Suchergebnisse

This book provides an up-to-date coverage of green (vegetated) roof research, design, and management from an ecosystem perspective. It reviews, explains, and poses questions about monitoring, substrate, living components and the abiotic, biotic and cultural aspects connecting green roofs to the fields of community, landscape and urban ecology. The work contains examples of green roof venues that demonstrate the focus, level of detail, and techniques needed to understand the structure, function, and impact of these novel ecosystems. Representing a seminal compilation of research and technical knowledge about green roof ecology and how functional attributes can be enhanced, it delves to explore the next wave of evolution in green technology and defines potential paths for technological advancement and research.

Green roofs are relatively new to Lithuania. Traditionally, such earth structures were used for partially submerged food cellars and bomb shelters. However, one sees more and more architects opting for green roofs as an alternative to large flat roofs. The advantages are many fold. A green roof is not only a pleasing aesthetic alternative, but it helps retain thermal energy and provides for better surface drainage for expansive roofed structures. This paper examines the origins, basic principles and benefits of green roofs, noting examples and a chart indicating various green roof systems. The international standard is largely set by the Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landshaftsbau e. V., or more simply FLL, first developed in Germany in the 1970s. I have designed five green roof projects in Lithuania. Two are located in Trakai, two in Vilnius, and one in the Ignalina region. Precedents are cited, along with photos, technical drawings, structural details, materials specifications and the ecological benefits these roofs provide in urban and rural environments. In conclusion, green roofs are a relative low cost alternative to flat roofs, which provide greatly enhanced benefits. As a result, European cities have set targets for the percentage of green roofs constructed each year, and the European Union has offered financial aid and assistance in meeting these targets. Hopefully, this will encourage more Lithuanian developers, architects, and engineers to consider green roofs as a viable solution.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.1.1.2612

In Bulgaria, public relations associated with spatial planning, investment design and construction are regu-lated by the Spatial Development Act (2001). According to article 62 (10) of this act, each Municipal Coun-cil adopts an Ordinance for the construction and protection of the green system on the territory of the municipality. There are 265 municipalities in Bulgaria and they are free to customise this ordinance as long as the goals and framework of the Spatial Development Act (2001) are maintained. The aim of this article is to review all Ordinances for the construction and protection of the green system available in Bulgaria and to analyse the included information and regulations regarding the construction of green roofs and green walls. The review of the ordinances showed that the construction of green roofs and green walls is not suf-ficiently addressed in the Bulgarian legislation at the municipal level. About 30.2% of the municipalities in the country do not have an Ordinance for development, maintenance and protection of the green system, 33.6% of the municipalities have such an ordinance but it does not mention green roofs and green walls and only 30.9% have an ordinance and it regulates the construction of green roofs and/or green walls.

In Bulgaria, public relations associated with spatial planning, investment design and construction are regu-lated by the Spatial Development Act (2001). According to article 62 (10) of this act, each Municipal Coun-cil adopts an Ordinance for the construction and protection of the green system on the territory of the municipality. There are 265 municipalities in Bulgaria and they are free to customise this ordinance as long as the goals and framework of the Spatial Development Act (2001) are maintained. The aim of this article is to review all Ordinances for the construction and protection of the green system available in Bulgaria and to analyse the included information and regulations regarding the construction of green roofs and green walls. The review of the ordinances showed that the construction of green roofs and green walls is not suf-ficiently addressed in the Bulgarian legislation at the municipal level. About 30.2% of the municipalities in the country do not have an Ordinance for development, maintenance and protection of the green system, 33.6% of the municipalities have such an ordinance but it does not mention green roofs and green walls and only 30.9% have an ordinance and it regulates the construction of green roofs and/or green walls.

Green roofs can provide several environmental benefits in urban cities and can also create habitat for living organisms thus help to enhance biodiversity. At present, many green building assessment methods have considered green roofs as a desirable sustainable design feature, however, the approach to assess the biodiversity aspect in these methods is not clear and effective. This research aims to investigate how green roofs can enhance biodiversity in an urban environment and to develop an effective system to assess the green roofs. Firstly, the basic concepts and significance of biodiversity conservation were studied. Secondly, the important factors and considerations for using biodiversity as a criterion for assessing green roofs were evaluated. Thirdly, a systematic method to assess the biodiversity effects was established. Finally, the design strategies to maximise urban biodiversity of green roofs were discussed. It is found that building development in the urban areas will destroy the habitats and result in biodiversity loss; the built environment created by green roofs is one of the mitigation methods for biodiversity conservation. Some urban cities in Europe and North America are developing research studies and government policies on biodiversity and green roofs. After reviewing the existing green roof guidelines and green building assessment methods, useful information was obtained to develop a systematic method for assessing the biodiversity effects. The method comprises of six major factors: (a) species diversity and richness, (b) substrate type and depth, (c) plant species selection, (d) connectivity to natural environment, (e) green roof ratio and (f) ecologically responsible development. ; postprint

