Suchergebnisse

Problem setting. Conducted a comparison of the systems of pharmaceutical provision with pharmaceutical care – providing medical products inUkraine and abroad through the introduction of health insurance and reimbursement of medicines from the state budget.Recent research and publications analysis. Quantitative analysis of the incidence of malignant neoplasms and mortality, the number of pharmacies inUkraine and Kharkiv region; the level of public spending on the program to combat cancer. Noted that the market of voluntary medical insurance inUkraine is underdeveloped (covering only 3% of the population) for a complete provision of population with necessary medicines and medical services. The basic conditions for the successful treatment of cancer. Analyzed legislative framework regulating the circulation of medicines for cancer patients inUkraine.Paper objective. The review violation circulation of medicines, pharmacy made by specialists in providing cancer. Determined that prescription drugs helps minimize forensic pharmaceutical risks (side effects, abuse, etc.). Processed work of scientists ofUkraine and other countries to ensure the cancer drugs of different pharmacological clinical, legal nomenclature and classification of legal groups.Conclusions of the research. Proposed standard-setting initiatives to improve the legal system "doctor-patient-pharmacist" and narcotic drugs for pharmaceutical providing for patients with cancer at discounted prescription from pharmacies in Ukraine and Kharkov region: expanding the definition of "pharmacy"; promoting the opening of pharmacies in rural areas and increase the number of pharmacies that carry out activities related to narcotic drugs ; Проведено сравнение систем фармацевтического обеспечения предоставления фармацевтической помощи в Украине и за рубежом, проанализированы количественные показатели заболеваемости злокачественными новообразованиями, количество аптек в Украине и Харьковской области. Изучено нарушение правил обращения лекарственных средств, допущеных для обеспечения онкобольных. Предложены нормотворческие инициативы для усовершенствования системы правоотношений «врач–пациент–провизор» и оборота наркотических лекарственных средств для фармацевтического обеспечения онкобольных по льготным рецептам в аптечных учреждениях Украины и Харьковского региона ; Проведено порівняння систем фармацевтичного забезпечення надання фармацевтичної допомоги в Україні та за кордоном, проаналізовано кількісні показники захворюваності на злоякісні новоутворення, кількість аптек в Україні та в Харківській області. Вивчено порушення правил обігу лікарських засобів, допущених для забезпечення онкохворих. Запропоновано нормотворчі ініціативи для удосконалення системи правовідносин «лікар–пацієнт–провізор» та обігу наркотичних лікарських засобів для фармацевтичного забезпечення онкохворих за пільговими рецептами в аптечних закладах України та Харківського регіону

This paper presents evidence on how children's educational outcomes are affected by family, social and economic backgrounds in a developing economy by exploiting data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2011. In a developing country like Bangladesh, a child's educational outcome is not only dependent on government policies but also on the child's social and economic background. In this paper an attempt has been made to answer the question — how household conditions affect the educational attainments of children. To answer this question an examination of proximate factors associated with school dropouts has been conducted by developing Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and probit estimations to see if the models can explain the Bangladesh DHS data well. Any differential effects of the gender of the household head or across regions have been taken care of to arrive at the results. A set of independent variables has been identified representing the household status and family conditions. For the OLS model, the dependent variable chosen is the percentage of school dropouts from a particular household. For the Probit model, a dichotomous variable indicating whether the household has any number of school dropouts or not was calculated. The results showed that children from poor families with less educated parents have overall high dropout rates with a lasting effect on educational outcomes. Father's education plays a significant role in reducing the dropout rates, whereas the mother's education has negligible effect. It is also noted that families with more than 3 children and household members greater than 5 also have fewer number of children who are going to school. The place of residence, access to electricity and school transportation reduces the dropout rates. Also, the results for the probit model virtually mirror the OLS results. The OLS and probit do not diverge in sign or significance for most other variables either such as urban-rural location and father's education. This paper is a valuable contribution for assessing the policies taken by the Government of Bangladesh because Bangladesh's school dropout rate has increased over the last few years. This paper is the first of its kind as it uses a different methodology to assess the effect of household conditions on children's educational outcomes.

