Suchergebnisse

This chapter analyse the different constitutional reform processes that have taken place in the Maghreb (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) and the Middle East (Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Yemen, Oman and Bahrain) since the uprisings in 2011. The purpose of this study is to examine and compare the latest constitutional reform processes in the aforementioned nine countries in order to offer key insights into these processes and to propose a typology of the dynamics of constitutional reform, and its scope in the Arab world. The aspects for analysis include procedures, consensus and dissent during the course of the constitutional process, and the content of the constitutional reforms. The emphasis is placed on the most important elements of the processes of constitutional change and of the content of the new constitutions, while paying particular attention to aspects related with the power of heads of state, the most frequently-debated reforms and the advancement of gender equality and women's rights. ; En este capítulo se analizan los diferentes procesos de las reformas constitucionales que se han producido en el Magreb (Argelia, Marruecos y Túnez) y en el Oriente Medio (Egipto, Jordania, Siria, Yemen, Omán y Bahrein) tras las revueltas de 2011. El propósito de este trabajo es conocer y comparar los últimos procesos de reforma constitucional en los diez países mencionados con el objetivo de ofrecer las claves explicativas de estos procesos y proponer una tipología de las dinámicas de reforma constitucional y de su alcance en el mundo árabe. Las dimensiones de análisis incluyen los procedimientos (las instituciones y las normas), el consenso y el disenso a lo largo del proceso constitucional y el contenido de dichas reformas constitucionales (dispositivos democráticos y dispositivos autoritarios). El énfasis se pone en los elementos más relevantes de los procesos de cambio constitucional y de los contenidos de las nuevas constituciones, prestando una atención particular a los aspectos relacionados con el poder de los jefes de Estado, las reformas más debatidas y las mejoras concedidas a las mujeres, siendo éste uno de los grupos principales del movimiento pro-democrático en las revueltas árabes.

All stakeholders agree on the need for reform of the healthcare system in Pakistan. This article describes the process of healthcare reform in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan form 2013-2018. the numerous challenges this process faced, and continues to face, from a variety of vested interests, including those involved in planning and delivery of healthcare, the judicial system, and from politicians. Progress achieved thus far, and plans for the future, are also discussed. These reforms are to be the basis of a similar process of overhaul of healthcare in the Punjab, and so it is of vital importance that the process be understood, and that a serious effort be made to explain this to as wide an audience as possible. While reform may be implemented in a variety of ways, the struggles of the past five years have shown how working together can ultimately lead to improved healthcare provision for the entire country.

The reform process in Morocco is often seen as a paradigm for the Arab world. This article argues that, at least as far as political reform is concerned, this is a mistake. Political reform was a strategy to ensure dynastic survival which sought to re-create the principles on which the pre-colonial sultanate ensured its survival. External pressure, then, influenced the timing of reform but was not responsible for the reform itself which had purely endogamous causes. Economic reform, albeit instituted in response to external pressure over debt repayment, was also used to serve similar political ends by consolidating the elite which partners the monarchy. Economic reform, however, does have a more universalistic implication, if only in terms of its failure to address the social factors that threaten the stability of the modern state. Adapted from the source document.

Almost two years after about 80 per cent of Chileans voted for comprehensive constitutional reform and the election of a Constitutional Convention, the new draft constitution was roundly rejected by the voters in a 4 September referendum. Since the majority of those who rejected the proposal are in favour of a new constitution, the constitution-making process will continue, with many unanswered questions going forward. The reasons for the rejection of the constitution are manifold: they lie in the performance of the Constitutional Convention, the quality of the draft, a misjudgement of the political constellation of forces and the interests of the citizens, and changing political and economic conditions since the beginning of the constitution-making process. Even a participatory constitutional process that has been exemplary from a democratic and constitutional perspective can fail. Constitutional poetry may warm the hearts of core supporters but is insufficient to persuade those living in prosaic circumstances. The Constitutional Convention, with its large number of independents and political newcomers, did not live up to expectations. Political parties and Congress will end up playing a crucial role in the next round of constitution-making. Even the supporters of the proposed constitution recognised its shortcomings before the referendum, and most of the opponents also want a new constitution. The dissatisfaction on both sides with the status quo and the reform process could be the basis for a consensus on the core elements of a new constitution and the procedure leading to it. But there is also the risk that the hubris of the left majority in the Constitutional Convention will be replaced by the hubris of the right in the wake of this draft's rejection. The political elite must decide as quickly as possible how to proceed in the constitution-making process. Otherwise, there is a risk of renewed social unrest and of further loss of confidence in political institutions. The positive scenario would be the drafting of a constitution that retains as many of the progressive innovations as possible but also accommodates the main concerns of the opponents of the rejected proposal.