Nevsky, but the question of church glorification of a victor over Mamai was not raised. The reason lay in Dmitry's policy of active interference in the affairs of ecclesiastical authorities. Even a large-scale canonization of Russian saints, initiated by Metropolitan Macarius, left Dmitry Donskoy out. It can again be attributed to his difficult relationship with the church authorities. However, this didn't prevent an increasing tendency of inclusion of the image of the Grand Duke as a talented military leader and conqueror of the Horde in the historical memory of his contemporaries and in the coordinate system of the ideology of the newly created unified Russian state. Ivan Grozny considered him one of the "historical models" for his own rule and emphasized his own descent from this glorious ancestor. In the 17th century, the nobles, constructing their genealogical history, tried to connect their origins with the boyars who went to the court of Dmitry Donskoy. The emerging "connection" of the historical image of Dmitry with Alexander Nevsky, canonized at the all-Russian level in 1547, was also preserved.

Monarchist sentiments today are very common among representatives of Orthodox subcultures of a fundamentalist pattern. The dogmatization of monarchical concepts, which began in the Byzantine period in the history of Orthodoxy, is today perceived as part of the established religious tradition. Religious monarchism, represented in Russian society, does not have internal unity. It is possible to single out classical monarchism, which proves that monarchy is the best and most charitable form of organizing society, and eschatological, which believes that the coming Russian Orthodox tsar will have a special role in the upcoming eschatological and apocalyptic processes. Within the framework of eschatological monarchism, there is an active formation of mythologems and mythological narratives. The author's analysis of sources made it possible to identify five main thematic blocks: about the time of the coming of the king and the necessary conditions, about the personality and origin of the coming king, about the circumstances of the king's coming to power, about the nature of the king's reign, about the eschatological role of the king. The eschatological monarchical myth, constructed by modern contenders for the throne, is syncretic in nature and is generally aimed at substantiating the claims of the latter. The methods of inclusive hermeneutics are used as tools, allowing to interpret authoritative texts in accordance with apologetic purposes or to fabricate the latter.