ObjectivesThe main objective of the study was to compare mortality for people with an intellectual disability (ID) to the general population in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. A second objective was to provide mortality data for people with an intellectual disability fromNSWin a standardized format, which allows for international comparisons of the mortality of people with an intellectual disability.Design and settingThe study was a longitudinal cohort study linking retrospective data from the population databases of theNSWDepartment of Ageing, Disability and Home Care (ADHC) Intellectual Disability Services Dataset (intellectual disability cohort) to the mortality data set of theNSWRegistry of Births, Deaths and Marriages (RBDM) for the period 1 June 2005 to 31 December 2011.ParticipantsThe two groups of interest for this study were persons with an intellectual disability recorded in the intellectual disability cohort (953 deaths among 42 219 persons over 270 649 person‐years of observation) and the rest of theNSWpopulation (312 649 deaths among over 7 218 529 persons [2011 population] and 45 818 946 person‐years of observation).Main outcome measuresIn this study, we compared the intellectual disability cohort with the rest of theNSWpopulation using age‐adjusted death rates (ADRs), standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and age standardized death rates (ASDRs) based upon the World Health Organization (WHO) standard population.ResultsWe found a significantly higher mortality in a cohort of people with an intellectual disability compared to the rest of theNSWpopulation. The intellectual disability cohort compared to the rest of theNSWpopulation had anSMRof 2.48 for all ages and anSMRof 3.15 for those aged 5–69 years. We also found anSMRfor females (4.26) with an intellectual disability that was significantly higher than that for males (2.52) with an intellectual disability. TheASDRfor the intellectual disability cohort was 4.04 (deaths per 1000) and theASDRfor the rest of theNSWpopulation was 1.58, giving a comparative mortality ratio of 2.55.ConclusionsOur findings indicate excess mortality of people with an intellectual disability when compared to the general population. They also indicate that females with an intellectual disability have a higher relative mortality compared to female same‐aged general population peers, and also males with an intellectual disability, a finding replicated in other similar cohort studies. For international comparison using theWHOstandard population, our intellectual disability cohort (ages 5–69 years) had a mortality of 4.04 deaths per 1000.

IntroductionEvidence suggests that people who inject drugs often begin their drug use and injecting practices in adolescence, yet there are limited data available on the HIV epidemic and the responses for this population. The comprehensive package of interventions for the prevention, treatment and care of HIV infection among people who inject drugs first laid out in 2009 (revised in 2012) by World Health Organization, United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime and Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, does not consider the unique needs of adolescent and young people. In order to better understand the values and preferences of young people who inject drugs in accessing harm reduction services and support, we undertook a series of community consultations with young people with experience of injecting drugs during adolescence.MethodsCommunity consultations (4–14 persons) were held in 14 countries. Participants were recruited using a combined criterion and maximum variation sampling strategy. Data were analyzed using collaborative qualitative data analysis. Frequency analysis of themes was conducted.ResultsNineteen community consultations were organized with a total of 132 participants. All participants had experienced injecting drugs before the age of 18. They had the following age distribution: 18–20 (37%), 21–25 (48%) and 26–30 (15%). Of the participants, 73.5% were male while 25.7% were female, with one transgender participant. Barriers to accessing the comprehensive package included: lack of information and knowledge of services, age restrictions on services, belief that services were not needed, fear of law enforcement, fear of stigma, lack of concern, high cost, lack of outreach, lack of knowledge of HCV/TB and lack of youth friendly services.ConclusionsThe consultations provide a rare insight into the lived experiences of adolescents who inject drugs and highlight the dissonance between their reality and current policy and programmatic approaches. Findings suggest that harm reduction and HIV policies and programmes should adapt the comprehensive package to reach young people and explore linkages to other sectors such as education and employment to ensure they are fully supported and protected. Continued participation of the community of young people who inject drugs can help ensure policy and programmes respond to the social exclusion and denial of rights and prevent HIV infection among adolescents who inject drugs.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased risks to mother and child, but globally agreed diagnostic criteria remain elusive. Identification of women with GDM is important, as treatment reduces adverse outcomes such as perinatal death, shoulder dystocia and neonatal hypoglycaemia. Recently, the UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommended new diagnostic thresholds for GDM which are different from the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria endorsed by the WHO. The study aim was to assess neonatal and obstetric outcomes among women who would test positive for the IADPSG criteria but negative for the NICE 2015 criteria. METHODS: Data from 25,543 consecutive singleton live births (2004-2008) were obtained retrospectively from hospital records. Women were screened with a random plasma glucose (RPG; 12-16 weeks) and a 50 g glucose challenge test (GCT; 26-28 weeks). If RPG >7.0 mmol/l, GCT >7.7 mmol/l or symptoms were present, a 75 g OGTT was offered (n = 3,848). RESULTS: In this study, GDM prevalence was 4.13% (NICE 2015) and 4.62% (IADPSG). Women who 'fell through the net', testing NICE-negative but IADPSG-positive (n = 387), had a higher risk of having a large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infant (birthweight >90th percentile for gestational age; adjusted OR [95% CI] 3.12 [2.44, 3.98]), Caesarean delivery (1.44 [1.15, 1.81]) and polyhydramnios (6.90 [3.94, 12.08]) compared with women with negative screening results and no OGTT (n = 21,695). LGA risk was highest among women with fasting plasma glucose 5.1-5.5 mmol/l (n = 167): the mean birthweight was 350 g above that of the reference population and 37.7% of infants were LGA. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The IADPSG criteria identify women at substantial risk of complications who would not be identified by the NICE 2015 criteria. ; CLM receives salary funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013; grant agreement number 266408) and from the Wellcome Trust Translational Medicine and Therapeutics Programme, which is funded by the Wellcome Trust in association with GlaxoSmithKline. ; This is the final version. It was first published by Springer at http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00125-015-3647-z.

