In March 2018 the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) ruled that the arbitration clauses for the settlement of disputes between investors and states, which had been established in bilateral investment treaties signed between member countries of the Union, were contrary to European law. This paper intends to present some of the repercussions that this decision could have on international investment law. ; En marzo de 2018, el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TJUE) resolvió que las cláusulas arbitrales para la solución de controversias entre inversionistas y Estados, establecidas en acuerdos bilaterales de inversión suscritos entre países miembros de la Unión, eran contrarias al derecho comunitario. Este trabajo pretende presentar algunas de las repercusiones que esta decisión podría tener en el derecho internacional de las inversiones.
The following work provides an overview of various discussions on the Act Nr.20.084 and a critical review of the enforcement of criminal penalties contemplated in it.These aspects show not only the need of a legal reform but a change in the behaviour ofthe system's actors as well, based on respect and strengthening of the rights ofadolescents. ; El presente trabajo contiene tanto una descripción de una serie dediscusiones a que ha dado lugar la puesta en marcha de la Ley N° 20.084, cuanto uncomentario a la normativa de ejecución de penas de la misma ley. Ambos reflejan no sólola necesidad de correcciones legislativas a ese respecto, sino también un cambio en lacultura jurídica de los diversos actores del sistema, cimentada en el respeto yfortalecimiento de los derechos de los adolescentes.
Inhaltsverzeichnis Kurz: Vorwort -- Vorwort -- Teil 1. Allgemeine Überlegungen zu Transdisziplinarität, Ökonomie und Ökologie -- Kapitel 1. Auf dem Weg zu einer transdisziplinären ökologischen Ökonomie: ein kognitiver Ansatz -- Kapitel 2. Die "Tragödie der Allmende" und die Rolle des Geldzinssatzes -- Kapitel 3. Allokative Effizienz und Eigentumsrechte in der ökologischen Ökonomie: Warum wir zwischen vom Menschen geschaffenem Kapital und natürlichen Ressourcen unterscheiden müssen -- Teil 2. Chile -- Kapitel 4. Die Subventionierung grüner Wüsten im Süden Chiles - zwischen schnellem Wachstum und Nachhaltigkeit der Forstwirtschaft -- Kapitel 5. Landnutzung als sozioökologisches System: Entwicklung eines transdisziplinären Ansatzes für Studien zum Landnutzungswandel in Süd-Zentral-Chile -- Kapitel 6. Zwischen Extraktivismus und Naturschutz: Baumplantagen, Waldreservate und bäuerliche Territorialität in Los Ríos, Chile -- Kapitel 7. Unsichere Grundbesitzverhältnisse und Waldschutz in Chile: der Fall der indigenen Mapuche-Gemeinschaften der Huilliche in den Küstenregenwäldern von Mapu Lahual - Kapitel 8. Auf dem Weg zu einem neuen Waldmodell für Chile: Bewirtschaftung von Waldökosystemen zur Steigerung ihres sozialen, ökologischen und wirtschaftlichen Nutzens - Kapitel 9. Zur Ökosystemdynamik bei der Erhaltung von Feuchtgebieten und Wäldern -- Teil 3. Brasilien - Kapitel 10. Transdisziplinäre Fallstudienansätze zur ökologischen Wiederherstellung von Regenwaldökosystemen -- Kapitel 11. Forstverwaltung in Brasilien und Chile: Institutionen und Praktiken bei der Umsetzung einer nachhaltigen Bewirtschaftung der einheimischen Wälder -- Kapitel 12. Kommunale private Naturschutzgebiete: Nutzung und Zuweisung von Naturschutzgebieten in der Stadt Curitiba (PR) -- Kapitel 13. Verständnis der Annahme und Gestaltung von anreizbasierten Waldschutzmaßnahmen: eine Fallstudie des SISA-Programms in Acre, Brasilien -- Schlussfolgerungen -- Index.
