Suchergebnisse

International audience ; A partir d'une rapide synthèse bibliographique, on montre les disparités de privilèges et de contraintes entre d'une part les politiques touchant l'irrigation par pompage dans les nappes phréatiques, technique individuelle, et d'autre part celles relatives à l'utilisation des eaux de surface (irrigation par canal et par tank), nécessitant une gestion collective. La prolifération de pompes et forages qui en découle conduit à une baisse des nappes phréatiques qui remet en cause les bienfaits des politiques précédentes dont le but était d'augmenter la superficie irriguée en donnant l'accès à l'eau à un maximum de personnes, y compris aux plus pauvres. Ainsi, dans son rôle de fournisseur d'eau, l'État a oublié d'être un protecteur de cette ressource pourtant précieuse, renforçant ainsi, indirectement, l'inégalité d'accès à l'eau

International audience ; A partir d'une rapide synthèse bibliographique, on montre les disparités de privilèges et de contraintes entre d'une part les politiques touchant l'irrigation par pompage dans les nappes phréatiques, technique individuelle, et d'autre part celles relatives à l'utilisation des eaux de surface (irrigation par canal et par tank), nécessitant une gestion collective. La prolifération de pompes et forages qui en découle conduit à une baisse des nappes phréatiques qui remet en cause les bienfaits des politiques précédentes dont le but était d'augmenter la superficie irriguée en donnant l'accès à l'eau à un maximum de personnes, y compris aux plus pauvres. Ainsi, dans son rôle de fournisseur d'eau, l'État a oublié d'être un protecteur de cette ressource pourtant précieuse, renforçant ainsi, indirectement, l'inégalité d'accès à l'eau

To examine the governance of safe water policies, one must apply a global perspective. The solutions seem to require less exclusionary intergovernmental negotiations, but on a broader more inclusive dialogue that incorporates all stakeholders. This shift in the ways in which safe water is addressed results from a new quality of permeability in the exercise of state sovereignty. The institutions of Bretton Woods play a prominent role in the definition and the orientation of these policies through the concept of "good governance". This paper will examine the internalization of "good governance" ideologies and how they translate to safe water provisions in rural India. ; Interroger les modalités de la gouvernance des politiques d'approvisionnement en eau potable appelle une perspective globale. Les solutions semblent moins reposer sur des négociations exclusivement intergouvernementales que sur un dialogue plus vaste, non exclusif et impliquant l'ensemble des parties prenantes. Ce transfert de prérogatives résulte d'une nouvelle qualité de perméabilité dans l'exercice de la souveraineté étatique. Les institutions de Bretton Woods jouent un rôle prédominant dans la définition et l'orientation de ces politiques à travers le concept de "bonne gouvernance". Il s'agit donc de comprendre l'internalisation de cette l'idéologie dans la chaine d'approvisionnement en eau potable en Inde rurale.

To examine the governance of safe water policies, one must apply a global perspective. The solutions seem to require less exclusionary intergovernmental negotiations, but on a broader more inclusive dialogue that incorporates all stakeholders. This shift in the ways in which safe water is addressed results from a new quality of permeability in the exercise of state sovereignty. The institutions of Bretton Woods play a prominent role in the definition and the orientation of these policies through the concept of "good governance". This paper will examine the internalization of "good governance" ideologies and how they translate to safe water provisions in rural India. ; Interroger les modalités de la gouvernance des politiques d'approvisionnement en eau potable appelle une perspective globale. Les solutions semblent moins reposer sur des négociations exclusivement intergouvernementales que sur un dialogue plus vaste, non exclusif et impliquant l'ensemble des parties prenantes. Ce transfert de prérogatives résulte d'une nouvelle qualité de perméabilité dans l'exercice de la souveraineté étatique. Les institutions de Bretton Woods jouent un rôle prédominant dans la définition et l'orientation de ces politiques à travers le concept de "bonne gouvernance". Il s'agit donc de comprendre l'internalisation de cette l'idéologie dans la chaine d'approvisionnement en eau potable en Inde rurale.

