Suchergebnisse

Scientific research methods are essential. Each science has its subject matter and different methodologies that produce different cognitive results. Science is human life, however, science becomes a metaphysical theory, it is governed by the methodology of philosophy in history or mathematics. Philosophy and mathematics are theoretical sciences, making the related sciences into models, ideals, and pure reason. The inability of science becomes human misfortune, science becomes strange to people. True science starts from human life and becomes a methodology for researching related scientific disciplines. When studying the outside world, people uphold the principles of objectivity, comprehensiveness, development, specific history, and practice. When studying life, the object is perceived that human beings are living in the process of creating abilities and needs that make life rich and diverse. Humans are both the subject and the object of scientific research. Interdisciplinary sciences have in common that they take human life as the object of research.

False, but common, assumptions about dilemmas in moral reasoning and the so-called fact/value dichotomy can impede the prosecution JERHRE's prime aim: Facilitating ethical problem solving in human research. Research ethics, and the development of moral science, demand better assumptions about ordinary everyday problem solving morality and the deep-seated connectedness of facts and values.

ABSTRACTCosta Rica is a small developing nation in Central America with a well‐regarded universal health care system and a strong human rights tradition. In the latter part of the twentieth century, it became a popular site for clinical trials funded by multinational pharmaceutical companies. In light of concerns about ineffective oversight and alleged research abuses, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court passed a moratorium on all biomedical studies involving humans. This moratorium was in place between 2010 and 2014, when the Legislative Assembly passed a new national law to protect participants' rights and welfare. This case study reviews the history of human research protections in Costa Rica and provides recommendations for how Costa Rica can move forward responsibly as a leader in human research for the region.

Human research ethics has developed in both theory and practice mostly from experiences in medical research. Human participants, however, are used in a much broader range of research than ethics committees oversee, including both basic and applied research at technical universities. Although mandated in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, non-medical research involving humans need not receive ethics review in much of Europe, Asia, Latin America, and Africa. Our survey of the top 50 technical universities in the world shows that, where not specifically mandated by law, most technical universities do not employ ethics committees to review human studies. As the domains of basic and applied sciences expand, ethics committees are increasingly needed to guide and oversee all such research regardless of legal requirements. We offer as examples, from our experience as an ethics committee in a major European technical university, ways in which such a committee provides needed services and can help ensure more ethical studies involving humans outside the standard medical context. We provide some arguments for creating such committees, and in our supplemental article, we provide specific examples of cases and concerns that may confront technical, engineering, and design research, as well as outline the general framework we have used in creating our committee.