OBJECTIVES: Closed-loop (CL) systems modulate insulin delivery based on glucose levels measured by a continuous glucose monitor (CGM). Accuracy of the CGM affects CL performance and safety. We evaluated the accuracy of the Freestyle Navigator(®) II CGM (Abbott Diabetes Care, Alameda, CA) during three unsupervised, randomized, open-label, crossover home CL studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Paired CGM and capillary glucose values (10,597 pairs) were collected from 57 participants with type 1 diabetes (41 adults [mean±SD age, 39±12 years; mean±SD hemoglobin A1c, 7.9±0.8%] recruited at five centers and 16 adolescents [mean±SD age, 15.6±3.6 years; mean±SD hemoglobin A1c, 8.1±0.8%] recruited at two centers). Numerical accuracy was assessed by absolute relative difference (ARD) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 15197:2013 15/15% limits, and clinical accuracy was assessed by Clarke error grid analysis. RESULTS: Total duration of sensor use was 2,002 days (48,052 h). Overall sensor accuracy for the capillary glucose range (1.1-27.8 mmol/L) showed mean±SD and median (interquartile range) ARD of 14.2±15.5% and 10.0% (4.5%, 18.4%), respectively. Lowest mean ARD was observed in the hyperglycemic range (9.8±8.8%). Over 95% of pairs were in combined Clarke error grid Zones A and B (A, 80.1%, B, 16.2%). Overall, 70.0% of the sensor readings satisfied ISO criteria. Mean ARD was consistent (12.3%; 95% of the values fall within ±3.7%) and not different between participants (P=0.06) within the euglycemic and hyperglycemic range, when CL is actively modulating insulin delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent accuracy of the CGM within the euglycemic-hyperglycemic range using the Freestyle Navigator II was observed and supports its use in home CL studies. Our results may contribute toward establishing normative CGM performance criteria for unsupervised home use of CL. ; Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (#22-2009-802), Diabetes UK (BDA07/0003549) and Seventh Framework Programme of the European Union (Grant Agreement number 247138) with additional support for the Artificial Pancreas work by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1R01DK085621), Wellcome Strategic Award (100574/Z/12/Z), and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. ; This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Mary Ann Liebert via http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/dia.2015.0062

Abstract Policy for the delegation of container-content verification in the pharmacy department of the CHUM The modification of standard 90-01 together with the publication of guidelines by the Ordre des pharmaciens du Québec have served as a springboard for elaborating and implementing a policy for delegating various tasks to technical staff in the CHUM pharmacy department. Objectives: 1. To outline a policy for delegating the verification of container-content (DVCC) regarding the distribution of medications delivered relative to their prescription.2. To make possible a more judicious use of professional and technical resources in order to accord pharmacists in the distribution sector more time for monitoring. Methodology: The outline of the policy consisted of the following chronological steps:1. Definition of its various elements, 2. Presentation of the policy to the pharmacists, 3. Approval by the pharmacists and various decisionmakers of the CHUM, 4. Presentation of the policy to the technical staff, 5. Provision of theory and hands-on training for technical staff, 6. Implementation of the policy and quality control programme. Result and discussion: The DVCC has been in effect since January 2001 in the three hospitals of the CHUM. To be accorded responsibility for this task, a staff member must have at least six months' experience in the relevant sector and pass a qualification test. The quality control programme is the cornerstone of the policy: it had to be simple, quick and effective. The programme makes it possible to evaluate the quality of the process on one hand and the efficiency of the technical assistants on the other. After eight months of implementation in accordance with the norms accepted by the pharmacy department, the rate of efficiency of the process had attained 90%. As well, the work of almost three-quarters of the technical staff was shown to be satisfactory. Conclusion: Container-content verification is the first in a series of technical tasks that are part of the policy of delegation to technical assistants. The quality control programme ensures the integrity of the process and the productivity of the technical staff. The new use of the competencies of technicians increases the quality of care and the profitability of the health system. The delegation policy will soon be extended to include other technical tasks.

