Suchergebnisse

Ejemplar dedicado a: Ejércitos en la Edad Moderna ; [ES] Este artículo realiza un estudio biográfi co del militar español don Sancho de Londoño, célebre tratadista que llegó a ser maestre de campo del tercio de Lombardía. A través de los diversos fondos archivísticos, especialmente del Archivo General de Simancas y del Archivo del Duque de Alba, el autor traza el curso vital de Londoño. Su carrera empieza como piquero y participa en diversas campañas, como las de Metz, Siena, Malta. Felipe II le encomienda una misión diplomática ante los grisones. Finalmente formó parte del ejército que condujo el duque de Alba a los Países Bajos en 1567. Murió en 1569, dejando entre sus contemporáneo una leyenda de perfecto soldado. ; [EN] This article intends to draw a biographical study of don Sancho de Londoño, an Spanish soldier, famous commentator that became fi eld marshal of the Tercio of Lombardy. Through some documents of archive, especially of Simancas (Valladolid) and Duque de Alba (Madrid), the author traces the vital course of Londoño. His career begins as pikeman, fi ghting in some campaigns, as those of Metz, Siena, Malta. Philip II gave him a diplomatic mission in Switzerland. Finally he formed part of the army that drove the duke of Alba to the Netherlands in 1567. Died in 1569, letting among their contemporaries a perfect soldier legend. ; Peer reviewed

This article intends to draw a biographical study of don Sancho de Londoño, an Spanish soldier, famous commentator that became field marshal of the Tercio of Lombardy. Through some documents of archive, especially of Simancas (Valladolid) and Duque de Alba (Madrid), the author traces the vital course of Londoño. His career begins as pikeman, fighting in some campaigns, as those of Metz, Siena, Malta. Philip II gave him a diplomatic mission in Switzerland. Finally he formed part of the army that drove the Duke of Alba to the Netherlands in 1567. Died in 1569, letting among their contemporaries a perfect soldier legend. ; Este artículo realiza un estudio biográfico del militar español don Sancho de Londoño, célebre tratadista que llegó a ser maestre de campo del tercio de Lombardía. A través de los diversos fondos archivísticos, especialmente del Archivo General de Simancas y del Archivo del Duque de Alba, el autor traza el curso vital de Londoño. Su carrera empieza como piquero y participa en diversas campañas, como las de Metz, Siena, Malta. Felipe II le encomienda una misión diplomática ante los grisones. Finalmente formó parte del ejército que condujo el duque de Alba a los Países Bajos en 1567. Murió en 1569, dejando entre sus contemporáneos una leyenda de perfecto soldado.

AbstractThis paper analyses the evolution of the information and communication technology (ICT) industry in Lombardy, with a specific focus on the Milan metropolitan area, where most major ICT firms are located. Until the early 1990s, Lombardy's firms enjoyed a technological advantage, which led to relevant profits, innovative products on the markets, and the emergence of a competitive ICT district. Since the early 1990s, however, this positive trend inverted; local companies lost their competitive edge, and several firms restructured or closed. The restructuring process affecting this industry determined an evolution of the type of knowledge generated in the local district, which gradually moved production from full‐fledged computing machinery to marginally‐innovative software. Finally, the availability of financial capital originated by the 2000–2001 ICT frenzy stimulated the emergence of new companies, which sought a third, intermediate mode of innovation. Qualitative evidence collected by interviewing local ICT key representatives suggests that indeed ICT firms in Lombardy developed over time a specific mode of innovation, whereby externally‐manufactured ICT products are complemented, and improved for the Italian market, with local innovations. The recovery of Lombardy ICT firms in the second half of the 1990s suggests a likely shift from a fully endogenous, to a creative application pattern of innovation.

Abstract. Multi-risk assessment is becoming a valuable tool for land planning, emergency management and the deployment of mitigation strategies. Multi-risk maps combine all available information about hazard, vulnerability, and exposed values related to different dangerous phenomena, and provide a quantitative support to complex decision making. We analyse and integrate through an indicator-based approach nine major threats affecting the Lombardy Region (Northern Italy, 25 000 km2), namely landslide, avalanche, flood, wildfire, seismic, meteorological, industrial (technological) risks; road accidents, and work injuries. For each threat, we develop a set of indicators that express the physical risk and the coping capacity or system resilience. By combining these indicators through different weighting strategies (i.e. budgetary allocation, and fuzzy logic), we calculate a total risk for each threat. Then, we integrate these risks by applying AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) weighting, and we derive a set of multi-risk maps. Eventually, we identify the dominant risks for each zone, and a number of risk hot-spot areas. The proposed approach can be applied with different degree of detail depending on the quality of the available data. This allows the application of the method even in case of non homogeneous data, which is often the case for regional scale analyses. Moreover, it allows the integration of different risk types or metrics. Relative risk scores are provided from this methodology, not directly accounting for the temporal occurrence probability of the phenomena.

