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During the Arab Spring the idea of the Middle East as an authoritarian exception appeared to be no longer valid. Yet the Gulf states seem to be safe from political turmoil. This paper examines the persistence of authoritarianism in the Gulf states. It has been suggested that various factors explain the resiliency of authoritarianism in the Gulf monarchies, the most prominent the rentier-state-system hypothesis. This paper examines whether the cultural and Islamic values of the Gulf states have led to the entrenchment of authoritarianism; it also seeks to understand whether high living standards and economic growth in the Gulf states have helped these regimes to maintain their authoritarian power and to avoid strong opposition. The paper argues that in the near future these states seem likely to survive and maintain popular consensus, unless they face substantial economic crisis or an external circumstance such as war or political pressure. However, the longer-term threat to the security of the Gulf states is their dependency on natural resources which are declining while their populations are growing rapidly. Hence, modifying the rentier system's social contract is essential to maintain stability in the long term.

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Chapter 2 Challenges Facing the Gulf Petroleum Industry: Covid-19, New Technologies, Energy Transition -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Petroleum Industry & -- New Technologies: More Production… -- 2.3 .… but Less Demand! -- 2.4 Opportunity for Reforms -- 2.5 The Peak of Oil Is Inevitable, but Not Near -- 2.6 Keep Calm and Pump Oil -- 2.7 The Gulf Goes "Green" -- 2.8 It Is Not Going to Be That Simple -- 2.9 Road Ahead -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3 Qatar's Energy Sector in the Post-COVID Era -- 3.1 The Emergence of Qatar as a Global LNG Power: A Brief History -- 3.2 Navigating Regional Political and Economic Stability -- 3.3 A New Era of Great Power Engagement: The Rise of China -- 3.4 The Context of Regional Relations: The Post-Blockade Era -- 3.5 Global Observations of the LNG Sector -- 3.6 Global Carbon-Neutral Goals and a Blue Ammonia Future -- 3.7 Concluding Observations -- References -- Chapter 4 GCC Renewable Energy Development Amid COVID-19 Pandemic -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Why Scaling up the Deployment of Renewable Energy Technologies -- 4.3 The State of Renewable Energy in the Six GCC States Pre-COVID-19 Pandemic -- 4.3.1 Bahrain -- 4.3.2 Kuwait -- 4.3.3 Oman -- 4.3.4 Qatar -- 4.3.5 Saudi Arabia -- 4.3.6 UAE -- 4.4 COVID-19 Pandemic and the Gulf Renewable Energy -- 4.5 Challenges Ahead -- 4.5.1 Institutional Barriers -- 4.5.2 Market Barriers -- 4.5.3 Technical Barriers -- 4.5.4 Cultural Barriers -- 4.5.5 Innovation and Domestic Technological Production -- 4.6 Conclusions and Policy Insights -- References -- Chapter 5 The Covid Response in the GCC: Making a Durable Economic Policy Agenda -- 5.1 The Economic Recovery Outlook.

The book considers the impact of COVID-19 on the GCC member states through the prism of challenges faced by their hydrocarbon sector. Yet, the publication's discourse is not solely focused on the problems experienced by the oil and gas industries of the GCC member states after the beginning of the COVID pandemic. Instead, the contributors will analyze how these challenges and subsequent response to them affected other aspects of the GCC socio-economic and political development, from direct impact of the COVID on the energy sector of the GCC to socio-economic consequences of the oil market crisis for the region and its potential fallouts for the international relations of the Gulf. Nikolay Kozhanov is a Research Associate Professor at the Gulf Studies Center of Qatar University. He is also a Non-Resident Scholar at the Program on Economics and Energy at the Middle East Institute. His research interests are focused on the geopolitics of the Gulf hydrocarbons, Russian foreign policy in the Middle East as well as Iran's economy and international relations. Karen E. Young is a Senior Fellow and Director of the Program on Economics and Energy at the Middle East Institute. She was a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), focused on the political economy of the Middle East and states of the Gulf Cooperation Council. She regularly teaches at the Foreign Service Institute at the US Department of State, and has taught at George Washington University and the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. Jalal Qanas is an assistant professor in the College of Business and Economics at Qatar University. During 2013-2017, he was Teaching Assistant in Economics for Undergraduate and Postgraduate students at the University of Leeds. He also taught a summer course in the Economics of Brexit at Oxford University. Before joining Qatar University, Jalal was a Visiting Lecturer at the University of West London. Qanas' research interests are mainly in macroeconomic policies, monetary economics, central banking and political economy of the Persian Gulf.