The IRS targets Tea Party organizations' applications for nonprofit tax-exempt status for special scrutiny. Newly opened online federal health exchanges fail to function. Officials at some Veterans Administration hospitals engage in widespread falsification of wait times. A key theme linking these examples is that they all involve managerial and supervisory failure. This should come as no surprise. Supervision and other systemic features of government administration have long been fundamental in shaping how an agency operates, and their importance is only more acute today. New approaches to program implementation and regulation mean that a broader array of actors is wielding broader discretionary governmental authority. The centrality of systemic administration in practice contrasts starkly with its virtual exclusion from contemporary U.S. constitutional law. This exclusion of administration takes a variety of doctrinal guises, but it surfaces repeatedly in both structural and individual rights contexts. This Article argues that the exclusion of systemic administration from constitutional law is a mistake. This exclusion creates a deeply troubling disconnect between the realities of government and the constitutional requirements imposed on exercises of governmental power. Just as importantly, the current doctrinal exclusion of administration stands at odds with the Constitution's text and structure, which repeatedly emphasize one particular systemic administrative feature: supervision. This emphasis on supervision is most prominently manifest in Article II's Take Care Clause, but it also surfaces more broadly as a constitutional prerequisite of delegation of governmental power. Whether it is rooted in Article II, general separation of powers principles, or due process, a duty to supervise represents a basic precept of our federal constitutional structure. Moreover, concerns about judicial role do not justify the Court's refusal to engage with systemic administration, and judicial recognition of a constitutional duty to supervise is critical even if the duty is entirely politically enforced. Indeed, recognizing a constitutional duty to supervise is as central to the overall project of constitutional interpretation as it is to the aim of better keying constitutional law to the realities of contemporary governance. Recognizing this duty underscores the need for greater attention to how courts can support constitutional enforcement by the other branches and highlights the porous and critical relationship between constitutional and subconstitutional law.

The IRS targets Tea Party organizations' applications for nonprofit tax-exempt status for special scrutiny. Newly opened online federal health exchanges fail to function. Officials at some Veterans Administration hospitals engage in widespread falsification of wait times. A key theme linking these examples is that they all involve managerial and supervisory failure. This should come as no surprise. Supervision and other systemic features of government administration have long been fundamental in shaping how an agency operates, and their importance is only more acute today. New approaches to program implementation and regulation mean that a broader array of actors is wielding broader discretionary governmental authority. The centrality of systemic administration in practice contrasts starkly with its virtual exclusion from contemporary U.S. constitutional law. This exclusion of administration takes a variety of doctrinal guises, but it surfaces repeatedly in both structural and individual rights contexts. This Article argues that the exclusion of systemic administration from constitutional law is a mistake. This exclusion creates a deeply troubling disconnect between the realities of government and the constitutional requirements imposed on exercises of governmental power. Just as importantly, the current doctrinal exclusion of administration stands at odds with the Constitution's text and structure, which repeatedly emphasize one particular systemic administrative feature: supervision. This emphasis on supervision is most prominently manifest in Article II's Take Care Clause, but it also surfaces more broadly as a constitutional prerequisite of delegation of governmental power. Whether it is rooted in Article II, general separation of powers principles, or due process, a duty to supervise represents a basic precept of our federal constitutional structure. Moreover, concerns about judicial role do not justify the Court's refusal to engage with systemic administration, and judicial recognition of a constitutional duty to supervise is critical even if the duty is entirely politically enforced. Indeed, recognizing a constitutional duty to supervise is as central to the overall project of constitutional interpretation as it is to the aim of better keying constitutional law to the realities of contemporary governance. Recognizing this duty underscores the need for greater attention to how courts can support constitutional enforcement by the other branches and highlights the porous and critical relationship between constitutional and subconstitutional law.