AbstractThis study examines the determinants of the overeducation phenomenon among migrants in Lombardy, Italy, and how it has evolved over the last 14 years. The target population consists of legal and undocumented individuals with original citizenship from countries defined as 'high migratory pressure countries', who declared themselves as 'employed'. Italy has one of the highest rates of overeducation among non‐EU citizens in the European Union, and there is also a significant gap between the overeducation rates of Italian nationals and non‐EU citizens in the country. The study explores various factors contributing to overeducation and how the individual and migratory characteristics affecting it evolved. The chosen period encompasses years affected by the consequences of the economic crisis and the pandemic emergency. A significant time effect, different according to gender, is detected: more specifically, a decrease in the probability of being overeducated in the post‐crisis years in comparison with the preceding ones for men. More years since migration and having attended primary or secondary education in Italy appear to significantly lessen the likelihood of overeducation. Predicted probabilities demonstrate that being a woman and originating from certain countries, such as some eastern European non‐EU countries (Ukraine and Moldova) and the Philippines, disadvantage foreign workers in terms of overeducation.

We set up a regional econometric model of Lombardy's labour market, in which both labour demand and supply are endogenously determined. The model simulations evaluate the response of the regional labour market, in comparison with the national one, to exogenous shocks depending on shocks in either demand or supply. The intersectoral difference highlights the fact that industry still maintains a crucial role in generating employment multiplier effects, which in turn may reduce unemployment. This evidence has important policy implications, as it suggests that industrial policy may play a crucial role in stimulating the whole regional growth process.

AbstractThis article addresses the question of how exogenous shocks led to economic redistribution at a local rural community level in the pre‐industrial period, and how inequality can be limited (or not) by institutions and endogenous social structures within the community itself. This article presents a micro‐analytical study conducted mainly on unpublished sources, focusing on a boundary area (the Geradadda) disputed by Milan and Venice during the long period of the Italian Wars (1494–1559) in a broad European perspective. To understand the impact of wars, the management of local commons and communal assets is analysed in the more general context of the management of local finances. This research shows how local communities organized cooperative behaviours for the defence of local resources, developing innovative credit systems and encouraging a process of redistribution. Before other important factors—such as the distribution of wealth or of local political and social power—cooperation between social groups and the role played by elites were the keystones to limiting the increase in inequality.

Background: In Italy, copayment has changed its nature and it can no longer be simply considered a system to curb inappropriate expenditure. It has become an important form of revenue for public health care provision, but it might also become a source of distortions in income and health benefits redistribution. Methods: We use a rich administrative dataset gathering information on patients demand (whose records have been matched to income declared for tax purposes) to study the effects of an additional copayment (the so called "superticket" introduced by the Italian government in 2012) in Lombardy, the biggest Italian Region whose socio-economic dimension is comparable to that of many European countries (e.g., the Netherlands, Switzerland, etc.). Results: Our analysis shows that at the aggregate level the non-uniform superticket schedule adopted in Lombardy is slightly pro-poor, but this result coexists with evidences pointing towards possible cases of restriction to access caused by the additional copayment. Conclusions: The introduction of the superticket and the ensuing increase in the out-of pocket payment for health care raises questions about the distribution of the burden among patients, and the sustainability of the extra revenue through time. This issue needs to be further investigated by combining health status data with the information in this dataset.

Birds are among the most important biological components of wetlands. They play a key role in their ecology and are an important cultural resource for the public, in part because some species can be legally hunted. The conservation of waterbirds is especially important in terms of land use planning, in light of their ecological, cultural, and economic value. Here we summarize the results of wintering waterbirds censuses carried out in Lombardy between 2002 and 2013, using the standardized International Waterbird Census methodology. Our goals were to identify priority sites for waterbirds; estimate population sizes; define demographic trends; and provide a technical framework for making administrative and legislative decisions on the management and conservation of wetlands and their bird species. Lombardy hosts substantial numbers of wintering waterbirds, and many of its wetlands qualify as areas of conservation interest under Ramsar Convention criteria, as they host >1% of the Italian population of one or more species. Trends for the 20 species of highest conservation or hunting interest showed stable or increasing populations in most cases, with the exception of Black-necked Grebe, Common Pochard, and Eurasian Coot, which instead decreased in 2002-2013. The favourable population trends for most species suggest that the ecological status of Lombardy's wetlands is essentially stable, but it could be improved by simple measures to improve the natural value of the shorelines and bottoms of major lakes and flooded gravel pits. Hunting was one of the main factors affecting the distribution and abundance of wintering waterbirds, which concentrate in protected areas - over 50% of all birds, rising to over 70% for species of conservation interest concentrate there, despite the fact that protected areas only account for 43% of sites surveyed. Overall, protected areas hosted bird densities that were almost seven times higher than those managed primarily for hunting, while mixed-use areas hosted intermediate densities of birds. The presence of protected and unprotected areas within the same wetland mitigates the effects of hunting on bird populations and species diversity, and may help maintain adequate conditions for their conservation.