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We suggest a symmetric-polar pixellation scheme which makes possible a reduction of the computational cost for expectation maximization (EM) iterative algorithms. The proposed symmetric-polar pixellation allows us to deal with 3D images as a whole problem without dividing the 3D problem into 2D slices approach. Performance evaluation of each approach in terms of stability and image quality is presented. Exhaustive comparisons between all approaches were conducted in a 2D based image reconstruction model. From these 2D approaches, that showing the best performances were finally implemented and evaluated in a 3D based image reconstruction model. Comparison to 3D images reconstructed with FBP is also presented. Although the algorithm is presented in the context of computed tomography (CT) image reconstruction, it can be applied to any other tomographic technique as well, due to the fact that the only requirement is a scanning geometry involving measurements of an object under different projection angles. Real data have been acquired with a small animal (CT) scanner to verify the proposed mathematical description of the CT system. ; This work was supported by the Spanish Plan Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica, Desarrollo e Innovacion Tecnologica (I+D+I) under Grant, FIS2010-21216-CO2-01, Valencian Local Government under Grant Nos. PROMETEO 2008/114 and APOSTD/2010/012. The authors would like to thank Brennan Holt for checking and correcting the text. ; Rodríguez Álvarez, MJ.; Soriano Asensi, A.; Iborra Carreres, A.; Sánchez Martínez, F.; González Martínez, AJ.; Conde, P.; Hernández Hernández, L. (2013). Expectation maximization (EM) algorithms using polar symmetriesfor computed tomography(CT) image reconstruction. Computers in Biology and Medicine. 43(8):1053-1061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013.04.015 ; S ; 1053 ; 1061 ; 43 ; 8

IntroductionBirth cohorts are valuable resources for studying early life, the determinants of health, disease, and development. They are essential for studying life course. Dynamic longitudinal electronic cohorts use routinely collected data, are live, and can reduce selection bias specifically associated with direct recruitment in traditional birth cohorts. However, they are limited to health and administrative data and may lack contextual information.
The MIREDA (Mother and Infant Research Electronic Data Analysis) partnership creates a UK-wide birth cohort by aligning existing electronic birth cohorts to have the same structure, content, and vocabularies, enabling UK-wide federated analyses.
Objectives1) Create a core dynamic, live UK-wide electronic birth cohort with approximately 500,000 new births per year using a common data model (CDM).
2) Provide data linkage and automation for long-term follow up of births from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), MuM-PreDiCT and the `Born in' initiatives of Bradford, Wales, Scotland, and South London for comparable analyses.
MethodsWe will establish core data content and collate linkable data. A suite of extraction, transformation, and load (ETL) tools will be used to transform data for each birth cohort into the CDM. Transformed datasets will remain within each cohort's trusted research environment (TRE). Metadata will be uploaded for the public to the Health Data Research (HDRUK) Innovation Gateway. We will develop a single online data access request for researchers. A cohort profile will be developed for researchers to reference the resource.
EthicsEach cohort has approval from their TRE through compliance with their project application processes and information governance.
DisseminationWe will engage with researchers in the field to promote our resource through partnership networking, publication, research collaborations, conferences, social media, and marketing communications strategies.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la forma en que las relaciones de género interactúan en la socialización laboral en la industria de exportación marroquí –a partir del estudio de caso de la ciudad de Casablanca– y su relación con la migración internacional. El diseño de la investigación es cualitativo, con un análisis desde la teoría fundamentada y una aproximación desde los estudios interseccionales. El mercado laboral global aparece como un nuevo eje de desigualdad que crea nuevos espacios, los cuales, aunque suponen una oportunidad para unas pocas personas, mantienen a una mayoría en situación de precariedad. La originalidad del artículo radica en la aplicación del marco teórico interseccional al contexto marroquí, centrándose en una visión relacional de las categorías. La identificación de tres procesos sociales básicos (rol de las mujeres, crisis de masculinidad y migración) nos permite ampliar el conocimiento sobre dicha realidad.