Отличительной особенностью медицинской деятельности является то, что она на любом этапе лечебно-диагностической деятельности носит рискованный характер. Причиной тому являются как объективные факторы: уровень развития медицинской науки, физиологические особенности организма человека, особенности протекания заболевания, техническая оснащенность медицинских учреждений, так и субъективные обстоятельства, которые преимущественно связаны с познавательной деятельностью медицинских работников при оказании пациенту медицинской помощи. Современное развитие медицинской науки, ее соответствие международным стандартам невозможно без совершения в медицинской деятельности рискованных действий в целях апробирования новых методов лечения пациентов, испытания лекарственных препаратов. Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации определяет условия правомерности обоснованного риска в любой человеческой жизнедеятельности, и медицинская деятельность не является исключением, но при этом обладает специфическими особенностями, которые отражаются и на условиях правомерности данного обстоятельства, исключающего преступность деяния. Специфические черты, характерные для обстоятельств, исключающих преступность деяния в медицинской деятельности, порождают у правоприменителей определенные сложности в установлении условий их правомерности. Анализ уголовного и медицинского законодательства Российской Федерации, общепризнанных принципов и норм международного права, уголовного законодательства зарубежных государств и практики их применения позволили определить систему условий правомерности обоснованного риска в медицинской деятельности. ; A distinctive feature of medical practice is that it is at any stage of treatment and diagnostic activity is risky. The reason for that is as objective factors the level of development of medical science, the physiological characteristics of the human body, especially of the disease, the technical equipment of medical institutions, and subjective circumstances, which are mainly related to the cognitive activity of health professionals in the provision of patient care. The modern development of medical science, its compliance with international standards is impossible without committing to a medical practice risky actions in order to test new treatments for patients, drug trials. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation defines the terms legality reasonable risk in any human activity, and medical activity is no exception, but it has specific features that are reflected in the conditions and the legality of the circumstances precluding criminality. Specific features specific to the circumstances precluding criminality in medical activities generate enforcers have some difficulties in establishing the conditions of their validity. Analysis of criminal and medical legislation of the Russian Federation, generally recognized principles and norms of international law, the criminal law of the foreign states and their application, possible to determine the conditions of legality sound system of risk in medical practice.

Abstract Background Drowning contributes to incapacity and early death in many countries. In low- and middle-income countries, children are the most susceptible to fatalities. Over 50 % of the global drowning deaths occur among children aged under 15 years old with children aged between 1 and 4 years of age being most at risk. In Bangladesh, drowning rates are 10 to 20 times more than those in other developing countries. The object of this study is to determine the socio-demographic, environmental and caring hazard issues for child drowning in Bangladesh. Methods A case–control study was conducted, with data collected from the Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey (BHIS) to identify the social-demographic and environmental factors associated with childhood drowning. The participants represented 171,366 households from seven divisions of Bangladesh—Dhaka, Rajshahi, Chittagong, Barisal, Sylhet, Khulna and Rangpur. The survey was conducted between January and December of 2003. A total of 141 children drowning were identified in the year preceding the survey. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis. The odds ratios with 95 % CI intervals were estimated for various associated factors for child drowning deaths. Results In Bangladesh, in 2003, the incidence of drowning deaths was 104.8 per 100,000 among those aged less than 5 years; 168.7 per 100,000 in rural areas; male 32.4 per 100,000; 112.7 per 100,000 between 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m.; and cannot swim 134.9 per 100,000. The socio-demographic danger factors for child drowning deaths were: being male (OR = 1.45, 95 % CI = 1.34–1.78), aged less than 5 years (OR = 2.89, 95 % CI = 1.89–3.11), urban areas (OR = 0.67, 95 % CI = 0.67–1.87), and mother being illiterate (OR = 1.69, 95 % CI = 1.01–2.81). Significant environmental and caring factors included mother/caregiver not being the accompanying person (OR = 25.4, 95 % CI = 14.4–45.3) and children cannot swim (OR = 4.5, 95 % CI = 1.25–19.4). Conclusion Drowning is the single largest reason for the mortality of children aged less than five years. There is a need to educate Bangladeshi parents and encourage behavioural change concerning supervision. The Government should use mass media to raise awareness about drowning among the community with a focus on rural areas. Policies should focus on increasing supervision by mothers/care persons, swimming .

AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of diabetes and diabetes treatment with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. METHODS: Histologically confirmed incident cases of postmenopausal breast (N = 916) cancer were recruited from 23 Spanish public hospitals. Population-based controls (N = 1094) were randomly selected from primary care center lists within the catchment areas of the participant hospitals. ORs (95 % CI) were estimated using mixed-effects logistic regression models, using the recruitment center as a random effect term. Breast tumors were classified into hormone receptor positive (ER+ or PR+), HER2+ and triple negative (TN). RESULTS: Diabetes was not associated with the overall risk of breast cancer (OR 1.09; 95 % CI 0.82-1.45), and it was only linked to the risk of developing TN tumors: Among 91 women with TN tumors, 18.7 % were diabetic, while the corresponding figure among controls was 9.9 % (OR 2.25; 95 % CI 1.22-4.15). Regarding treatment, results showed that insulin use was more prevalent among diabetic cases (2.5 %) as compared to diabetic controls (0.7 %); OR 2.98; 95 % CI 1.26-7.01. They also showed that, among diabetics, the risk of developing HR+/HER2- tumors decreased with longer metformin use (ORper year 0.89; 95 % CI 0.81-0.99; based on 24 cases and 43 controls). CONCLUSION: This study reinforces the need to correctly classify breast cancers when studying their association with diabetes. Given the low survival rates in women diagnosed with TN breast tumors and the potential impact of diabetes control on breast cancer prevention, more studies are needed to better characterize this association. ; This work was supported by research Grants from Spain´s Health Research Fund Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (PI12/00488, PI08/1770, PI08/0533, PI08/1359, PS09/00773, PS09/01286, PS09/01903, PS09/02078, PS09/01662, PI11/01403, PI11/01889, PI11/00226, PI11/01810, PI11/02213, PI12/00265, PI12/01270, PI12/00715, PI12/00150), Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla (API 10/09), ICGC International Cancer Genome Consortium CLL, Junta de Castilla y León (LE22A10-2), Consejería de Salud of the Junta de Andalucía (PI-0571), Conselleria de Sanitat of the Generalitat Valenciana (AP_061/10), Recercaixa (2010ACUP 00310), Regional Government of the Basque Country by European Commission GrantsFOOD-CT-2006-036224-HIWATE, Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC) Scientific Foundation and the Catalan Government DURSI Grant 2014SGR647 ; Sí

В статье рассматривается вопрос материального обеспечения и условий труда сотрудников губернских чрезвычайных комиссий в период 1919—1922 гг. на примере Харьковской губернской ЧК. В историографии проблема не получила должного освещения, поэтому в основе исследования лежат неопубликованные документы. Охарактеризованы условия труда чекистов, отмечено, что ненормированный график выступал причиной текучести кадров, возникновения проблем со здоровьем у сотрудников. Определены виды материального обеспечения чекистов, его нормы и периодичность предоставления. Установлено, что была создана ведомственная инфраструктура, призванная удовлетворить потребности сотрудников в лечении и оздоровлении, уходе за собой, пошиве и ремонте одежды и обуви. Особенности предоставления продовольствия и вещевого обеспечения зависели от наличия военного положения в стране, уравнения чекистов с военнослужащими Красной армии, принадлежности сотрудника к первой или второй группе личного состава. Резерв обеспечения создавался как руководством ВЧК, так и местными исполнительными органами. Были уточнены нормы денежного, продовольственного и вещевого обеспечения сотрудников губернских чрезвычайных комиссий на материалах Харьковской ГубЧК. Выявлено, что, несмотря на особое внимание государства, чекисты все же испытывали существенные материальные трудности, побуждавшие менять место службы или совершать преступления. ; The paper is devoted to the problem of material security and working conditions of employees of provincial emergency commissions during 1919—1922 by the example of Kharkov Cheka. This question has not been studied in the historiography, so this research is based on unpublished documents. It was characterized working conditions of chekists. It was observed that irregular working hours caused staff turnover, the occurrence of health problems. It was determined types of material security, its standards and periodicity. It was established that departmental infrastructure was created which must satisfy the needs of employees in the treatment and rehabilitation, personal care, clothing sewing and repair. Features of providing food and clothing for chekists were depended on the presence of the military situation in the country, the equation of chekists with soldiers of the Red Army, membership employers to the first or second group of personnel. The reserve of security was created by direction of All-Russian Extraordinary Commission and local executive authorities. It was clarified the standards of money, food and clothing security for employees provincial emergency commissions on the materials of Kharkov Cheka. It was observed despite the special attention of the government, chekists felt financial difficulties, which made them to change their job or to commit a crime.

