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Young people in Kenya have limited knowledge of reproductive health (RH) and face many challenges in their transition to adulthood. Chief among these challenges is the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS among adults and its increasing incidence among rural youth. In 1999, FRONTIERS initiated a three-year project in Kenya to test the feasibility, effectiveness, and cost of interventions to improve adolescent RH. The project, implemented jointly with the Kenyan government and the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), was part of a four-country study that examined ways to improve knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. The study took place in six rural communities in Kenya's Western Province. Two sites received community and health interventions. Two additional sites also received a third school-based intervention, in which teachers, peer educators, and guidance counselors were trained to teach a "life skills curriculum" that included modules on RH, sexuality, and HIV/AIDS. Two control sites received the prevailing government services. As noted in this brief, community, health, and school interventions in rural Kenya increased understanding and discussion of adolescent RH, including prevention of HIV/AIDS, and encouraged safer sexual behavior among young people.

The use of helplines to deliver sexual and reproductive health (SRH)
education to girls seeking such information and services can break down barriers
created by low access and top-down approaches. However, it is important to interrogate
their effectiveness in addressing the SRH needs of girls, particularly in contexts
in which hierarchical social relations prevail and conservative religious and
cultural norms dictate appropriate expressions and experiences of sexuality for
girls and young women. In this article I use data drawn from a qualitative case
study of a children's helpline in Kenya to interrogate the interplay of power and
culture in the delivery of SRH information to girls. The findings reveal that while
this particular communication technology presents, potentially, a revolution in
such delivery, power dynamics and cultural norms still pose barriers.

Kulon Progo is the first area to have a local content of Reproductive Health Education in the curriculum, that is, since 2014. This was motivated by the high rate of underage marriage and the high level of maternal mortality ratio in the Special Region of Yogyakarta at that time. The Regent of Kulon Progo who served during that period, Hasto Wardoyo, was the party who initiated and directly led this policy-making process. This study seeks to analyze the form of political commitment from Hasto Wardoyo in the policy on Public Health Education by using Boli's theory of political will criteria, in which political commitment is broadly divided into three groups, namely verbal will, institutional will, and budgetary will. Researchers used qualitative research methods supported by interview data with parties directly involved in the process of making and implementing policies, including the Chair of the Indonesia Union of Teachers, the Chair of the Indonesia Association of Family Planning, the Head of the Education Office, and the Head of the Health Office in the regency. The results of this study indicate that the Regent has shown his political commitment in the sense of verbal and regulation dimensions. However, in terms of institutional and budgetary will, the Regent did not show any form of political commitment, which resulted in the neglect of this policy on Reproductive Health Education after it had been launched.

Received: 20 May 2021 / Accepted: 10 July 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021

There is a gap in knowledge and understanding of effective adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) programming in Bangladesh, especially programming at scale. Initiatives to address ASRH have been implemented at different times by both the Government of Bangladesh and NGOs, but these activities have often been fragmented and are not well documented or evaluated, making it difficult to know what worked well and what did not. This policy brief presents selected findings from a comprehensive review and analysis of ASRH programming in Bangladesh, carried out by the Population Council's Evidence Project, with financial support from USAID/Bangladesh, as part of a larger research initiative on "Improved Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Outcomes in Bangladesh." The objective of the review was to identify programmatic and evidence gaps, as well as best practices, and support the development of effective, inclusive, and sustainable programs that can operate at scale. Based on the review of 32 programs, this brief identified future actions that should be prioritized to develop, refine, or improve ASRH programming in Bangladesh.

Adolescents in Yogyakarta encounter social disputes, klitih, cyberbullying,and reproductive health challenges,which have an impact on early marriage rates.Guidance from parents, communities, and the government is critical in minimizing juvenile criminality. To address issues such as unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and maternal mortality concerns, reproductive health education is critical. The Postgraduate Student Association of Universitas Gadjah Mada implemented the community engagement to educate teenagers in Mancasan Kleben Village, Pandowoharjo, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta, about the importance of information on reproductive health in order to prevent early marriage and the transmission of sexual infections.The educational activity is conducted by giving lectures, pretest and post-test questionnaires, and discussion methods. The questionnaire's results were analyzed using the t-test method. The result of the effect of education on reproductive health knowledge (76.25±7.621;80.61±3.047), and the impact of counseling on reproductive health knowledge is evident (12.80±2.28;21.27±1.71), and the effect on adolescent attitudes (58.20±4.38;65.73±7.51). Education about reproductive health and juvenile delinquency substantially impacts young people's knowledge in Mancasan Kleben. The Postgraduate Student Association of Universitas Gadjah Mada activity was successfully implemented although the results were not statistically significant. Larger-scale service operations must be sustained to ensure that these outcomes give broader advantages.

This generic qualitative study explores the perspective of Malaysian teachers regarding the constraints of the current school-based sexual and reproductive health education in secondary schools of Klang-Valley Malaysia. For this study, in-depth interviews were conducted with twenty eight science teachers of government schools. The majority of participants named the teaching strategy and capacity of teachers, the lack of co-operation from the school and parents, limited resources in teaching and students themselves as some of the challenges. We concluded that if sexual health education is to be effective, it needs to be provided by people who have some specialized training. The teachers should be trained to teach sexual reproductive health education classes at the basic level, and in-service training for teachers already in the field should be intensified. Local adaptation to culture, language, religion, and so forth is often necessary.

Sexuality and reproductive health are important knowledge providing in adolescents to develop their life skills. Yala province in the southernmost of Thailand where there are many problems on learning system because of the Southern political unrest. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine socio-demographics, risk behaviors acceptance, attitudes toward premarital sex, and felt needs on sexuality and reproductive health education in 393 secondary school students in Yala province. A self-administered questionnaires was distributed to all participating students. Chi-square and Fisher's exact were used to analyze data. Participants were predominately female (60.8%), with average age 17.3 years old. About 65% of them were Buddhists and mostly studied in Grade 12 (36.6%). Most students stayed in their home as a current residence (74.6%) and mostly with their father/mother (69.2%). Students were more likely to have discussed about sexual and reproductive health with their friends (81.9%). They accepted risk behaviors in moderate level (64.1%). Most students had attitudes toward premarital sex in neutral level (71.2%). Age, risk behaviors acceptance and attitudes toward premarital sex were significantly associated with their felt needs on reproductive health education (p-value < 0.05). Age, religion and risk behaviors acceptance were significantly associated with their felt needs on sexuality health education (p-value < 0.05). Learning programs should be considered to provide students with awareness of risk and negative health outcomes. A qualitative study should be implemented in further research.

The health of Bangladesh's 29.5 million adolescents, who make up nearly one-fifth of the country's total population, is critical to the country's future, but issues surrounding adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) remain taboo. ASRH initiatives have been implemented by both the Government of Bangladesh and nongovernmental organizations, but with limited coordination, documentation, or evaluation, making it difficult to know what worked well and what did not. This report presents findings from a comprehensive review and situation analysis of ASRH programming in Bangladesh, carried out by the Evidence Project/Population Council, with financial support from USAID/Bangladesh, as part of a larger research initiative on "Improved Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (ASRH) Outcomes in Bangladesh." The objective of the review was to identify programmatic and evidence gaps, as well as best practices, and support the development of effective, inclusive, and sustainable ASRH programs that can operate at scale.