The importance of the sea in the current era of globalization has called all countries for managing their interests at sea as well as their common concern collectively, cooperatively and inclusively. By looking at the notions of the sea as a medium of connectivity and sea as a resource coupled with its vulnerability particularly in Indian and Pacific Oceans, Indo-Pacific maritime cooperation towards global ocean governance accordingly are vital to the international stability, a successful of sea-based trading system and sustainability use of the oceans. Therefore this article discusses the rationale of Indo-Pacific Maritime Cooperation, which made possible by the common concern of countries that locate between the Indian and West Pacific ocean maritime, the vulnerabilities of the region and the existence of various ASEAN's mechanisms on Maritime Security Cooperation as well as regional regime and international law. Nevertheless, ASEAN needs to note some issues relating to its consolidation as well as the internal challenges in the realization of global maritime governance.
The US rebalancing strategy in Asia Pacific confirms the importance of AsiaPacific region particularly for the US and her interest. A rapid economicdevelopment in Asia Pacific states coupled with security dynamics thatpotentially triggers instability in the region have become driving factors forthe US involvement in the region. The US (re)-existence as well as her activeengagement obviously gives rise to multiple responses and leads to negativeperception. This article perceives that the US pivot in Asia Pacific including thestrengthening of US influence in the region might provoke tension particularlywith China. Nonetheless, a common and mutual interest in economic andsecurity has forced both states to self-restrain and develop strategicpartnership, which is essential to achieve their common goals together withother Asia Pacific states. To understand the US strategy and the impact of thestrategy, this article analyzes the US official documents as well as otherrelated states' documents, and using the "post-modern states" approach toexplain the implication of US military strategy
Abstract: All ASEAN member States have ratified and acceded the Convention on the Elimination of AllForms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC).As parties of both conventions, Malaysia and Indonesia should enforce specific mechanism and rules inline with CEDAW and CRC norms and standards. Yet, both countries ask reservation for severalsubstantive and procedural matters on both conventions. This certainly restricts the enforcement on theelimination of all forms of discrimination against women and the protection of the rights of children. Thisis in addition to the Islamic shariah implemented in Malaysia and some regions in Indonesia as well asstereotype of women and men regarding their role in economic, social, and political. This paper willessentially show some hindrances for both governments and therefore should take some steps to reducethe limitation. The analysis will be delivered by examining all reports given by both governments to UNCommission on Women and Children, as well as shadow reports from NGOs.Keywords: CEDAW, CRC, Reservation, Radical Feminism Abstrak: Semua Negara anggota ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asia Nation) telah meratifikasi danmengaksesi Konvensi tentang Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi terhadap Perempuan(Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women - CEDAW) dan Konvensitentang Hak-hak Anak (Convention on the Rights of the Child - CRC). Sebagai pihak yang meratifikasikedua konvensi tersebut, Malaysia dan Indonesia tentu saja harus tunduk dan mengikuti aturan yangtertera di dalam konvensi tersebut. Sayangnya, Malaysia dan Indonesia mengajukan reservasi terhadapbeberapa aturan dalam konvensi, baik secara substansi maupun prosedur. Hal ini tentu sajamenghambat penghormatan dan pelaksanaan kedua konvensi secara menyeluruh. Hal ini semakindipersulit dengan adanya hukum Islam yang berlaku di Malaysia dan beberapa daerah di Indonesia sertastereotipe mengenai perbedaan peran laki-laki dan perempuan yang diterapkan di dalam masyarakatkedua Negara. Paper ini akan menunjukkan beberapa kendala yang dihadapi oleh pemerintah keduaNegara dalam menerapkan aturan-aturan CEDAW dan CRC secara menyeluruh. Hal ini akan dilakukandengan menganalisa laporan-laporan tertulis yang telah dibuat oleh pemerintah dan NGO keduaNegara.Kata Kunci: CEDAW, CRC, Reservasi, Feminisme Radikal
AbstrackMeningkatnya anggaran militer China lebih dari satu dekade terakhir ini menyebabkanterjadinya instabilitas di kawasan Asia Timur. Hal ini terutama disebabkan karena Jepangmerasa terancam dengan strategi China dan karenanya Jepang melakukan perubahanterhadap kebijakan pertahanannya. Jepang yang memiliki masalah perbatasan denganChina di sekitar Laut Timur, beranggapan bahwa modernisasi persenjataan China,terutama yang dilakukan terhadap armada lautnya, bukan ditujukan utk menciptakanstabilitas keamanan kawasan namun sebaliknya, menimbulkan ancaman bagi Jepang dannegara tetangga lainnya. Sebagai reaksi terhadap kebijakan pertahanan China tersebut,Jepang, di samping tetap menikmati kerjasama pertahanan dengan Amerika Serikat, telahmemutuskan untuk merubah postur pertahanannya dan meningkatkan anggaran belanjamiliternya. Meskipun terlalu dini untuk menyatakan akan terjadi perang antara Jepangdan China, namun dinamika yang terjadi pada keduanya menimbulkan persepsi yangberagam bagi negara-negara di kawasan Asia Timur, namun yang paling mencolok adalahmeningkatnya perasaan terancam yang akan mengarah pada security dilemma (dilemakeamanan).Kata kunci: Modernisasi pertahanan, Instabilitas, Dilema keamanan
Southeast and East Asia region has emerged as a global strategic maritime. Yet, maritime in the region remains vulnerable with overlapping claims on sea borders, piracy attacks and other transnational challenges at sea. For these purposes, some major powers in the region such as the US, China and Indonesia have launched their respective strategies in securing maritime for their interests. To harmonize the various interests, ASEAN with its counterparts in East Asia region need an ASEAN-led, inclusive and comprehensive regional maritime mechanism and strategic partnership between ASEAN member states and its dialog partners to maintain good order at sea. In November 2015, the East Asian Summit eventually launched a joint statement on Enhancing Regional Maritime Cooperation to justify the centrality of ASEAN and to counter the failure of ASEAN Defense Minister Meeting. In such case, ASEAN member states need to manage their disunity to minimize hindrances of the realization and implementation of the plan. This paper mainly elaborates the reasons why the region needs regional maritime cooperation and challenges that ASEAN have to deal with in order to implement the ASEAN unity and centrality in promoting maritime cooperation and regional stability. To explain the maritime strategies of ASEAN and its dialogue partners, this study uses qualitative methods and utilizes states' documents as well as ASEAN statements particularly on maritime issues.
