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Dynasty Mamluk/Mamalik is a Muslim dynasty that ever appeared in Egypt,Egypt became one of the regions of the Islamic world's terrible Tempest due to the invasion of the Mongols, led by Hulagu Khan although Timur Lenk. This dynasty also known by the name of the Mamluk dynasty because it was founded by the slaves. The Mamluk dynasty inherited many civilizations, from the fields of Economics, science and technology (science and technology), the monuments of historic buildings, such as mosques, madrasahs, Tomb complex, a hospital and a library. He also became the saviors of Islamic civilization from destruction due to the invasion of the Mongols, Tatars, and Crusaders. Pattern his Government an oligarchy, if compared to other dynasties. Because, there are two kinds of succession of the leader change. First, the succession is not determined on the basis of descent, but on the basis of ability / competency by means of the election conducted by the amir. Second, the succession based on heredity. The purpose of this writing is to analyze the factors of the Mamluk dynasty, reign, and explain the results of their civilization. While its use is to add insight, good for researchers, as well as for the readers of this paper, in addition to that, also to add references, especially for the Civitas academic Department of Islamic history and culture (SKI). This method of writing history, which stages the include heuristics (data collection), which was done in libraries. Furthermore, verification or sources of criticism, with critics do data obtained, either internally, or externally. While the theory is the theory of the solidarity expressed by Ibn Khaldun. He argues that solidarity is the basis of sovereignty, because solidarity can bring together for the same purpose, defend themselves, and refuse or defeating enemies. In addition, the Kingdom or dynasty may be enforced with the help of solidarity so that it can avoid or defeat other groups. The Mamluk dynasty was one of the Kingdom's extensive and powerful, that solidarity is based on religion (Islam).Keywords: Mamluk dynasty, civilisation, and invansion

Kehidupan Syajarat al-Durr menunjukkan bahwa perempuan mampu menjadi pemimpin politik sebagaimana laki-laki. Masyarakat yang mendukung pengangkatan Syajarat al-Durr me lihat bahwa Syajarat alDurr sebagai sosok yang memiliki kualitas dan kapabilitas untuk menjadi pemimpin. Adapun masyarakat yang menolak kepemimpinannya meyakini bahwa perempuan sama sekali tidak berhak menjadi pemimpin masyarakat karena ke pemimpinan nya tidak akan dapat sukses. Pemerintahan Syajarat al-Durr memberlakukan kebijakan utama untuk mengusir pasukan Salib dari kawasan Mesir sebab saat itu peristiwa perang Salib VII masih berlangsung. Nilai-nilai Islam (ideologi) jelas sekali merupakan pendorong yang amat kuat bagi umat Islam untuk meng halau pasukan Salib. Perang melawan pasukan Salib adalah jihâd fî sabîl Allâh (jihad di jalan Allah) yang diwajibkan oleh ajaran Islam karena manfaat yang dapat dipetik dari aktivitas jihad ber sifat umum dan dirasakan langsung oleh semua umat Islam. Kebijakan lainnya ialah memperkuat dukungan publik terhadap ke pemimpinan Syajarat al-Durr berupa pencetakan koin mata uang yang mencantumkan nama Syajarat al-Durr, pembacaan do'a dalam khutbah Jum'at untuk Syajarat alDurr, pembagian tanah-tanah negara kepada para petinggi Mamlûk dan peringanan beban pajak kepada masyarakat. Tetapi kebijakan tersebut ternyata tidak mampu melunakkan hati para penentangnya, sehingga akhirnya dia dilengserkan dari kekuasaannya.