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Since the arrival of Spaniards, Chile has had great changes in its forestry landscape, mainly during the 19th century. Land clearance for cattle and agriculture was originally the main cause of forest losses. The period of indiscriminate destruction of forests corresponds to the first stage of "Exploitation" of the forest resources according to the classification by Kimmins to describe the degree of forest development. In Chile this stage ended with the last great destruction of forests in Aysén, during the middle part of the 20th century. According to Kimmins the first stage is followed by one of "Regulation", which is characterized by the creation of political and legal mechanisms to control forest harvest. Chile enters this stage, through state initiatives, with the creation of the institutional and industrial bases, by the creating the Corporación Nacional Forestal (Chilean Forest Service), the INFOR (Forest Research Institute), and the pulp mills Arauco and Constitución. The third stage corresponds to that of "Sustainable Forest Management", in which there is a sustained provision of goods and services from the forest. In this article our objective is to conduct a critical analysis to determine whether Chile has reached this stage of development, and for that purpose we established three requisites that Chile should fulfill to consider itself a developed nation from a forestry perspective: a) a great proportion of the population must improve their quality of life through the goods and services provided by the forests; b) strong public and private institutions should safeguard the good management of plantations and native forests, and; c) plantations and native forests are carefully managed so as to conserve or improve their biodiversity, productivity and the ecosystem services that they can provide. Through our analysis we conclude that these conditions are not met in Chile, and the pending challenge is to move the Chilean forest model towards greater levels of sustainability, particularly in social and environmental matters, in order become a nation with a truly developed forest sector. ; Desde la llegada de los españoles Chile ha sufrido grandes cambios en el paisaje forestal, particularmente a partir del siglo XIX. Las grandes pérdidas de bosques fueron causadas originalmente por la apertura de tierras para la agricultura y la ganadería. El período de destrucción indiscriminada de los bosques corresponde a la primera Etapa de "Explotación" de los recursos de acuerdo a la clasificación establecida por Kimmins, para describir el nivel de desarrollo forestal de los países. Se puede considerar que en Chile esta fase terminó luego de la última gran destrucción de bosques en Aysén, a mediados del siglo XX. Según Kimmins a la primera Etapa le sigue una de "Regulación", caracterizada por la creación de mecanismos políticos y legales para controlar la cosecha de bosques. Chile entra a esta Etapa con la creación por parte del Estado de las bases de la institucionalidad y la industria forestal chilena, en donde son ejemplos emblemáticos la creación de la Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF), el Instituto Forestal (INFOR), y las empresas de pulpa Arauco y Constitución. La tercera Etapa corresponde a la de "Desarrollo Forestal Sustentable", aquella en que existe una oferta sostenible de bienes yservicios de los bosques. En este artículo nuestro objetivo es hacer un análisis crítico para determinar si Chile ha alcanzado esta Etapa, para lo cual establecimos tres requisitos que deberían cumplirse para que Chile pueda considerarse un "País Forestal": a) una gran parte de la población debe ver mejorada su calidad de vida a través de los bienes y servicios provenientes de los bosques; b) existe una institucionalidad fuerte, tanto pública como privada, que resguarda el cumplimiento de normas modernas que regulan el buen manejo de plantaciones y bosques nativos, y c) las plantaciones y los bosques nativos son cuidadosamente manejados, de modo de conservar o mejorar la biodiversidad, la productividad y los servicios ecosistémicos que éstos proveen. A través de nuestro análisis concluimos que en su conjunto estas condiciones no se cumplen en Chile, y que el desafío pendiente es conducir el modelo forestal chileno hacia mayores niveles de sustentabilidad, particularmente en lo ambiental y social, para poder decir que Chile es realmente un "País Forestal".
The Evergreen forest type develops along the Valdivian and North-Patagonian phytogeographical regions of the south-central part of Chile (38° S–46° S). These evergreen forests have been scarcely studied south of 43° S, where there is still a large area made up of old-growth forests. Silvicultural proposals for the Evergreen forest type have been based on northern Evergreen forests, so that the characterization of the structure and composition of southern Evergreen forests, e.g., their typification, would aid in the development of appropriate silvicultural proposals for these forests. Based on the tree composition of 46 sampled plots in old-growth forests in an area of >1000 ha in southern Chiloé Island (43° S), we used multivariate analyses to define forest groups and to compare these forests with other evergreen forests throughout the Archipelago of North-Patagonia. We determined that evergreen forests of southern Chiloé correspond to the North-Patagonian temperate rainforests that are characterized by few tree species of different shade tolerance growing on fragile soils. We discuss the convenience of developing continuous cover forest management for these forests, rather than selective cuts or even-aged management that is proposed in the current legislation. This study is a contribution to forest classification for both ecologically- and forestry-oriented purposes.