This research aimed to determine the explanations, processes, and implications of the Indonesian government's controversial labeling of TNPPB-OPM as a terrorist group. The labeling reflected the strategy implemented by the government to move from purely military to law enforcement approaches. Despite the split amongst government agencies during the labeling process, it was carried out to legitimize security forces with the terrorism law, deal with prolonged violent conflict, and reject the extension of the special autonomy and security situation during XX PON in the two provinces in Papua. This research found paradoxical implications and although it effectively provided a security situation, it failed to stigmatize and stereotype the Papuan Freedom Movement negatively.
Indonesia is a pluralistic country inhabited by Muslims, Christians, Catholics, Hindus, Buddhists, and Confucians, with Muslims, hold the majority population. Their adherents live in harmony and tolerance within the democratic political system. However, at the outset of the reform era, Indonesian people suffered from instabilities, conflicts, and terrorism, capitalizing ethnic, tribal, and religious symbols for political objectives such as those in the religious conflicts in Poso and Maluku. This paper seeks to compare the political landscape of the Muslim-Christian conflicts in Maluku and Poso. This research uses a qualitative approach with a comparative method and finds similarities and differences of political factors explaining the conflicts. Its similarities were conflicts amongst social, political, and military leaders at the national and local levels. In addition, they used agent provocateurs to provoke their co-religionists. However, this study found differences in the involvement of student and youth unions in Maluku but not in Poso.
Maritime security still focuses on the territorial sovereignty of a country. Environmental disasters and transboundary humanitarian crimes that occur at sea are a challenge for International Relations academics to reformulate maritime security. British Petroleum (BP) is negligent in implementing safety standards in oil exploration and exploitation in the Gulf of Mexico, United States resulting in oil leakage on the Deepwater Horizon platform. This research uses the Deepwater Horizon case study in exploring the relevance of maritime security in the prevention and management of marine pollution disasters. Primary data sources were taken from observations of researchers in seminars related to the Deepwater Horizon and secondary data were obtained from journals, electronic news and official reports from the US Government. There are two findings obtained. First, contemporary maritime security is much more complex than traditional maritime security and second, contemporary maritime security involves an element of justice seeking as demonstrated by the United States Court's decision against BP regarding negligence in the Deepwater Horizon. Keywords: Maritime Security, United States of America, Deepwater Horizon, British Petroleum
Many scholars believe that every religion has its peaceful interpretation as well as violent practices. Yet, this article elaborates more on the Islamic radical movements in Indonesia, particularly on the questions of what factors have triggered them to conduct such violence, how they linked each other and what action should be taken by the Indonesian government to counter-terrorism. To answer the question, the paper will focus on the ideology part and organization network of Darul Islam (DI) and Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), which shared similar ideology, network and methods of recruitment. Authors argue that ideology and organization become vital elements for DI and JI, in which the government, coupled with all stakeholders, should pay more attention if they want to eradicate violence in the name of religion. Although there is "no prescription fits all†in eradicating terrorism, the ability to understand the root causes and organization network of terrorism in Indonesia will help the government and all stakeholders to establish a proper strategy. Key words: Counter-terrorism, salafi jihadism, Darul Islam, Jemaah Islamiyah Abstrak Banyak pengamat percaya bahwa setiap agama mengandung interpretasi damai sekaligus juga tindak kekerasan. Namun, artikel ini akan mengulas lebih banyak tentang gerakan radikal Islam di Indonesia, terutama yang terkait dengan faktor-faktor apa saja yang mendorong mereka melakukan aksi kekerasan, bagaimana kelompok-kelompok tersebut saling memiliki keterkaitan dan tindakan apa yang perlu diambil oleh pemerintah Indonesia dalam melakukan kontra-terorisme. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, paper ini akan menjelaskan ideologi dan jaringan organisasi dari Darul Islam (DI) dan Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), di mana keduanya memiliki kemiripan termasuk juga dalam metode rekrutmen. Penulis berpendapat bahwa ideologi dan organisasi merupakan elemen penting bagi DI dan JI. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah dan seluruh elemen masyarakat harus memperhatikan hal ini jika ingin memberantas kekerasan atas nama agama. Walaupun tidak ada "resep ampuh†yang dapat mengatasi terorisme, kemampuan untuk memahami akar permasalahan dan jaringan organisasi kelompok terorisme di Indonesia akan membantu pemerintah dan seluruh elemen masyarakat untuk menyusun strategi yang tepat. Kata Kunci: Counter-terrorism, salafi jihadisme, Darul Islam, Jemaah Islamiyah