La thèse présentée ici est le résultat d'une étroite collaboration avec une ONG indienne, AKRSP(I), intervenant dans le développement de l'irrigation au Gujarat depuis plus de 25 ans. Un SIG prototype a été mis en oeuvre et nous permet de proposer ime analyse spatiale et quantitative de l'action de cette ONG ainsi qu'une réflexion plus générale sur les leviers de mise en valeur et de gestion des ressources en eau à des fins agricoles. On peut souligner trois principaux enseignements: Les perspectives d'application des SIG au sein des ONG sont manifestes. Les exigences des bailleurs de fonds peuvent néanmoins faire obstacle à leur développement car, indi-rectement, ils favorisent la mise en oeuvre de SI voués à la justification plutôt qu'à la planification et au suivi des programmes d'actions. Ce résultat soulève la question de la pertinence de l'encadrement, des critères d'évaluation et de la conditionnalité de l'aide publique au développement. Les ONG ont un fort potentiel pour participer à la mise en valeur des ressources en eau en Inde et aider à relever le défi agro-démographique indien, en particulier dans les zones marginales où les services étatiques sont en retrait. Les stratégies d'action basées principalement sur l'application des instruments économiques et techniques doivent cependant être modifiées. Nous montrons qu'elles favorisent une inégalité d'accès aux ressources qui débouche sur une efficacité limitée des pratiques d'irrigation, sur un plan agro-technique. Ces résultats soulignent la nécessité de poursuivre une réflexion critique des discours et solutions dominants en matière de gestion des ressources en eau. Deux pistes d'amélioration sont avancées: 1. considérer l'équité d'accès comme un moyen d'optimiser la gestion de la ressource (limiter le volume d'eau par agriculteur pour encourager les choix de cultures irriguées peu consommatrices et l'adoption des technologies d'économie d'eau), 2. prêter attention à l'ordre dans lequel les différents instruments de gestion disponibles sont employés ...

This book examines the politics of rural development with special reference to watershed development interventions in the desert province of Rajasthan in India. Watershed development (and rainwater harvesting) is one of the most significant rural development interventions in rainfed areas of India since the early 1990s. A range of developmental actors including the state watershed department, international donors, NGOs and grassroots organisations are involved in sponsoring watershed development projects. Using multi-sited ethnography and conversational interviews with the deliverers as well as recipients of development, the book compares and contrasts the watershed interventions of the state and two different kinds of NGOs in Rajasthan. While conventional studies on watershed development have focused on the evaluation of 'success' or 'failure' of particular projects, whether implemented by the state or NGOs, the book moves beyond this narrow analytical gaze to look at the roles, agendas and interests of multiple development agencies, often partnering together and sometimes competing with each other as part of, what the author calls, the 'watershed development regime'. Taking cue from watershed development and water conservation projects over the last two decades, the book engages with the larger question of 'how' of delivering development. It examines the complex processes of cooperation, competition, negotiations, contestations and conflicts between different stakeholders, including the agents of development and differently positioned rural social groups in the context of Rajasthan. The book demonstrates that the recent interventions in watershed development and rainwater harvesting have considerably shaped the politics of development in Rajasthan in a number of ways: by becoming a site for the remaking of the 'state' and its internal relations, by disturbing the local hegemony in the countryside, by creating new relations of patronage between diverse agents and recipients of development, by increasing the associational capacity as well as creating new conflicts (intra and inter village), and by initiating competition and cooperation between the various agents of development over control of local resources and power.

Les moulins à eau font l'objet depuis une dizaine d'années d'une politique de destruction financée par les agences de l'eau dans le cadre des obligations de rétablissement de la continuité écologique (libre-circulation des poissons migrateurs, transport suffisant des sédiments). Loin de répondre au cadre fixé par la loi, cette politique repose sur une doctrine radicale de désaménagement ayant pour effet d'assécher nos cours d'eau, d'aggraver les tensions sur la ressource, de bouleverser les milieux aquatiques et rivulaires, d'aggraver les phénomènes de crue et de détruire un important potentiel de production d'énergie décarbonée et renouvelable. Il convient qu'à la continuité écologique destructive actuellement à l'œuvre se substitue une continuité écologique de conservation et de valorisation des ouvrages de moulins, conforme à nos lois. Ceci, eu égard aux nombreux bénéfices qu'ils offrent dans le cadre de la lutte contre les effets de dérèglement climatique et du potentiel de production d'énergie verte et renouvelable qu'ils représentent.

Like many large cities, Paris relies on relatively remote rural areas for its drinking water supply. Half the volume of water distributed in the French capital comes from groundwater collected in the Seine watershed, 100 to 150 km away. Contemporary water conservation issues raise questions about the changing relationships between the city and the territories on which urban water is abstracted. Two time periods are analyzed : first, the implementation of water transfers to Paris from the end of 19th century and then, the establishment of groundwater protection policies since the 1990s. The thesis has two purposes : first, to analyze the evolution of the discourse on urban water-related projects, from a political ecology perspective ; then, to understand how water conservation issues are perceived and integrated at the scale of water catchment areas. The research focuses on the case of the Voulzie, Durteint and Dragon catchments (Seine-et-Marne) and the Vigne catchment (Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Orne). Using quantitative and qualitative approaches, the methodology is based on a variety of sources. The analysis of historical records and various documents is complemented by semi-structured interviews, field observations and surveys. The results underline the evolution of the discourse on urban water-related projects and the (re)definition of hydrosocial territories in the context of environmental issues. At the catchment scale, the discourses are confronted with a study of the geographical factors that play a role in the territorial implication of local communities regarding water conservation policies. The thesis shows that the parisian municipality uses an inclusive and win-win discourse to align local territorialities with the Parisian hydrosocial territory. This discourse relies on the spatiality of local drinking water networks to foster the implication of stakeholders. However, the field survey points out several factors undermining this implication. A specific hydrosocial territory is emerging, distinct from the ...