Подъем и процветание аграрного сектора экономики России, прежде всего, должно быть связано с решением приоритетных задач, главной целью которых является забота о здоровье, питании, образовании селян и обеспечении их комфортной средой проживания. Создание благоприятных условий для жизни населения сельских районов все больше зависит не от организации сферы материального производства, а от уровня развития в них социальной инфраструктуры. На примере муниципальных районов Самарской области рассмотрено современное состояние и тенденции развития социальной инфраструктуры. Рассмотрены основные проблемы, связанные с обеспечением развития сельской социальной инфраструктуры в регионе, решение которых являются необходимым условием повышения уровня и качества жизни сельского населения. Проанализированы основные факторы и особенности развития социальной инфраструктуры сельских районов. Перспективное развитие социальной инфраструктуры муниципальных районов Самарской области неразрывно связано с понятием «устойчивое развитие сельских территорий». Показаны основные пути эффективного развития социальной инфраструктуры муниципальных районов в регионе. Среди перспективных направлений развития сельской социальной инфраструктуры особый акцент делается на сельский туризм и комплексную компактную застройку, осуществляющуюся через механизмы государственно-частного партнерства. ; The rise and prosperity of the agricultural sector of the Russian economy, first of all, must be associated with the priorities, the main purpose of which is to care about health, nutrition, education of the villagers and providing them with a comfortable living environment. The creation of favorable conditions for life of people in rural areas increasingly depends not on the organization of the sphere of material production, and the level of development of social infrastructure. For example, the municipal districts of the Samara region were considered the modern state and tendencies of development of social infrastructure. The main problems associated with the development of rural social infrastructure in the region, the solution of which is a necessary condition for improving the level and quality of life of the rural population. The main factors and features of development of social infrastructure of rural areas are analyzed. Future development of the social infrastructure of municipal districts of the Samara region is inextricably linked with the concept of "sustainable development of rural territories". Main ways of effective development of social infrastructure of municipal districts in the region were shown. Among perspective directions of development of rural social infrastructure special emphasis on rural tourism and integrated compact development, which is achieved through the mechanisms of public-private partnership.

Представленная статья посвящена изучению и рассмотрению основных направлений в реализации социальной функции в конкретный исторический период развития Российского государства. Проведенный анализ государственной политики Советской власти раскрывает особенности формирования правовых основ социального государства в советский период. Стоящие перед государством цели и задачи по обеспечению всех членов общества средствами к существованию и свободному развитию, определяли приоритетное положение социальной деятельности в государственной политической системе. Последствия военных и революционных событий породили сложную социальную обстановку в стране: низкий уровень жизни граждан, массовая бедность и голод, отсутствие необходимой медицинской помощи и нехватку медикаментов, распространение беспризорности и рост смертности среди населения. Все эти социально-экономические проблемы требовали от государства проведения действенных мероприятий по изменению общественной жизни и налаживанию социальной обстановки в стране. Важнейшими направлениями осуществления социальной политики в первые годы образования Советского государства являлись организация и развитие социального страхования и социального обеспечения; регулирование трудовых отношений и ликвидация безработицы; организация и развитие системы здравоохранения; организация и развитие образования; ликвидация детской безнадзорности и беспризорности ; The presented article is devoted to studying and consideration of the main directions of realization of social function during the concrete historical period of development of the Russian state. The carried-out analysis of a state policy of the Soviet power opens features of formation of legal bases of the social state during the Soviet period. The purposes facing the state and tasks of providing all members of society with means of livelihood and free development, defined the priority provision of social activity in the state political system. Consequences of military and revolutionary events generated a difficult social situation in the country: a low standard of living of citizens, mass poverty and hunger, lack of necessary medical care and shortage of medicines, distribution of homelessness and growth of mortality among the population. All these social and economic problems demanded from the state of carrying out effective actions for change of public life and to adjustment of a social situation in the country. The most important directions of implementation of social policy in the first years of formation of the Soviet state were the organization and development of social insurance and social security; regulation of the labor relations and elimination of unemployment; organization and development of health system; organization and development of education; elimination of children's neglect and homelessness