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The tobacco epidemic is one of the biggest public health problems in the world. Based on the data from WHO, Tobacco kills nearly 6 million people a year around the world. Monitoring tracks of smokers' growth population can be important things for the government to find the best implement policies to overcome this problem. This paper presents a smoker's growth model with uncertainty in the transmission and recovery rate. In classical smoker's growth model, the transmission and recovery rate assumed to be constant. However, in reality, the age of the population is heterogeneous, and the transmission among the population may depend on the age of the smoker. Therefore, in this paper, the transmission and recovery rate of smokers' growth model depends on the age of smokers. We divide the transmission and recovery rate into three categories based on age: Children (0-10), Adolescent (10-30), Adult (30-60). The uncertainty of transmission and recovery rate in this model represented by a triangular fuzzy number. The most important things in the model are the basic reproduction number. A basic reproduction number is an indicator of when the endemic case will occur. Therefore, the main focus of this paper is to determine the basic reproduction number of fuzzy smokers growth models using the fuzzy expected value concept. The result is the basic reproduction number of the fuzzy model is an interval. This may can be used as an upper and lower limit of the basic reproduction number

A Robinsonian model is a two-sector model with fixed technical coefficients. Aside from Mrs Robinson's own work, similar models, without technical change, have been discussed in two major papers, one by I. M. D. Little and the other by R. Findlay. Mrs Robinson has criticized both these contributions on the ground that they do not treat the rate of growth or accumulation as an exogenous variable, but rather regard it as endogenous, emerging from the model after the real-wage rate has been given. In the first section of this paper I explore the conditions for stable equilibrium growth on Mrs Robinson's assumption of a desired rate of accumulation (a function of "animal spirits" and the rate of profit), and then add to the model neutral technical change of an appropriate sort.In section II, the effects of introducing biased technical change are examined. I show that the model has "technological stability," by which I mean that there is a tendency for technical change to be neutral. Predictions and tests about the movement over time of the consumption-good price of capital are made in section III. Finally, I end with a short comment on stability in the short run.

An analysis of the major economic growth models, including limits-to-growth models, & an evaluation of their possible contribution to public policymaking is made. Assumptions underlying some of the simple growth models are questionable & narrow in scope. The dynamic growth models tend to give undue emphasis to capital & labor; whereas, a comparative statics model is broad in scope, but fails to deal with mechanisms of adaptation & adjustments, cases of discontinuity, increasing returns, & unlimited growth. The Meadows World Model, which is a global system dealing with varied but interdependent components (population, food, renewable & nonrenewable resources, industrial production, & pollution absorption), is broader in scope, but the assumptions are not scientifically established & its use of quantitative data is careless. The Malthusian model, which is the means of subsistence "increase in an arithmetical ration," an increase every 25 years by quantity equal to what is presently produced, has proven historically wrong. The above models are defective because of over-aggregations & under-specifications & they all fail to take into account technological & institutional changes, which have been responsible for 80% of economic growth in the past & are expected to help overcome the limits to future growth. Models based on an acceptable growth theory, which take into account all basic factors (including technological & institutional changes) & give adequate attention to the mechanisms of adaptation & adjustments are needed. Modified HA.

This paper assesses the impact of telework on economic growth in the European Union using Feasible Generalized Least Squares method, applied to a Panel of 27 Member States, in the period 2010-2019. The econometric model also analyses the impact of the rate of employed population not working from home on the economic growth, to facilitate the comparative analysis of telework and traditional work. The results indicate a greater impact of telework on economic growth, than that exerted by the rate of employed population not working from home, the effect being manifested through the channel of labour productivity. However, the paper examines the short-term relationship between these variables and does not exclude the reduction of the impact of telework on economic growth to a lower level than the specific effect of traditional work, on medium or longterm.