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Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Historical context -- 3 Coal -- 4 Oil and gas -- 5 Electricity -- 6 Hydropower -- 7 Nuclear power -- 8 Wind power -- 9 Solar energy -- 10 Biomass -- 11 Energy and environment -- 12 Conclusions -- Appendix: useful data sources -- Index

With the country's energy needs having increased rapidly due to the unprecedented economic growth, it's apparent that the energy security concerns have become important in influencing the thinking, formation and implementation of China's foreign policy. While this perceived energy insecurity has become an increasingly influencing factor in China's international behavior, it cannot be argued that the country's energy needs is the most important dimension in Beijing's foreign policy calculations. By employing every available tool at its disposal at the political level and by mobilizing the country's economic might and capacity at the financial and industrial levels, China pursues not only the establishment and advance of its political and economic ties with the resources-rich developing countries for energy security reasons, but also a growing presence in such countries. These movements should be seen in a multi-dimensional context, where the country's worldwide-expanding economic and political interests compete and interact with domestic political and social adjustments and balances.

Chinese industrial sector energy-efficiency policy has gone through a number of distinct phases since the founding of the People s Republic in 1949. An initial period of energy supply growth in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s was followed by implementation of significant energy efficiency programs in the 1980s. Many of these programs were dismantled in the 1990s during the continuing move towards a market-based economy. In an effort to once again strengthen energy efficiency, the Chinese government passes the Energy Conservation Law in 1997 which provides broad guidance for the establishment of energy efficiency policies. Article 20 of the Energy Conservation Law requires substantial improvement in industrial energy efficiency in the key energy-consuming industrial facilities in China. This portion of the Law declares that "the State will enhance energy conservation management in key energy consuming entities." In 1999, the industrial sector consumed nearly 30 EJ, or 76 percent of China's primary energy. Even though primary energy consumption has dropped dramatically in recent years, due mostly to a decline in coal consumption, the Chinese government is still actively developing an overall policy for energy efficiency in the industrial sector modeled after policies in a number of industrialized countries. This paper will describe recent Chinese government activities to develop industrial sector energy-efficiency targets as a "market-based" mechanism for improving the energy efficiency of key industrial facilities.

The article provides an analysis of the government measures taken to support the renewable energy industry in China. China has managed to create a new electricity market and become the world industry leader in just 15 years. This became possible through comprehensive government measures to support the renewable energy industry, large-scale investments and the implementation of the ambitious goals facing the Chinese government.

In the mid-1990s, China displayed the first flickers of interest in the Central Asian fuel and energy complex, which has been steadily growing since that time along with Beijing's interest in other spheres of the region's economy. In the latter half of the last decade of the 20th century, the project activities of China and Chinese companies in the Central Asian energy segment were concentrated in Kazakhstan's oil and gas sector. In the early 21st century, however, this interest began gradually spreading to the rest of the region to become diversified by the industry's branches. Today, China is showing a lot of interest in the oil and gas of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan and in the nuclear power production of the former. China is paying enough attention to the fuel and energy complexes of the rest of the region to promote its economic and political interests in each of the states and the region as a whole.

China's rampant environmental pollution problems and rising greenhouse gas emissions and the resulting climate change are undermining its long-term economic growth. China, from its own perspective cannot afford to and, from an international perspective, is not meant to continue on the conventional path of encouraging economic growth at the expense of the environment. Instead, concerns about a range of environmental stresses from burning fossil fuels, energy security as a result of steeply rising oil imports and international pressure on it to exhibit greater ambition in fighting global climate change have sparked China's determination to improve energy efficiency and cut pollutants, and to increase the use of clean energy in order to help its transition to a low-carbon economy. This chapter focuses on China's efforts towards energy conservation, nuclear power and the use of renewable energy. The chapter examines a number of market-based instruments, economic and industrial policies and measures targeted for energy saving, pollution cutting, energy greening. To actually achieve the desired outcomes, however, requires strict implementation and coordination of these policies and measures. The chapter discusses a variety of implementation/compliance/reliability issues. The chapter ends with some concluding remarks and recommendations.

Intro -- Foreword I -- Foreword II -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 China's Energy Transition Strategy in the Context of Global Climate Change -- 1.1 Basic Concepts and Analysis Framework of Energy Transition Strategy -- 1.2 China's Energy Challenge in View of Global Climate Change -- 1.2.1 The Global Climate Change Faces Severe Challenge -- 1.2.2 The World Faces Multiple Energy Challenges -- 1.2.3 Severe Energy Challenges in China -- 1.2.4 Summary -- 1.3 The Past, Present and Future of China's Energy System -- 1.3.1 The History of China's Energy System -- 1.3.2 Recent Trend of China's Energy System -- 1.3.3 The Growth of Energy Consumption for Non-metallic Mining Slowed Significantly -- 1.3.4 Future Path for China's Energy System -- 1.4 Requirements and Suggestions for Energy Governance and Energy Market to Fulfill the "3+1" Vision -- 1.4.1 Challenges for Energy Governance and Energy Market Brought by "3+1" -- 1.4.2 Policy Suggestions on Guaranteeing "3+1" Energy System Integration -- References -- 2 Research on Urbanization and Low-Carbon Development in China -- 2.1 Challenges for Low-Carbon Development During Urbanization in China -- 2.1.1 The Relationship Between China's per Capita Carbon Emissions and per Capita GDP is Still Unstable -- 2.1.2 China's Vast Energy Use Adds Difficulties to Low-Carbon Development -- 2.1.3 China Faces Greater Environmental Pressure Compared to Developed Naitons Given the Same Size and Level of Urbanization -- 2.1.4 Lock-in Effect from China's Gigantic Industrial Production Capacity and Infrastructure -- 2.2 Analysis on Historic Evolution of Urbanization and Carbon Emissions in China -- 2.2.1 Urbanization and Carbon Emissions Since Reform and Opening up -- 2.2.2 Historic Interactions Between China's Urbanization and Carbon Emissions -- 2.2.3 Future Trend of China's Urbanization and Carbon Emissions.