Combining socio-cultural valuations of ecosystem services with ecological and monetary assessments is critical to informing decision making with an integrative and multi-pronged approach. This study examined differences in the perceptions of ecosystem service supply and diversity across eight major ecosystem types in Spain and scrutinized the social and ecological factors shaping these perceptions. First, we implemented 1932 face-to-face questionnaires among local inhabitants to assess perceptions of ecosystem service supply. Second, we created an ecosystem service diversity index to measure the perceived diversity of services considering agroecosystems, Mediterranean mountains, arid systems, two aquatic continental systems, coastal ecosystems and two urban ecosystems. Finally, we examined the influence of biophysical, socio-demographic and institutional factors in shaping ecosystem service perceptions. Overall, cultural services were the most widely perceived, followed by provisioning and regulating services. Provisioning services were most strongly associated with agroecosystems, mountains and coastal systems, whereas cultural services were associated with urban ecosystems and regulating services were specifically linked with agroecosystems, mountains and urban recreational areas. The highest service diversity index values corresponded to agroecosystems, mountains and wetlands. Our results also showed that socio-demographic factors, such as place of origin (urban vs. rural) and educational level, as well as institutional factors, such as management and access regimes, shaped the perception of ecosystem services. ; Funding for the development of this research was provided by: the Andalusian Center for the Assessment of Global Change (CAESCG) (GLOCHARID project), the County Council of Biscay and the Basque Government by providing funds for this research, IMIDRA research Project Assessment of Ecosystem Services provided by Agroecosystems (FP16-ECO), funds of the European Union EU FP7 project OpenNESS (Grant ...

The development of multilayered materials with engineered magnetic properties compels a deep knowledge of physical properties at the atomic scale. The magnetic anisotropy is a key property in these materials. This work accounts for the magnetic anisotropy energy and its correlation with atomic properties of Co/Pd multilayers with the number of Co/Pd repetitions. Magnetometry measurements confirm stronger perpendicular magnetic anisotropy energies as the number of repetitions increases up to 40. However, the intrinsic anisotropy, related to the Co–Pd orbital hybridization and spin–orbit coupling, saturates at 15 repetitions. This finding is supported by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism analysis that reveals a direct correlation of the atomic Co and Pd orbital magnetic moments and the effective anisotropy of the system. The proximity effect that accounts for the Pd induced magnetization, along with the increasing Co moment, provides a suitable mechanism for the observed anisotropy energy layer dependence. ; This work received funding from the MINECO-AEI FIS2016-76058, UE FEDER "Una manera de hacer Europa"; the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant No. 734801, and the Basque Country Grant Nos. IT1162-19 and PIBA 2018-11. UPV/EHU authors are thankful for the technical and human support provided by the laser facility, x-ray service, electron microscopy, and magnetic measurement units of SGIker UPV/EHU. We acknowledge the access to BL29 at ALBA synchrotron light facility via official Proposal No. 2015091407. M.V. acknowledges funding via MINECO [Grant No. FIS2016-78591-C3-2-R (AEI/FEDER, UE)]. IMDEA Nanociencia acknowledges the support from the "Severo Ochoa" Program for Centers of Excellence in R&D (MINECO, Grant No. SEV-2016-0686). R.M. acknowledges enlightening discussions with Dr. Arturo Ponce-Pedraza (UTSA) on TEM. ; Peer reviewed

The influence of the policy framework on the resilience of European farming systems cannot be understood without analysing the interplay between the CAP and various other policies across sectors and jurisdictional levels from the perspective of regional farming systems. This report shows a bottom-up evaluation of policy framework for farming systems in five regions: dairy farming in Flanders (Belgium), extensive sheep farming in Hoya de Huesca, Aragon (Spain), arable farming in De Veenkoloniën (The Netherlands), large-scale corporate farms in East England (UK), and family fruit and vegetable farms in the Mazovian and Podlasie regions (Poland). The cases have been selected with a view to the variety of EU farming systems and associated challenges, as well as surrounding policy configurations. ; EU; BE; DE; ES; GB; PL; en; contact: yannick.buitenhuis@wur.nl

[Otros] The LM-EM algorithm has the advantage to calculate the emission probabilities needed for the reconstruction process on the fly, without the need of a pre-calculated system matrix. The reconstruction time for this algorithm strongly depends on the used backprojector and the available statistics. This algorithm when implemented in systems using monolithic crystals to detect gamma radiation allows one to extensively exploit the virtual pixilation feature, not available for systems based on pixilated crystals. In this work we present a backprojector for LM-EM, the TOR method, which achieves a tradeoff between computational efficiency and image quality. Its temporal subset algorithm optimization (LM-OS) has also been implemented in order to achieve real-time reconstructions. To evaluate the performances of LM-OS algorithm with the TOR method backprojector and only with one iteration on the datasets, studies based on the system spatial resolution, uniformity, and contrast coefficients were carried out and they were compared with those obtained with LM-EM and MLEM algorithms using twelve iteration. Finally, a study on reconstruction time using LM-OS has been performed with breast patients data ; Project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and co-funded with FEDER's funds within the INNPACTO 2011 program. This work was supported by the Spanish Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica (I+D+i) under Grant No. FIS2010-21216-CO2-01 and the Valencian Local Government under Grants PROMETEOII/2013/010 and ISIC 2011/013 ; Moliner, L.; Correcher, C.; González Martínez, AJ.; Conde, P.; Crespo, E.; Hernandez, L.; Rigla, JP. (2013). Time reconstruction study using tubes of response backprojectors in List Mode algorithms, applied to amonolithic crystals based breast PET. IEEE. 14-18. https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829372 ; S ; 14 ; 18