Gründächer gewinnen immer mehr an Bedeutung, da sie viele Vorteile bieten: reduzierter Regenwasserabfluss, Abschwächung von städtischen Hitzeinseln, verbessertes Mikroklima, erhöhte Lebensqualität, längere Dachlebensdauer. Derzeit gibt es viel Forschung zu den Vorteilen (z.B. Regenwasserrückhalt) von Gründächern und auch zu deren Bestandteilen (z.B. geeignete Pflanzenarten), aber nur wenig Forschung zu der Implementierung von Gründächern. Deshalb zielt die Autorin darauf ab Einflussfaktoren zu identifizieren, welche die Diffusion von Gründächern in Österreich beeinflussen. Um diese Forschungslücke zu füllen wird eine qualitative Befragung mit 17 Experten durchgeführt. Insgesamt werden 135 Einflussfaktoren gefunden, die in acht Hauptkategorien unterteilt sind: Einflussfaktoren im Zusammenhang mit gesetzlichen Regelungen; mit finanziellen Anreizen; mit Bewusstseinsschaffung, Kommunikation und Bildung; mit Politik; mit technischen Themen; mit Kosten; mit städtischer Lebensqualität und Einflussfaktoren im Zusammenhang mit gewerblichen Themen. ; Green roofs are gaining increasing attention because they offer many benefits: reduced stormwater runoff, urban heat island mitigation, improved microclimate, increased quality of life, increased roof life expectancy, reduced urban exodus, less overuse of intact natural environment. Currently, there is a lot of research on the advantages of green roofs (e.g. retention capability) and on of green roof components (e.g. suitable plant species) but only little research on the implementation of green roofs. Therefore, the author aims at identifying influence factors which affect the diffusion of green roofs in Austria. In order to fill this research gap, a qualitative survey among 17 experts is conducted. Altogether 135 influence factors are found, which are structured into eight main categories: influence factors related to legal regulations; to financial incentives; to awareness-raising, communication and education; to politics; to technical issues; to costs, to urban quality and influence factors related to business. ; by Nadia Vacarescu, BSc ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2017 ; (VLID)2324846

Purpose – This paper explores perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of green roofs for commercial real estate building owners/occupiers in a UK city, and considers how these might affect the chances of their adoption. Design/methodology/approach – Two sets of semi-structured interviews were conducted with purposively-selected respondents, ten with and twenty-five without green roofs, to compare and contrast differing perspectives. A grounded theory approach was taken to data analysis, allowing themes to emerge directly from the data. Findings – Low awareness and understanding were observed amongst those without green roofs, which positively affected perceived costs whilst negatively affecting perceived benefits. Green roof owners gave weight to wider societal and ecosystem services benefits, whilst those without focussed much more upon building-level benefits and costs. Research limitations/implications – Because of the restricted sample-size, the findings in themselves are not generalizable; rather, themes are drawn from the research for reflection. Practical implications – Findings point to steps that might be required of regional and national government to increase green roof uptake. This could involve initiating conversations to raise awareness, shift discourse and perceived norms and best practice; offering incentives, education and training, and presenting high-profile exemplar projects of green roofing to begin to mainstream the technology and get it onto the radar of building-owners. Originality/value – Bringing together social research around cohorts with and without green roofs, the study throws into sharp relief discussions around costs and benefits, and points towards potentially more productive directions for action to encourage consideration and take-up of green roofs by building-owners.

Previous research has shown that most of the green roof benefits are related to the cooling effect. In the literature available, however, it is still not clear how and how much the evapotranspiration affects the performance of a green roof. In order to fill the gap in this research topic, this study carries out a review on the cooling effect due to the evapotranspiration process of green roofs. First of all, an overview of the evapotranspiration phenomenon in green roofs, as well as the equipment and methods used for its measurement are presented. Then, the main experimental results available in literature, the physical-mathematical models and the dynamic simulation software used for the evaluation of the latent heat flux are also analysed and discussed among the available literature. Moreover, this review proposes a classification of the results carried out by previous studies as function of the main parameters affecting the evapotranspiration process (e.g. volumetric water content, stomatal resistance, Leaf Area Index, solar radiation, wind velocity, relative humidity, soil thickness, and substrate composition). Additionally, a sensitivity analysis of the results obtained from the literature allowed underlining the correlation among the main factors affecting the evapotranspiration. Finally, a vision of the world area where green roof studies were performed is provided. From the results, it is possible to emphasize that most of the studies that evaluated the evapotranspiration used high precision load cells. Furthermore, all the heat transfer models of green roofs considered in this review took into account the latent heat flux due to evaporation of water from the substrate and plants transpiration, however, only few of them were experimentally validated. ; This work is partially funded by the Spanish governmentENE2015-64117-C5-1-R (MINECO/FEDER). The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group (2017 SGR 1537). GREiA is certified agent TECNIO in the category of technology developers by the Government of Catalonia. Julià Coma would like to thank Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad de España for the Grant Juan de la Cierva, FJCI-2016-30345. This research is also funded by "the Notice 5/2016 for financing the Ph.D. regional grant in Sicily" as part of the Operational Programme of European Social Funding 2014–2020 (PO FSE 2014–2020).