For 300 years, precisely from 1250 to 1517, the Mamluk Dynasty ruled in Egypt and Syria. Their power ended after the conquest of the Ottoman Turks, who later built a new empire. The writer wants to describe how the slave nation could become a ruler who gained legitimacy from Muslims. Mamluk is a soldier who comes from slaves who have converted to Islam. "The mamluk phenomenon," as David Ayalon called it, was an extremely large and long-lived important politic, which lasted from the 9th century to the 19th century AD. Over time, Mamluk became a robust military caste in various Muslim societies. Especially in Egypt, but also the Levant, Iraq, and India, mamluks hold political and military power. In some cases, they gained the position of the Sultan, while in other cases, they held regional power as amir or beys. The historical method starts with collecting literature, sorting, and analyzing and interpreting the writer doing historiography on the dynamics of this mamluk dynasty government. A dynasty filled with phenomenon, which originated from slaves and then turned into the ruler of a vast territory. Not only that, but the slaves were also able to defeat big countries like France, Portugal, and Italy. The Mamluk Sultanate was famous for repelling the Mongols and fighting with the Crusaders. They are descended from various variations, but the most frequent is Kipchak Turks, depending on the period and region in question. When a mamluk is bought, their status is above ordinary slaves, who are not permitted to carry weapons or carry out specific tasks. In places like Egypt, from the Ayyubid dynasty to the era of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Mamluk is considered as "real rulers" with social status over those born as Muslims.Selama 300 tahun, tepatnya dari tahun 1250 hingga 1517, Dinasti Mamluk memerintah di Mesir dan Suriah. Kekuatan mereka berakhir setelah penaklukan Turki Ottoman, yang kemudian membangun sebuah kerajaan baru. Penulis ingin menggambarkan bagaimana negara budak bisa menjadi penguasa yang mendapatkan legitimasi dari umat Islam. Mamluk adalah seorang prajurit yang berasal dari para budak yang telah memeluk Islam. "Fenomena mamluk," sebagaimana David Ayalon menyebutnya, adalah politik penting yang sangat besar dan berumur panjang, yang berlangsung dari abad ke-9 hingga abad ke-19. Seiring waktu, Mamluk menjadi kasta militer yang kuat di berbagai masyarakat Muslim. Terutama di Mesir, tetapi juga Levant, Irak, dan India, mamluk memegang kekuasaan politik dan militer. Dalam beberapa kasus, mereka mendapatkan posisi Sultan, sementara dalam kasus lain, mereka memegang kekuasaan regional sebagai amir atau lebah. Metode historis dimulai dengan mengumpulkan literatur, menyortir, dan menganalisis dan menafsirkan penulis melakukan historiografi pada dinamika pemerintahan dinasti mamluk ini. Sebuah dinasti penuh dengan fenomena, yang berasal dari budak dan kemudian berubah menjadi penguasa wilayah yang luas. Bukan hanya itu, tetapi para budak juga mampu mengalahkan negara-negara besar seperti Perancis, Portugal, dan Italia. Kesultanan Mamluk terkenal karena memukul mundur bangsa Mongol dan bertarung dengan Tentara Salib. Mereka diturunkan dari berbagai variasi, tetapi yang paling sering adalah Kipchak Turki, tergantung pada periode dan wilayah yang dimaksud. Ketika mamluk dibeli, status mereka di atas budak biasa, yang tidak diizinkan membawa senjata atau melakukan tugas tertentu. Di tempat-tempat seperti Mesir, dari dinasti Ayyubiyah ke era Muhammad Ali dari Mesir, Mamluk dianggap sebagai "penguasa nyata" dengan status sosial atas mereka yang terlahir sebagai Muslim.

This article discusses the contributions of the Abbasid caliphs to the architectural development of the Prophet's Mosque in Madinah. Those contributions began almost as early as the Abbasid caliphal government had officially emerged as the successor to the Umayyads, and ended with a major rebuilding and renovation work in 887 AH/1482 CE, about 35 years before the ultimate dissolution of the Abbasid regime. The last work was executed by the Mamluk rulers as the Abbasid proxies. The paper focuses on discussing the consequences and implications of a political disintegration during the Abbasid era for the architectural development and serviceability of the mosque. The article concludes that the Abbasid contributions to the architectural development of the Mosque were rather inadequate. The blame is to be attributed partly to the Abbasids themselves and partly to the prevalent circumstances in the state that eventually incapacitated the Abbasid government from performing its entrusted duties and responsibilities. However, even for the creation and fostering of the latter, it was again the Abbasids who more than anybody else are to be held accountable.[Artikel ini membahas peran para khalifah Abbasiyah dalam pengembangan arsitektur Masjid Nabawi di Madinah. Kontribusi mereka dimulai sejak awal pemerintahan Abbasiyah muncul sebagai penerus Umayyah dan berakhir dengan renovasi besar pada 887 H/1482 M, sekitar tiga dasawarsa menjelang berakhirnya pemerintahan Abbasiyah di Mesir. Pekerjaan terakhir dilakukan oleh penguasa Mamluk sebagai wakil Dinasti Abbasiyah. Fokus makalah ini adalah konsekuensi dan implikasi dari disintegrasi politik selama era Abbasiyah terhadap pengembangan arsitektur dan fumgsi Masjid Nabawi. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa kontribusi Dinasti Abbasiyah untuk pengembangan arsitektur Masjid Nabawi kurang memadai, sebagai cerminan ketidakmampuan para khalifah Abbasiyah menjalankan peran, fungsi, dan tanggung jawabnya. Bahkan sebenarnya dalam renovasi yang terakhir pun, orang lain yang bertanggung jawab.]