En base a la investigación Biodiversidad, economía y empleo en España. Análisis y perspectivas de futuro (Oteros et al, 2022), nos centramos en las dimensiones de cambio de modelo productivo y, especialmente, en las ocupaciones y en el empleo, respetuosas con la biodiversidad. El objetivo consiste en: a) Examinar la inversión, gasto y tipo de actuación de la economía española en relación con el empleo y la biodiversidad entre 2011 y 2019;b) proyectar el empleo, bajo hipótesis de cambio hacia un modelo productivo basado en un metabolismo sociedad-naturaleza compatible respetuoso con la biodiversidad, proyectando para el periodo 2019-2028, según diferentes escenarios, de transición suave o intensa, en la estructura de ocupaciones; c) sugerir potenciales líneas de transformación necesarias -reconversiones de actividades y cambios en el tiempo de trabajo- para posibilitar una transición ecológica socialmente justa cuyas condiciones puedan prevenir los peligros que acechan a la biodiversidad en España.

Objective
To determine the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS) in the population older than 45 years in rural Western Honduras and contribute to the limited literature on MS in Central America.


Methods
Descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the District of Copan. The study includes 382 men and women aged 45 to 75 years. With proper consent, anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, blood sugar, and lipid profile were evaluated. MS was diagnosed by using the National Cholesterol Education Program Criteria - Adult Panel Treatment III (NCEP-ATP III). Data were stored in REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) and analyzed with STATA14.


Results
Data were collected on 382 patients; of these, 38% were male and 62% female. The prevalence of obesity was 24.1% for both sexes. The prevalence of MS was 64.9%. Prevalence in males and females was 54% and 71%, respectively. Notable parameters were elevated triglycerides (71%), low High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (63.4%), and abdominal obesity (56.8%). In men, the distribution of MS was more homogeneous, with a mean result of 80% amongst all ages.


Conclusions
The overall prevalence of obesity and MS is severely underestimated in rural Honduras. The most remarkable parameter for MS was high triglycerides (71%). Sixty-nine percent of the population has above-normal Body Mass Index (BMI). Public health efforts to control comorbidities and tackle risk factors in this population should take utmost priority.

A deeper understanding of early disease mechanisms occurring in Parkinson's disease (PD) is needed to reveal restorative targets. Here we report that human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived dopaminergic neurons (DAn) obtained from healthy individuals or patients harboring LRRK2 PD-causing mutation can create highly complex networks with evident signs of functional maturation over time. Compared to control neuronal networks, LRRK2 PD patients' networks displayed an elevated bursting behavior, in the absence of neurodegeneration. By combining functional calcium imaging, biophysical modeling, and DAn-lineage tracing, we found a decrease in DAn neurite density that triggered overall functional alterations in PD neuronal networks. Our data implicate early dysfunction as a prime focus that may contribute to the initiation of downstream degenerative pathways preceding DAn loss in PD, highlighting a potential window of opportunity for pre-symptomatic assessment of chronic degenerative diseases. ; Research from the authors' laboratories is supported by the European Research Council-ERC (2012-StG-311736-PD-HUMMODEL), the MESOBRAIN project from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation (grant agreement No. 713140), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness-MINECO (RTI2018-095377-B-100, FIS2016-78507-C2-2-P, PID2019-108842GB-C21) the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness-MINECO/AEI/FEDER, UE (BFU2016-80870-P) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness- AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (PID2019-108792GB-I00), Instituto de Salud Carlos III-ISCIII/FEDER (Red de Terapia Celular - TerCel RD16/0011/0024 and RD16/0011/0025), AGAUR (2017-SGR-899 and 2017-SGR-1061), and CERCA Program/Generalitat de Catalunya. M.P.E. was partially supported by a Beatriu de Pinós fellowship from the Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (AGAUR) of the Government of Catalonia (2017 BP 00133). L.B. is the recipient of a pre-doctoral fellowship FPI (BES-2017-080579) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO). G.C. was partially supported by pre-doctoral fellowship from Spanish Economy and Competitiveness-MINECO (BES-2014-069603). ; Peer reviewed