Like many large cities, Paris relies on relatively remote rural areas for its drinking water supply. Half the volume of water distributed in the French capital comes from groundwater collected in the Seine watershed, 100 to 150 km away. Contemporary water conservation issues raise questions about the changing relationships between the city and the territories on which urban water is abstracted. Two time periods are analyzed : first, the implementation of water transfers to Paris from the end of 19th century and then, the establishment of groundwater protection policies since the 1990s. The thesis has two purposes : first, to analyze the evolution of the discourse on urban water-related projects, from a political ecology perspective ; then, to understand how water conservation issues are perceived and integrated at the scale of water catchment areas. The research focuses on the case of the Voulzie, Durteint and Dragon catchments (Seine-et-Marne) and the Vigne catchment (Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Orne). Using quantitative and qualitative approaches, the methodology is based on a variety of sources. The analysis of historical records and various documents is complemented by semi-structured interviews, field observations and surveys. The results underline the evolution of the discourse on urban water-related projects and the (re)definition of hydrosocial territories in the context of environmental issues. At the catchment scale, the discourses are confronted with a study of the geographical factors that play a role in the territorial implication of local communities regarding water conservation policies. The thesis shows that the parisian municipality uses an inclusive and win-win discourse to align local territorialities with the Parisian hydrosocial territory. This discourse relies on the spatiality of local drinking water networks to foster the implication of stakeholders. However, the field survey points out several factors undermining this implication. A specific hydrosocial territory is emerging, distinct from the ...

Like many large cities, Paris relies on relatively remote rural areas for its drinking water supply. Half the volume of water distributed in the French capital comes from groundwater collected in the Seine watershed, 100 to 150 km away. Contemporary water conservation issues raise questions about the changing relationships between the city and the territories on which urban water is abstracted. Two time periods are analyzed : first, the implementation of water transfers to Paris from the end of 19th century and then, the establishment of groundwater protection policies since the 1990s. The thesis has two purposes : first, to analyze the evolution of the discourse on urban water-related projects, from a political ecology perspective ; then, to understand how water conservation issues are perceived and integrated at the scale of water catchment areas. The research focuses on the case of the Voulzie, Durteint and Dragon catchments (Seine-et-Marne) and the Vigne catchment (Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Orne). Using quantitative and qualitative approaches, the methodology is based on a variety of sources. The analysis of historical records and various documents is complemented by semi-structured interviews, field observations and surveys. The results underline the evolution of the discourse on urban water-related projects and the (re)definition of hydrosocial territories in the context of environmental issues. At the catchment scale, the discourses are confronted with a study of the geographical factors that play a role in the territorial implication of local communities regarding water conservation policies. The thesis shows that the parisian municipality uses an inclusive and win-win discourse to align local territorialities with the Parisian hydrosocial territory. This discourse relies on the spatiality of local drinking water networks to foster the implication of stakeholders. However, the field survey points out several factors undermining this implication. A specific hydrosocial territory is emerging, distinct from the ...

Like many large cities, Paris relies on relatively remote rural areas for its drinking water supply. Half the volume of water distributed in the French capital comes from groundwater collected in the Seine watershed, 100 to 150 km away. Contemporary water conservation issues raise questions about the changing relationships between the city and the territories on which urban water is abstracted. Two time periods are analyzed : first, the implementation of water transfers to Paris from the end of 19th century and then, the establishment of groundwater protection policies since the 1990s. The thesis has two purposes : first, to analyze the evolution of the discourse on urban water-related projects, from a political ecology perspective ; then, to understand how water conservation issues are perceived and integrated at the scale of water catchment areas. The research focuses on the case of the Voulzie, Durteint and Dragon catchments (Seine-et-Marne) and the Vigne catchment (Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Orne). Using quantitative and qualitative approaches, the methodology is based on a variety of sources. The analysis of historical records and various documents is complemented by semi-structured interviews, field observations and surveys. The results underline the evolution of the discourse on urban water-related projects and the (re)definition of hydrosocial territories in the context of environmental issues. At the catchment scale, the discourses are confronted with a study of the geographical factors that play a role in the territorial implication of local communities regarding water conservation policies. The thesis shows that the parisian municipality uses an inclusive and win-win discourse to align local territorialities with the Parisian hydrosocial territory. This discourse relies on the spatiality of local drinking water networks to foster the implication of stakeholders. However, the field survey points out several factors undermining this implication. A specific hydrosocial territory is emerging, distinct from the ...