Most U.S. states that have regulated and taxed cannabis have imposed some form of mandatory safety testing requirements. In California, the country's largest and oldest legal cannabis market, mandatory testing was first enforced by state regulators in July 2018, and additional mandatory tests were introduced at the end of 2018. All cannabis must be tested and labeled as certified by a state-licensed cannabis testing laboratory before it can be legally marketed in California. Every batch that is sold by licensed retailers must be tested for more than 100 contaminants, including 66 pesticides with tolerance levels lower than the levels allowable for any other agricultural product in California. This paper estimates the costs of compliance with mandatory cannabis testing laws and regulations, using California's testing regime as a case study. We use state government data, data collected from testing laboratories, and data collected from lab equipment suppliers to run a set of Monte Carlo simulations and estimate the cost per pound of compliance with California's new cannabis testing regulations. We find that cost per pound is highly sensitive to average batch size and testing failure rates. We present results under a variety of different assumptions about batch size and failure rates. We also find that under realistic assumptions, the loss of cannabis that must be destroyed if a batch fails testing accounts for a larger share of total testing costs than does the cost of the lab tests. Using our best estimates of average batch size (8 pounds) and failure rate (4%) in the 2019 California market, we estimate testing cost at $136 per pound of dried cannabis flower, or about 10 percent of the reported average wholesale price of legal cannabis in the state. Our findings explain effects of the testing standards on the cost of supplying legal licensed cannabis, in California, other U.S. states, and foreign jurisdictions with similar testing regimes.
Achieving multi-million-hectare commitments from countries around the world to restore degraded lands in resilient and sustainable ways requires, among other things, huge volumes of tree planting material. Seed systems encompassing all forest reproductive material (e.g., seeds, cuttings, stakes, and wildings), are key to ensuring that sufficient planting material with a diverse range of suitable species, adapted to local conditions and capable of persisting under a changing climate, is available for restoration projects. The ideal structure of a seed system integrates five components: seed selection and innovation, seed harvesting and production, market access, supply and demand, quality control, and an enabling environment. We propose 15 indicators to evaluate these key components and trial them by assessing national seed systems in 7 Latin American countries. We conclude that the indicators enable a straightforward assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of national seed systems, thus assisting governments to identify key areas for improvement and opportunities for horizontal learning. ; ISSN:1424-2818
Achieving multi-million-hectare commitments from countries around the world to restore degraded lands in resilient and sustainable ways requires, among other things, huge volumes of tree planting material. Seed systems encompassing all forest reproductive material (e.g., seeds, cuttings, stakes, and wildings), are key to ensuring that sufficient planting material with a diverse range of suitable species, adapted to local conditions and capable of persisting under a changing climate, is available for restoration projects. The ideal structure of a seed system integrates five components: seed selection and innovation, seed harvesting and production, market access, supply and demand, quality control, and an enabling environment. We propose 15 indicators to evaluate these key components and trial them by assessing national seed systems in 7 Latin American countries. We conclude that the indicators enable a straightforward assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of national seed systems, thus assisting governments to identify key areas for improvement and opportunities for horizontal learning
Achieving multi-million-hectare commitments from countries around the world to restore degraded lands in resilient and sustainable ways requires, among other things, huge volumes of tree planting material. Seed systems encompassing all forest reproductive material (e.g., seeds, cuttings, stakes, and wildings), are key to ensuring that sufficient planting material with a diverse range of suitable species, adapted to local conditions and capable of persisting under a changing climate, is available for restoration projects. The ideal structure of a seed system integrates five components: seed selection and innovation, seed harvesting and production, market access, supply and demand, quality control, and an enabling environment. We propose 15 indicators to evaluate these key components and trial them by assessing national seed systems in 7 Latin American countries. We conclude that the indicators enable a straightforward assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of national seed systems, thus assisting governments to identify key areas for improvement and opportunities for horizontal learning.
El diagnóstico crítico sobre las consecuencias del sistema político económico instalado en Chile durante la dictadura militar de Pinochet parece consolidarse después de varias décadas de funcionamiento del modelo. Comienza a tomar fuerza a partir de las movilizaciones sociales ocurridas entre el 2006 y el 2011, y hoy muchos afirman la inauguración de un nuevo ciclo político, uno auspicioso para las demandas de millones de chilenos y chilenas que vieron cómo las conquistas sociales alcanzadas durante el siglo veinte por amplios sectores de la sociedad chilena, fueron abolidas y los derechos de las nuevas generaciones, conculcados. Hoy se abre la posibilidad de construir una nueva carta constitucional y de avanzar hacia una democracia efectiva que incluya a todos los sectores de la sociedad chilena. Sin embargo, el diagnóstico también es claro en afirmar que la inauguración de este ciclo no depende únicamente del sistema político que cree la nueva constitución, sino que principalmente del tránsito hacia un nuevo modelo de desarrollo. Este tránsito será demandante para todos los actores de la sociedad y especialmente para las organizaciones y los movimientos sociales, puesto que frente a la posibilidad también se abre un espacio de enorme disputa entre las clases que se han beneficiado del modelo por décadas, concentrando grandes cuotas de poder político y económico, y la gran mayoría de los chilenos y chilenas que han sufrido la desigualdad y la injusticia, asumiendo la mayor parte del riesgo por el crecimiento económico del país.
