Suchergebnisse

Ukrainian agriculture is currently in a growth phase
, but it is yet not clear whether this growth is
sustainable. The contrast between the potential of agricultural enterprises and their present
desolate condition remains very striking. At the same time, the role of individual subsidiary
holdings in agricultural production has increased substantially. The general economic crisis in
agriculture encouraged growth in the number of individual subsidiary holdings and made them the
most important agricultural producers in Ukraine.
The goals of this paper are (1) to analyse the development of individual subsidiary holdings and to
determine the relationships (linkages) between individual subsidiary holdings and large
agricultural enterprises.
To fulfil the goals of the paper 90 individual subsidiary holdings from 17 large agricultural
enterprises were surveyed. The results of all interviews were summarized, including those that
significantly deviated from the average, in order to present both norms and extremes.

This paper is concerned with the problems of building socialism in a subsistence economy. The development of Laos since 1975 is probably a unique attempt to bypass the capitalist stage of the differentiation of forces of production and social relations by advancing towards socialism from a small farmers' natural economy of self-sufficiency. After a general introduction to some selected research problems in Laotian studies, a short socio-economic profile of the country attempts to familiarize the reader with the specific setting in Laos. The second part of the paper describes efforts to transform Laos' partly feudal and partly colonial socioeconomic formation into a local version of grass-roots socialism. During the seven-year period under study development policies have shifted and government planning has worked largely by trial-and-error. The third part of the paper tries to evaluate the meandering of development policies in post-war Laos. The author's conclusion is that the low level of productivity in the country has moo.e Laos more or less dependent on outside forces. In former times, the influence of the French and American colonial and neo-colonial powers dominated in the Vientiane zone and southern Laos. whereas northern Laos was strongly influenced by China and Vietnam. After these forces withdrew, Laos increasingly came under the influence of Soviet and Vietnamese advisers on the one hand, and international money-lending agencies like the World Bank and IMF on the other hand. During this process Laotian leaders had to give up a good part of their self-reliance-oriented plans, and the economy once again became structurally dependent. The net result was that self-sufficiency was sacrificed for "internationalism" and some moderate growth based on foreign loans. But the expected mobilization of productive forces in connection with a land reform has not yet been achieved, and internal democracy is still a far-away goal. Thus, the "gentle road to socialism" (as the Laotian leaders like to call their ...

Socialist transformation and development policies in Laos since 1975 and the recent economic development patterns. The low level of productivity has made the country more or less dependent on outside forces. The Laotian leaders had to give up a good deal of their selfreliance-oriented plans. Expected mobilization of productive forces in conjunction with a land reform not yet achieved. (DÜI-Sen)

It has often been claimed that money was to be found in much of the African continent before the impact of the European world and the extension of trade made coinage general. When we examine these claims, however, they tend to evaporate or to emerge as tricks of definition. It is an astounding fact that economists have, for decades, been assigning three or four qualities to money when they discuss it with reference to our own society or to those of the medieval and modern world, yet the moment they have gone to ancient history or to the societies and economies studied by anthropologists they have sought the "real" nature of money by allowing only one of these defining characteristics to dominate their definitions.

In this study of landownership, life-cycle effects, and household composition in a rural Appalachian community, we examine the nature of family strategies in a subsistence-oriented economy. Baseline ethnographic data from 1942 are linked through genealogical information to data on households from the manuscript agricultural and population censuses of 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1900, and 1910. The great variability in household composition over this period indicates the necessity of observing household arrangements at many points in time. In 1880 and 1900 there was a relationship between landownership and household composition, controlling for age of the head of household, with young owners twice as likely to head complex households as young nonowners. This suggests that the family strategy of bringing additional kin into the household—usually as farm laborers—was a privilege of property ownership. Data on surplus food production show that this strategy of family extension primarily represented a way to stave off economic disaster rather than a response to increased economic opportunity. In addition, strong family group networks, observed in the 1942 ethnography, provided another survival strategy, making possible the reproduction of marginal and below-subsistence-producing farms through interhousehold economic cooperation.