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union is essential to enhance the resilience of Europe's farming systems along three capacities: robustness, adaptability and transformability. The SURE-Farm project conducted the first systematic assessment how the CAP performs in this regard. The findings show that hitherto the CAP has been overly focused on supporting the robustness of an increasingly fragile status quo, with uneven effects, while neglecting adaptability and even constraining transformability. The future CAP needs to allow for a better balance with policy mixes that are tailored to regional needs, based on a shared long-term vision. This impliesreplacing direct payments with measures that specifically address resilience needs, e.g. points-based eco-schemes, agro-environmental programs, coordinated adaptation to shifting markets, ample support for cross-sectoral cooperation, innovation and advice to integrate production and provision of public goods, and participatory and integrative foresight to develop transformation pathways.

Synaptic protein -synuclein (-SYN) modulates neurotransmission in a complex and poorly understood manner and aggregates in the cytoplasm of degenerating neurons in Parkinsons disease. Here, we report that -SYN present in dopaminergic nigral afferents is essential for the normal cycling and maintenance of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the brain subependymal zone of adult male and female mice. We also showthat premature senescence of adult NSCs into non-neurogenic astrocytes in mice lacking-SYN resemblesthe effects of dopaminergic fiber degeneration resulting from chronic exposure to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetra-hydropyridine or intranigral inoculation of aggregated toxic -SYN. Interestingly, NSC loss in -SYN-deficient mice can be prevented by viral delivery of human -SYN into their sustantia nigra or by treatment with L-DOPA, suggesting that -SYN regulates dopamine availability to NSCs. Our data indicatethat-SYN, presentin dopaminergic nerveterminals supplyingthe subependymal zone, acts as a niche componentto sustainthe neurogenic potential of adult NSCs and identify -SYN and DA as potential targets to ameliorate neurogenic defects in the aging and diseased brain. ; This work was supported by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad Spanish Grants SAF2014-54581 and SAF2016-77541 and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI12/02574, PI13/01390, Centro de Investigacio´n Biome´dica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Centro de Investigacio´n Biome´dica en Red de Salud Mental and RETIC Tercel)toM.V.,J.J.T-A., A.B., and I.F;Junta de Andalucía(Proyectos de Excelencia)toJ.J.T-A.; Generalitat Valenciana (Programa Prometeo) to I.F.; European Regional Development Fund; and European Union (E.U.) to A.B. R.S.-C. and G.B. received Spanish Ministerio de Educación FPU predoctoral fellowships. Work in the I.F. laboratory is supported by Fundacio´n Botín-Banco Santander. ; Peer reviewed

The neuronal long isoform of Fas Apoptotic Inhibitory Molecule (FAIM-L) protects from death receptor (DR)-induced apoptosis, yet its mechanism of protection remains unknown. Here, we show that FAIM-L protects rat neuronal Type II cells from Fas-induced apoptosis. XIAP has previously emerged as a molecular discriminator that is upregulated in Type II and downregulated in Type I apoptotic signaling. We demonstrate that FAIM-L requires sustained endogenous levels of XIAP to protect Type II cells as well as murine cortical neurons from Fas-induced apoptosis. FAIM-L interacts with the BIR2 domain of XIAP through an IAP-binding motif, the mutation of which impairs the antiapoptotic function of FAIM-L. Finally, we report that FAIM-L inhibits XIAP auto-ubiquitinylation and maintains its stability, thus conferring protection from apoptosis. Our results bring new understanding of the regulation of endogenous XIAP by a DR antagonist, pointing out at FAIM-L as a promising therapeutic tool for protection from apoptosis in pathological situations where XIAP levels are decreased. ; This work was funded by the Spanish Government Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CB06/05/1104 to J.X.C.), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (SAF2010–19953 to J.X.C.; SAF2012–31485 to V.J.Y.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CP11/00052 to M.F.S.), and the Generalitat de Catalunya (Suport als Grups de Recerca Consolidats 2009SGR346). F.M.-F. and L.P.-F. are supported by postgraduate fellowships from the Spanish Government Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia. J.U. is supported by a postgraduate fellowship from the Generalitat de Catalunya. R.S.M. and V.J.Y. were under the Juan de la Cierva and the Ramon y Cajal programs, respectively, from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Spain), cofinanced by the European Social Fund. M.F.S. is under the Miguel Servet program from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III and cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund.