Suchergebnisse

Settlement and Neigboorhoods Centers (SNC) offer a local reception, animation, activities and social services. Through their history and their partnership affiliations, they are recognized as stakeholders social life animation, family policies and child/youth animation. For the past ten years or so, SNC have also positioned themselves as stakeholders in "well aging" and public health for the elderly population. This thesis proposes a reflection on the place of SNC as local gerontological stakeholders in a context of evolution of social action on ageing illustrated inter alia by the Law on the adaptation of society to ageing (2015), and in the face of the demographic challenge of an ageing population. To do this, it is necessary to question the action of SNC on this public as well as the stakes of its inclusion in the gerontological landscape. Our analysis is built on several scales ranging from the consideration of Well-aging in a SNC to that for SNC, as a federated network. To define the role of SNC as stakeholders of Well-aging in territories, it is also necessary to understand the impact of their actions on populations, as well as the territorial dimension of this impact. To do this, we question, among other things, the notion of "local action". Finally, the role of SNC as stakeholders in the field of Aging is also understood by the way other stakeholder actors in that field view them. The results presented are based on different qualitative and quantitative methods (interviews, questionnaires,observations, etc.) implemented as part of the I-CARE project carried out by the Union Régionale des Centres Sociaux des Pays de la Loire, which encompases this research through a CIFRE system ; Les Centres Sociaux et socioculturel offrent accueil, animation, activités et services à finalité sociale en proximité. Par leur histoire et leurs affiliations partenariales, ils sont des acteurs reconnus de l'animation de la vie sociale, des politiques familiales et de l'animation enfance/jeunesse. Depuis une dizaine d'années, les CSX se positionnent également comme des acteurs du «bien-vieillir» et de santé publique auprès de la population âgée. Cette thèse propose une réflexion autour de la place des Centres Sociaux comme acteurs gérontologiques de proximité dans un contexte d'évolution de l'action sociale sur le vieillissement illustré entre autres par la Loi d'adaptation de la société au vieillissement (2015), et face au défi démographique du vieillissement de la population. Pour cela, il s'agit d'interroger l'action des Centres Sociaux sur ce public ainsi que les enjeux de l'inscription de celle-ci dans le paysage gérontologique. Notre analyse est construite à plusieurs échelles allant de la considération du Bien-vieillir dans un Centre Social à celle dans les Centres Sociaux, en tant que réseau fédéré. Pour définir le rôle des Centres Sociaux comme acteurs du Bien-vieillir dans les territoires, il convient également de comprendre l'impact de leurs actions sur les populations, ainsi que la dimension territoriale de cet impact. Pour cela, nous interrogeons, entre autres, la notion d'«action en proximité». Enfin, le rôle des Centres Sociaux en tant qu'acteur du Bien-vieillir se comprend également par le regard que portent sur eux d'autres acteurs du champ du vieillissement. Les résultats présentés reposent sur l'utilisation de différentes méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives (entretiens, questionnaires, observations…) mises en place dans le cadre du projet I-CARE porté par l'Union Régionale des Centres Sociaux des Pays de la Loire dans lequel s'inscrit cette recherche par un dispositif CIFRE.

Settlement and Neigboorhoods Centers (SNC) offer a local reception, animation, activities and social services. Through their history and their partnership affiliations, they are recognized as stakeholders social life animation, family policies and child/youth animation. For the past ten years or so, SNC have also positioned themselves as stakeholders in "well aging" and public health for the elderly population. This thesis proposes a reflection on the place of SNC as local gerontological stakeholders in a context of evolution of social action on ageing illustrated inter alia by the Law on the adaptation of society to ageing (2015), and in the face of the demographic challenge of an ageing population. To do this, it is necessary to question the action of SNC on this public as well as the stakes of its inclusion in the gerontological landscape. Our analysis is built on several scales ranging from the consideration of Well-aging in a SNC to that for SNC, as a federated network. To define the role of SNC as stakeholders of Well-aging in territories, it is also necessary to understand the impact of their actions on populations, as well as the territorial dimension of this impact. To do this, we question, among other things, the notion of "local action". Finally, the role of SNC as stakeholders in the field of Aging is also understood by the way other stakeholder actors in that field view them. The results presented are based on different qualitative and quantitative methods (interviews, questionnaires,observations, etc.) implemented as part of the I-CARE project carried out by the Union Régionale des Centres Sociaux des Pays de la Loire, which encompases this research through a CIFRE system ; Les Centres Sociaux et socioculturel offrent accueil, animation, activités et services à finalité sociale en proximité. Par leur histoire et leurs affiliations partenariales, ils sont des acteurs reconnus de l'animation de la vie sociale, des politiques familiales et de l'animation enfance/jeunesse. Depuis une dizaine d'années, les CSX se positionnent également comme des acteurs du «bien-vieillir» et de santé publique auprès de la population âgée. Cette thèse propose une réflexion autour de la place des Centres Sociaux comme acteurs gérontologiques de proximité dans un contexte d'évolution de l'action sociale sur le vieillissement illustré entre autres par la Loi d'adaptation de la société au vieillissement (2015), et face au défi démographique du vieillissement de la population. Pour cela, il s'agit d'interroger l'action des Centres Sociaux sur ce public ainsi que les enjeux de l'inscription de celle-ci dans le paysage gérontologique. Notre analyse est construite à plusieurs échelles allant de la considération du Bien-vieillir dans un Centre Social à celle dans les Centres Sociaux, en tant que réseau fédéré. Pour définir le rôle des Centres Sociaux comme acteurs du Bien-vieillir dans les territoires, il convient également de comprendre l'impact de leurs actions sur les populations, ainsi que la dimension territoriale de cet impact. Pour cela, nous interrogeons, entre autres, la notion d'«action en proximité». Enfin, le rôle des Centres Sociaux en tant qu'acteur du Bien-vieillir se comprend également par le regard que portent sur eux d'autres acteurs du champ du vieillissement. Les résultats présentés reposent sur l'utilisation de différentes méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives (entretiens, questionnaires, observations…) mises en place dans le cadre du projet I-CARE porté par l'Union Régionale des Centres Sociaux des Pays de la Loire dans lequel s'inscrit cette recherche par un dispositif CIFRE.

Settlement and Neigboorhoods Centers (SNC) offer a local reception, animation, activities and social services. Through their history and their partnership affiliations, they are recognized as stakeholders social life animation, family policies and child/youth animation. For the past ten years or so, SNC have also positioned themselves as stakeholders in "well aging" and public health for the elderly population. This thesis proposes a reflection on the place of SNC as local gerontological stakeholders in a context of evolution of social action on ageing illustrated inter alia by the Law on the adaptation of society to ageing (2015), and in the face of the demographic challenge of an ageing population. To do this, it is necessary to question the action of SNC on this public as well as the stakes of its inclusion in the gerontological landscape. Our analysis is built on several scales ranging from the consideration of Well-aging in a SNC to that for SNC, as a federated network. To define the role of SNC as stakeholders of Well-aging in territories, it is also necessary to understand the impact of their actions on populations, as well as the territorial dimension of this impact. To do this, we question, among other things, the notion of "local action". Finally, the role of SNC as stakeholders in the field of Aging is also understood by the way other stakeholder actors in that field view them. The results presented are based on different qualitative and quantitative methods (interviews, questionnaires,observations, etc.) implemented as part of the I-CARE project carried out by the Union Régionale des Centres Sociaux des Pays de la Loire, which encompases this research through a CIFRE system ; Les Centres Sociaux et socioculturel offrent accueil, animation, activités et services à finalité sociale en proximité. Par leur histoire et leurs affiliations partenariales, ils sont des acteurs reconnus de l'animation de la vie sociale, des politiques familiales et de l'animation enfance/jeunesse. Depuis une dizaine d'années, les CSX se positionnent également comme des acteurs du «bien-vieillir» et de santé publique auprès de la population âgée. Cette thèse propose une réflexion autour de la place des Centres Sociaux comme acteurs gérontologiques de proximité dans un contexte d'évolution de l'action sociale sur le vieillissement illustré entre autres par la Loi d'adaptation de la société au vieillissement (2015), et face au défi démographique du vieillissement de la population. Pour cela, il s'agit d'interroger l'action des Centres Sociaux sur ce public ainsi que les enjeux de l'inscription de celle-ci dans le paysage gérontologique. Notre analyse est construite à plusieurs échelles allant de la considération du Bien-vieillir dans un Centre Social à celle dans les Centres Sociaux, en tant que réseau fédéré. Pour définir le rôle des Centres Sociaux comme acteurs du Bien-vieillir dans les territoires, il convient également de comprendre l'impact de leurs actions sur les populations, ainsi que la dimension territoriale de cet impact. Pour cela, nous interrogeons, entre autres, la notion d'«action en proximité». Enfin, le rôle des Centres Sociaux en tant qu'acteur du Bien-vieillir se comprend également par le regard que portent sur eux d'autres acteurs du champ du vieillissement. Les résultats présentés reposent sur l'utilisation de différentes méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives (entretiens, questionnaires, observations…) mises en place dans le cadre du projet I-CARE porté par l'Union Régionale des Centres Sociaux des Pays de la Loire dans lequel s'inscrit cette recherche par un dispositif CIFRE.

The main goal of the project was to investigate everyday life sociability in families with babies in the first year of life. As an exploratory research, it sought to produce information on a variety of central aspects in the early childhood literature (health, food, sleep, care, ways of playing and entertainment). The open-qualitative strategy focused on variables and dimensions that were of interest for the 'actors' (mothers, fathers, children and their environment) and were not developed in local available literature. This topic is part of a sustained and growing interest over childhood in the political agenda and in the social sciences in general, and in a recent revision of the concepts of socialization and early infancy in Sociology in particular. In this context, the survey and analysis was completed, which consisted of in-depth interviews that were conducted to mothers of popular sectors with babies under a year old. The interviews were carried out in their homes, which allowed a contact for the observation of the babies and their daily spaces. Among the main findings, it can be highlighted the low centrality that neighborhood had in the daily life of these children, not operating as a space where social relationships can be set or where socialization may be carried out. In the case of mothers who were all day, during week labor days with their children at home - that is, without integration into the labor market- interaction with other adults was frequently restricted to the extended family beyond the neighborhood. The neighborhood did not provide areas of encounter, circulation of children or exchanges of favors or care services. In this sense, the lower presence of friendship relations in these sectors occurred in favor of family ties, but not so of neighbors or people of the neighborhood. ; El objetivo general del proyecto fue investigar la sociabilidad familiar –la vida cotidiana– en hogares con bebés en el primer año de vida. Con carácter exploratorio, se buscó producir información sobre una variedad de aspectos centrales en la bibliografía de primera infancia (salud, cuidados en la alimentación y el sueño, formas de juego y entretenimiento), manteniendo la atención abierta a variables y dimensiones que fueran de interés para los actores (madres, padres, niños y su entorno) y no estuvieran desarrolladas en la bibliografía preexistente. Esta temática se enmarcó en un crecimiento sostenido del interés por la infancia en la agenda política y en las ciencias sociales en general, y en una revisión reciente de los conceptos de socialización y de infancia, en la sociología en particular. En dicho contexto, se pudo avanzar con el trabajo de relevamiento y análisis de material de campo, el cual consistió en entrevistas en profundidad a madres de sectores populares con bebés de menos de un año. Las entrevistas fueron realizadas en los hogares, contacto que permitió la observación de los bebés y sus espacios materiales cotidianos. Entre los hallazgos principales, puede destacarse la escasa centralidad que el barrio tenía en la vida cotidiana de estos niños, en el sentido de no operar como un espacio cotidiano de construcción de vínculos o de socialización. En el caso de las madres que estaban con sus chicos en el hogar durante los días de semana –es decir, sin una integración al mercado de trabajo– fue frecuente que la interacción con otros adultos se restringiera a la familia extensa fuera del barrio, sin hallar en el vecindario ámbitos de encuentro, circulación de los niños o intercambios de favores o servicios de cuidado. En este sentido, la menor presencia de relaciones de amistad en estos sectores se produjo a favor de vínculos familiares, pero no así de vecinos o personas del barrio.

The aim of the study was to conduct clinical testing of the rapid diagnostic test system «Streptatest» (Dectra Pharm, France) and to evaluate its performance in accordance with its purpose in solving the functional problems of express diagnostics of Group A streptococci. In the work the evaluation of the performance characteristics of the test systems «Streptatest» with an assessment of the feasibility and acceptability of its use in the interests of practical public health have been studied. Materials and methods: Clinical approbation was carried out by examining 200 military personnel contracted for outpatient admission to a medical service with suspected acute tonsillitis for the carriage of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus using this test system. The following results were obtained during the study. Of 200 examined patients, the number of people with a positive test was 31 (15,5%), negative – 169 (84,5%), which corresponds to the literature data on the prevalence of acute tonsillitis caused by GAS. Before the application of «Streptatest» antibiotic therapy was prescribed in 80-90% of cases, after the start of the use of the test system, the number of antibiotic prescriptions was reduced to 16%, which led to a reduction in the costs of treatment of acute tonsillitis. Test system «Streptatest» is a highly effective and sufficiently reliable medical device, the ease of using test strips and a simple evaluation of the results of the study are its advantages. The indication for the application of the rapid diagnostic test system is the request for medical care of a patient with clinical signs of acute tonsillitis, tonsillopharyngitis, pharyngitis. The social significance lies in obtaining a reliable result with the simplicity and ease of working with the test system. Conclusions. Estimating the prevalence of streptococcal group A infections in organized groups, providing rapid differential diagnosis, primarily of tonsillitis and viral streptococcal etiology, allows timely and adequate appointment of the necessary treatment, reduce the risk of complications and reduce the severity of the disease, reduce the economic costs of medical care . ; Цель: проведение клинической апробации экспрессдиагностической тест-системы «Стрептатест» (Dectra Pharm, Франция) и оценка ее эксплуатационных качеств в соответствии с назначением при решении функциональных задач по экспресс-диагностике стрептококков группы А. В работе проведена оценка эксплуатационных качеств образцов тест-систем «Стрептатест» с оценкой возможности и приемлемости ее использования в интересах практического здравоохранения.Материалы и методы: клиническая апробация проводилась путем обследования 200 военнослужащих по контракту, обращавшихся в ходе амбулаторного приема в медицинскую службу с подозрением на острый тонзиллит, на носительство β-гемолитического стрептококка группы А с использованием указанной тест-системы.В ходе исследования получены следующие результаты. Из 200 обследованных пациентов количество лиц с положительным тестом составило 31 (15,5%), с отрицательным – 169 (84,5%), что соответствует литературным данным по распространенности острого тонзиллита, вызванного БГСА. До применения «Стрептатеста» антибиотикотерапия назначалась в 80–90% случаев, после начала использования тест-системы число назначений антибиотиков сократилось до 16%, что привело к снижению затрат на лечение острого тонзиллита. Тест-система «Стрептатест» является высокоэффективным и достаточно надежным изделием медицинского назначения, простота применения тестполосок и несложная оценка результатов исследования являются ее преимуществами. Показанием для применения экспресс-диагностической тест-системы является обращение за медицинской помощью пациента с клиническими признаками острого тонзиллита, тонзиллофарингита, фарингита. Социальная значимость заключается в получении достоверного результата при простоте и несложности работы с тест-системой.Выводы: оценка распространенности стрептококковой группы А инфекции в организованных коллективах, обеспечение быстрого проведения дифференциальной диагностики, в первую очередь тонзиллитов вирусной и стрептококковой этиологии, позволяет своевременно и адекватно назначить необходимое лечение, уменьшить риск возникновения осложнений и снизить тяжесть заболевания, уменьшить экономические затраты на оказание медицинской помощи

With the implementation of shelters to care for animals in the main cities of the country, the approach to good treatment with animals, called by current legislation, "sentient beings" began in Colombia. The general objective of this article was to analyze the considerations and interpretations that thinkers have made about justice (philosophers, sociologists and jurists), and the effectiveness of Law 1774 of 2016 in the treatment of humans with animals In Colombia. The specific objectives were identified by: review within the Colombian legal system aspects related to the protection of animals and the socio-legal consequences that this has generated; discern about the effectiveness of Law 1774 of 2016 regarding the relations of good treatment towards animals in the Colombian territory. The method used in this investigation was the Inductive, because it started from the understanding of the concept of justice towards the effectiveness of a legal standard such as Law 1774 of 2016 for the knowledge of the application of procedures in order to improve the conditions related to the treatment of animals. It is part of the investigations with an analytical - descriptive and qualitative approach, basically in those that fall within the scope of the Historical / Hermeneutical paradigm. The type of research defined is qualitative in nature with the use of techniques and strategies such as text analysis, interview, survey and observation. The conclusions reached in the article show the social and legal implications that are generated from animal abuse by humans, caused by the ignorance of the disadvantageous circumstances of the latter in terms of the ethics of care, protection and animal health. ; El presente artículo de investigación pretende demostrar que con la implementación de Albergues para cuidar animales en las ciudades principales del país, se iniciaba en Colombia el acercamiento hacia el buen trato con los animales, denominados por la legislación actual, "seres sintientes". El objetivo general en este artículo hizo referencia a analizar las consideraciones y las interpretaciones que sobre la justicia han hecho pensadores (filósofos, sociólogos y juristas), y la eficacia de la Ley 1774 de 2016 en las relaciones de trato de los humanos con los animales en Colombia. Los objetivos específicos se identificaron por: revisar en el interior del ordenamiento jurídico colombiano los aspectos relacionados con la protección hacia los animales y las consecuencias socio jurídicas que ello ha generado; discernir sobre la eficacia de la Ley 1774 de 2016 con respecto a la relaciones del buen trato hacia los animales en el territorio colombiano. El Método utilizado en esta investigación fue el Inductivo, porque partió de la comprensión del concepto de justicia hacia la eficacia de una norma jurídica como la Ley 1774 de 2016 para el conocimiento de la aplicación de procedimientos de la misma en procura del mejoramiento de las condiciones relacionadas con el trato hacia los animales. Se enmarca en las investigaciones con enfoque analítico - descriptivo y cualitativo, básicamente en las que se inscriben en el ámbito del paradigma Histórico/Hermenéutico. El tipo de investigación definido es de naturaleza cualitativa con la utilización de técnicas y estrategias como el análisis de texto, la entrevista, la encuesta y la observación. Las conclusiones a las que se llegan en el artículo muestran las implicaciones sociales y jurídicas que se generan a partir del maltrato animal por parte de los humanos, ocasionado por el desconocimiento de las circunstancias desventajosas de estos últimos en cuanto a la ética del cuidado, protección y salud de los animales.

The use and abuse of drugs, legal or illegal, are a growing concern in the political, social, economic and health field, causing the implications on the person, as well as in the family and society. The aim is to explore the risk factors in the field of nursing students and staff that promote drugabuse. It is a descriptive, cross-sectional quantitative study which measures the prevalence and likelihood of consumption. The population was formed by 200 nursing students from 1st to 5th year and Cycle Degree students who are also in the workplace. The sample under and over 25 years of age is divided. A questionnaire was provided and results shows that those under 25 believe that damage by consumption is important, they do not believe that decreases performance and approve experimentation. Among the over 25s they do not consider important the damage of consumption, they show greater accessibility to drugs and consider that family problems are a cause for consumption. In this group there are 22% who report using marijuana. It can be inferred that the prevalence of risk is related accessibility to professional work, which requires having extensive work shifts, as well as night hours, physical deterioration socioeconomic conditions andl ow social status. It is evident that they are as vulnerable to drug use as the population they assist and their importance shows that these attitudes can influence on the detection and treatment of patients with addictions.The study encourages us to continue with prevention actions to care for caregivers, thus ensuringself-care to face an already known worldwide epidemic. ; El uso y abuso de las drogas, lícitas o ilícitas, son una preocupación creciente en el ámbito político, social, económico y de la salud; por las implicaciones que causa en la persona, como también en el ámbito familiar y social. El objetivo es explorar los factores de riesgo en el ámbito de estudiantes y personal de enfermería que favorecen el uso indebido de drogas. Es un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo y de corte transversal, la población se conformó por 200 estudiantes de enfermería pertenecientes a la Carrera de 1º a 5º año y alumnos del Ciclo de Licenciatura que además están en el ámbito laboral. Se dividió la muestra en menores y mayores de 25 años. Se administró un cuestionario. Los resultados muestran que los menores de 25 años consideran que los daños por el consumo son importantes, no creen que disminuya el rendimiento, aprueban la experimentación. Entre los mayores de 25 años no consideran importante los daños del consumo, manifiestan mayor accesibilidad a las drogas y que los problemas familiares son una de las causas para consumir. En este grupo hay un 22% que refieren consumir marihuana. Se puede inferir que la prevalencia de riesgo es la accesibilidad, y se encuentra relacionada con la labor profesional que obliga a tener turnos extensos de trabajo, como así también los horarios nocturnos, el deterioro físico, las condiciones socioeconómicas y la baja consideración social. Se evidencia que son tan vulnerables al consumo de drogas como la población que atienden y su importancia muestra que estas actitudes pueden influir en la detección y tratamiento de los pacientes que tienen adicciones. El estudio nos compromete a seguir con acciones de prevención para cuidar a los cuidadores, garantizando de esta forma el autocuidado responsable frente a una epidemia ya reconocida mundialmente.

The study of model-based fault detection for mass production Diesel engines is the aim of this thesis. The necessity of continuous vehicles health monitoring is now enforced by the Euro VI pollutant legislation, which will probably be tightened in its future revisions. In this context developing a robust strategy that could be easily calibrated and work with different systems (due to production variability) would be a tremendous advantage for car manufacturers. The study developed here tries to answer to those necessities by proposing a generic methodology based on local adaptive observers for scalar nonlinear state-affine systems. The fault detection, isolation and estimation problems are thus solved in a compact way. Moreover, the uncertainties due to measurement or model biases and time drifts lead to the necessity of improving the detection methodology by the use of robust thresholds that could avoid undesired false alarms. In this thesis a variable threshold is proposed based on the observability condition and the sensitivity analysis of the parameter impacted by the fault with respect to input or model uncertainties. This approach allows, among other things, to be used as an analysis tool for the individuation of the system operating points for which the diagnosis is more reliable and more robust to inputs uncertainties. The discussed approach has been successfully implemented and experimentally tested on a real Diesel engine for the intake leak detection and for the turbine efficiency loss drift detection in a co-simulation environment showing its advantages in term of detection reliability, calibration effort and engines diagnosis operating condition analysis. ; Cette thèse a pour but l'étude de la détection basée sur modèle de défauts pour les moteurs Diesel produits en grande série. La nécessité d'une surveillance continue de l'état de santé des véhicules est maintenant renforcée par la législation Euro VI sur les émissions polluantes, qui sera probablement rendue encore plus contraignante dans ses prochaines révisions. Dans ce contexte, le développement de stratégies robustes, faciles à calibrer et valides pour des systèmes dispersés (car produits en grande série) procurerait un avantage considérable aux constructeurs automobile. L'étude développée ici tente de répondre à ces besoins en proposant une méthodologie générique. On utilise des observateurs adaptatifs locaux pour des systèmes scalaires non linéaires et affines par rapport à l'état, pour résoudre les problèmes de la détection de défauts, de son isolation et de son estimation d'une façon compacte. De plus, les incertitudes liées aux biais de mesure et de modèle et aux dérives temporelles nécessitent d'améliorer les méthodes de détection par l'utilisation de seuils robustes pour éviter les fausses détections. Dans cette thèse, on propose un seuil variable basé sur la condition d'observabilité du paramètre impacté par le défaut et sur une étude de sensibilité par rapport aux incertitudes sur les entrées ou sur le modèle. Cette méthode permet, entre autres, de fournir un outil d'analyse pour la sélection des conditions de fonctionnement du système pour lesquels le diagnostic est plus fiable et plus robuste par rapport aux incertitudes sur les entrées. L'approche présentée a été appliquée avec succès et validée de façon expérimentale sur un moteur Diesel pour le problème de détection de fuite dans le système d'admission d'air, puis dans un environnement de simulation pour le problème de détection de dérive d'efficacité turbine. On montre ainsi ses avantages en termes de fiabilité de détection, d'effort de calibration, et pour l'analyse des conditions de fonctionnement moteur adaptées au diagnostic.

04.02.15 KB. Ok to add published version, OA journal under cc by ; Medical professionals such as doctors, nurses and paramedics often use headlight to examine or to perform surgical intervention in the patients. However, there are concerns related to its use such as comfort for the user, mobility and asepsis for the cable, availability in the departments plus cost effectiveness. The concept of a retrofitted 1-watt sports headlight (adjusted on magnifying loupes) would give quick access to a light source, be available and reliable at any place, save vital funds and would be environmentally friendly as the battery can be replaced. The same concept can be applied to pre-hospital emergency care and disaster medicine as well. BACKGROUND Headlights with fibre optic cables have being used for two decades as an adjunct to the operating theatre lighting. The cable-powered headlights pose, to our experience, some limitations for the operating team: Smooth personnel circulation around the operating field is hindered by repeated unplugging and re-plugging of the cable when surgeon and assistants change sides. Protocols for draping and asepsis have to accommodate the cumbersome cable and the light source and in addition are time consuming and arising issues of flexibility. The weight of the headlight and cable may cause health issues for the bearer (head ache, low back pain) [1]. Portable surgical headlights have also been available for the last decade for a not negligible cost. They are powered by a battery pack, attached to the torso/waist and connected to the headlight by a shorter cable. They are priced at hundreds of pounds. METHOD As an alternative to cumbersome cables and expensive 'ad hoc' designs, we use a retrofitted 1-watt sports headlight with a weight of 100 grams. We acquired that for $ 14.99 (approximately £10) from an outdoor specialist retailer (Petzl America, Clearfield, Utah, USA). The headlight is powered by three 1.5 Volt AAA batteries and provides 60 lumen of luminous flux (Fig.1). We have wrapped the elastic bands of the headlight around the corresponding horizontal (axial circumferential) and sagittal elements of the headband, where the magnifying loupes are mounted (Keeler Ltd., Clewer Hill Road, Windsor SL4 4AA). The headlight can be aimed by tilting the housing (Fig.1, 2). DISCUSSION The luminous flux from our headlight according to our experience in cardiothoracic surgery is adequate for a variety of procedures: femoral and axillary arterial access, harvesting internal thoracic (mammary) arteries, open pulmonary resections, valve surgery. Being fully portable without cable, light source or pouches, it is especially handy outside the operating suite (ITU, A&E, wards) for emergency re-explorations for bleeding, secondary wound closures, application of vacuum therapy dressings, trauma, for ECMO work etc. Finally, we have had no evidence of thermal injury, as has being reported from strong xenon beams [2]. This simple affordable headlight system can be easily adapted to the needs of the entire spectrum of surgical specialties, especially those using magnifying loupes. Therefore, can be part of basic life support kits for use in prehospital emergency care, disaster and military medicine [3]. The device has the following advantages: 1. ''Two-in-one'' function of Loupes and Torch. 2. Battery can be changed (so no need to throw away the item) and is environmentally friendly 3. No need for asepsis 4. Cost effective 5. Availability everywhere In conclusion, we believe this is a practical medical device.

The study of model-based fault detection for mass production Diesel engines is the aim of this thesis. The necessity of continuous vehicles health monitoring is now enforced by the Euro VI pollutant legislation, which will probably be tightened in its future revisions. In this context developing a robust strategy that could be easily calibrated and work with different systems (due to production variability) would be a tremendous advantage for car manufacturers. The study developed here tries to answer to those necessities by proposing a generic methodology based on local adaptive observers for scalar nonlinear state-affine systems. The fault detection, isolation and estimation problems are thus solved in a compact way. Moreover, the uncertainties due to measurement or model biases and time drifts lead to the necessity of improving the detection methodology by the use of robust thresholds that could avoid undesired false alarms. In this thesis a variable threshold is proposed based on the observability condition and the sensitivity analysis of the parameter impacted by the fault with respect to input or model uncertainties. This approach allows, among other things, to be used as an analysis tool for the individuation of the system operating points for which the diagnosis is more reliable and more robust to inputs uncertainties. The discussed approach has been successfully implemented and experimentally tested on a real Diesel engine for the intake leak detection and for the turbine efficiency loss drift detection in a co-simulation environment showing its advantages in term of detection reliability, calibration effort and engines diagnosis operating condition analysis. ; Cette thèse a pour but l'étude de la détection basée sur modèle de défauts pour les moteurs Diesel produits en grande série. La nécessité d'une surveillance continue de l'état de santé des véhicules est maintenant renforcée par la législation Euro VI sur les émissions polluantes, qui sera probablement rendue encore plus contraignante dans ses prochaines révisions. Dans ce contexte, le développement de stratégies robustes, faciles à calibrer et valides pour des systèmes dispersés (car produits en grande série) procurerait un avantage considérable aux constructeurs automobile. L'étude développée ici tente de répondre à ces besoins en proposant une méthodologie générique. On utilise des observateurs adaptatifs locaux pour des systèmes scalaires non linéaires et affines par rapport à l'état, pour résoudre les problèmes de la détection de défauts, de son isolation et de son estimation d'une façon compacte. De plus, les incertitudes liées aux biais de mesure et de modèle et aux dérives temporelles nécessitent d'améliorer les méthodes de détection par l'utilisation de seuils robustes pour éviter les fausses détections. Dans cette thèse, on propose un seuil variable basé sur la condition d'observabilité du paramètre impacté par le défaut et sur une étude de sensibilité par rapport aux incertitudes sur les entrées ou sur le modèle. Cette méthode permet, entre autres, de fournir un outil d'analyse pour la sélection des conditions de fonctionnement du système pour lesquels le diagnostic est plus fiable et plus robuste par rapport aux incertitudes sur les entrées. L'approche présentée a été appliquée avec succès et validée de façon expérimentale sur un moteur Diesel pour le problème de détection de fuite dans le système d'admission d'air, puis dans un environnement de simulation pour le problème de détection de dérive d'efficacité turbine. On montre ainsi ses avantages en termes de fiabilité de détection, d'effort de calibration, et pour l'analyse des conditions de fonctionnement moteur adaptées au diagnostic.

The public wants to know more on the companies and not of casual way but systematic to take better decisions of investment and of saving (felicitous balance between the benefits and the risks) and to evaluate the sustainable of the company with rules concrete on his legitimacy to operate: his conduct to do businesses and his equilibrium balanced of economic subjects, social and environmental. There is an intimate relation between what the development sustainable and the Social Responsibility of the Company (RSE). The companies declare a commitment with the development sustainable, because they understand that it has to see with his feasibility. And in this, coexist two big motivations; imperative ethical and also imperative of businesses. In relation with the first, ascertains the conviction that the companies are responsible by his impact in the society and that distinct groups of interest (stakeholders), not only the investors, have right to knowledge. In relation with the second, also exists the conviction that the companies that are more open will win confidence of his groups of interest, will develop a better reputation, will have more allies and least problems, and like this will be perceived and administering better all his risks; In other words it will show good management that sees further of the short term. The moves to the company is the best form to do businesses, the one who ensure this permanence in the time. And this itself conciliates with the imperative ethical of many: the care and the responsible action of the means environment, the transparency of information, the good business government, the promotion of practices of healthy businesses, respect to the members of the chain of value, the attention and care or consideration to the people of the companies in social appearances, of health, of security. ; El público quiere saber más sobre las empresas y no de manera casual sino sistemática para tomar mejores decisiones de inversión y de ahorro (balance adecuado entre la rentabilidad y los riesgos) y para evaluar la sostenibilidad de la empresa con pautas concretas sobre su legitimidad para operar: su conducta de hacer negocios y su ponderación equilibrada de temas económicos, sociales y ambientales. Hay una íntima relación entre lo que es el desarrollo sustentable y la Responsabilidad Social de la Empresa (RSE). Las empresas declaran un compromiso con el desarrollo sustentable, porque entienden que tiene que ver con su viabilidad. Y en ello, coexisten dos grandes motivaciones: imperativos éticos y también imperativos de negocios. En relación con lo primero, se constata la convicción que las empresas son responsables por sus impactos en la sociedad y que distintos grupos de interés (stakeholders), no sólo los inversionistas, tienen derecho a saber. En relación con lo segundo, también existe la convicción que las empresas que son más abiertas ganarán confianza de sus grupos de interés, desarrollarán una mejor reputación, tendrán más aliados y menos problemas, y así serán percibidas como administrando mejor todos sus riesgos, en otras palabras, demostrarán buen management, que ve más allá del corto plazo. Lo que mueve a la empresa es la mejor forma de hacer negocios, la que asegure esa permanencia en el tiempo. Y eso sí concilia con los imperativos éticos de muchos: el cuidado y la acción responsable del medio ambiente, la transparencia de información, el buen gobierno empresarial, la promoción de practicas de negocios sanos, respeto a los integrantes de la cadena de valor, la atención y cuidado o consideración a la gente de las empresas en aspectos sociales, de salud y de seguridad.

Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die psychotherapeutische Versorgung in Deutschland sehr schlecht ist. Ärztevertreter leugnen dies. Aber gesetzlich versicherte Patienten müssen länger als Privatpatienten auf einen Therapieplatz warten. Und ihre Therapie dauert nicht so lange. Patienten mit schwerer Symptomatik und sozial schlecht gestellte Patienten haben es zudem noch schwerer, überhaupt einen Therapieplatz zu finden. Diese schlechte Versorgungslage bei gleichzeitiger Leugnung derselben in der Öffentlichkeit stellt einen strukturellen Missbrauch von Psychotherapie dar.Schlüsselwörter Versorgungslage; Gesundheitspolitik; Therapieplatz; Warteliste; Struktureller Missbrauch; Forschungsergebnisse ; Scientific research points out that psychotherapy care in Germany is poor. Representatives of medical federations deny this. But ordinary insured psychotherapy clients have to wait for a longer time to start therapy than insurants of private insurance companies. Their therapy itself does not last as long. Moreover, clients with severe psychic and social problems have to wait for therapy even longer. This poor situation plus the denial by the officials resembles structural abuse of psychotherapy.Keywords Psychotherapy care; Health politics; Waiting list; Structural abuse; Scientific results ; Des études scientifiques montrent qu'en Allemagne, l'offre de psychothérapie est très mauvaise à trois niveaux. On peut tout à fait parler aujourd'hui d'une psychothérapie à trois vitesses. Les travaux scientifiques ont produit les résultats suivants :• Les patients n'ayant que la « sécurité sociale » (l'assurance obligatoire) attendent plus longtemps une place de thérapie que les patients disposant d'une assurance privée. En règle générale les premiers doivent attendre 2,5 mois pour un premier entretien, alors que les seconds peuvent se rendre à un premier rendez-vous au bout de 1,3 mois.• La thérapie offerte aux patients n'ayant que l'assurance obligatoire dure moins longtemps que celle fournie à ceux qui ont une assurance privée. Alors que ces derniers ne représentent qu'un cinquième de tous les patients, le 60% des thérapies et des psychanalyses s'adresse à eux.• De plus, les patients souffrant de troubles psychiques importants ou de problèmes sociaux sont encore plus défavorisés puisqu'ils ont de la peine à trouver une place de thérapie.Les représentants des médecins nient l'existence de cette situation. Les divergences entre les effets positifs concrets obtenus en et par la psychothérapie d'une part et les prises de positions publiques des médecins à ce sujet montrent que l'offre de psychothérapie dans le domaine de la santé et les restructurations requises à ce niveau sont en fait plus un produit de décisions politiques qu'elles ne correspondent de manière adéquate aux besoins. Une étude met même en évidence un aspect extrême : dans les régions que les groupements nationaux de médecins travaillant pour les assureurs qualifient comme « disposant d'une offre trop élevée », 54 % des personnes recherchant une place de thérapie ne peuvent pas suivre de traitement.La Chambre fédérale des psychothérapeutes (la Bundespsychotherapeutenkammer) confirme les résultats acquis par les chercheurs et souligne que la situation est encore plus dramatique en ce qui concerne les psychothérapies pour enfants et adolescents. Ceci est tout particulièrement le cas dans les districts comptant une nombreuse population d'enfants et dans les zones touchées par d'importants problèmes sociaux. Les places de thérapie libres y sont rares et, de plus, une sélection sociale se fait dans le sens où certains troubles pour lesquels le pronostic est peu favorable sont « mis à part » lorsqu'il s'agit d'un éventuel traitement.L'attitude des médecins (c'est-à-dire plus précisément de la Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung mentionnée plus haut) doit donc être interprétée comme une volonté consciente de tolérer le fait que l'offre est insuffisante tout en trompant les patients sur l'état concret de cette dernière. À mon avis, ceci revient vraiment à abuser de la psychothérapie sur des bases structurelles en maintenant l'insuffisance de l'offre.

Books reviewed:Aragon, Lorraine V., Fields of the lord: animism, Christian minorities, and state development in IndonesiaBurdick, John, Blessed Anastácia: women, race, and popular Christianity in BrazilGifford, Paul, African Christianity: its public roleGlucklich, Ariel, The end of magicHarding, Rachel E., A refuge in thunder: Candomblé and alternative spaces of blacknessHicks, David, Ritual and belief: readings in the anthropology of religionParkin, David & Stephen Headley, (eds) Islamic prayer across the Indian Ocean: inside and outside the mosqueSchnell, Scott, The rousing drum: ritual practice in a Japanese communityBarnard, Alan, History and theory in anthropologyBell, Sandra & Simon Coleman, The anthropology of friendshipBernard, H. Russell (ed.), Handbook of methods in cultural anthropologyBonte, Pierre & Michel Izard, Dictionnaire de l'ethnologie et de l'anthropologieFabian, Johannes, Out of our minds: reason and madness in the exploration of Central AfricaCole. Douglas, Franz Boas: the early years, 1858‐1906Goody, Jack, The power of the written traditionGuha, Ranajit, Dominance without hegemony: history and power in colonial IndiaHumphrey, Caroline & David Sneath, The end of nomadism? society, state and the environment in Inner AsiaJaarsma, Sjoerd R. & Marta A. Rohatynskyj (eds), Ethnographic artifacts: challenges to a reflexive anthropologyLoizos, Peter & Patrick Heady (eds), Conceiving persons: ethnographies of procreation, fertility and growthRuby, Jay, Picturing culture: explorations of film and anthropologyStrathern, Andrew & Pamela J. Stewart (eds), Identity work: constructing Pacific livesStrathern, Marilyn (ed.), Audit cultures: anthropological studies in accountability, ethics and the academyThomas, Nicholas & Diane Losche (eds), Double vision: art histories and colonial histories in the PacificYoung, Michael W, Malinowski's Kiriwina: fieldwork photography, 1915‐1918Albrecht, Gary, L., Ray Fitzpatrick & Susan C. Scrimshaw, (eds) The handbook of social studies in health and medicineBastos, Cristiana, Global responses to AIDS: science in emergencyHacking, Ian, Mad travellers: reflections on the reality of transient mental illnessesHeath, Dwight B., Drinking occasions: comparative perspectives on alcohol and cultureJenkins, Richard, (ed.) Questions of competence: culture, classification and intellectual disabilityKohn, Tamara & Rosemary Mckechnie, (eds) Extending the boundaries of care: medical ethics & caring practicesMohatt, Gerald & Joseph Eagle Elk, The price of a gift: a Lakota healer's storypound;20.00 (cloth)Ram, Kalpana & Margaret Jolly, (eds.) Maternities and modernities: colonial and post‐colonial experiences in Asia and the PacificTraphagan, John W., Taming oblivion: aging bodies and the fear of senility in JapanBaumann, Gerd, The multicultural riddle: rethinking national, ethnic, and religious identitiesBillings, Dwight B. & Kathleen M. Blee, The road to poverty: the making of wealth and hardship in AppalachiaFuchs, Martin, Kampf um Differenz: Repräsentation, Subjektivität und soziale Bewegungen: das Beispiel IndienGamage, Siri & I.B. Watson, (eds) Conflict and community in contemporary Sri Lanka: 'Pearl of the East' or the 'Island of tears'Shore, Cris, Building Europe: the cultural politics of European integrationViti, Fabio, II potere debole: antropologia politica dell'Aitu nvle (Baule, Costa d'Avorio)Alter, Joseph S., Knowing Dil Das: stories of a Himalayan hunterColloredo‐Mansfeld, Rudi, The native leisure class: consumption and cultural creativity in the AndesFreeman, Carla, High tech and high heels in the global economy: women, work, and pink‐collar identities in the CaribbeanJacobson‐Widding, Anita, Chapungu: the bird that never drops a feather: male and female identities in an African societyLiu, Xin, In one's own shadow: an ethnographic account of the condition of post‐reform rural ChinaRobson, Garry, 'No one likes us, we don't care': the myth and reality of Millwall fandomSaouter, Anne, Être rugby: jeux du masculin et du fémininVan Esterik, Penny, Materializing ThailandWade, Peter, Music, race, and nation: música tropical in ColombiaWong, Heung Wah, Japanese bosses, Chinese workers: power and control in a Hong Kong megastoreWardle, Huon, An ethnography of cosmopolitanism in Kingston, Jamaica

1. Opening session. Planetary emergencies - The scientists' jubilee / T. D. Lee, K. M. B. Siegbahn, Antonino Zichichi -- Potential for transgenic plants in vaccine production / Julian K.-C. Ma -- Global energy problems and prospects / David Bodansky -- Global malnutrition / W. Philip T. James -- Mother to infant transmission of HIV: Successful interventions and implementation / Catherine M. Wilfert -- The global burden of disease 1990-2020 / Alan D. Lopez -- MTBE - The megacity public health debacle / Lome G. Everett -- 2. Water - Pollution. Cost benefit analysis for the use of MTBE and alternatives / Arturo A. Keller -- Arsenic in groundwater: A worldwide threat to human health / S. Majid Hassanizadeh -- Arsenic geochemistry and remediation using natural materials / David I. Norman -- 3. Biotechnology - Transgenic plant vaccine. Safety considerations when planning genetically modified plants that produce vaccines / Francesco Sala -- Purified cholera toxin B subunit from transgenic tobacco plants possesses authentic antigenicity / Rong-Xiang Fang -- Development of plant vaccines: The point of view of the mucosal immunologist / Jean-Pierre Kraehenbuhl -- Plant-derived oral vaccines: From concept to clinical trials / Charles J. Arntzen -- 4. Energy. Status of magnetic fusion research / Jef Ongena -- New trends in Russia's energy strategy / Andrei Yu Gagarinski -- Energy problems and prospects of China / Huo Yu Ping -- 5. Pollution - Black Sea. Problems of control and rational uses of the Black Sea resources / Valery I. Mikhailov -- The suboxic zone of the Black Sea / Ilkay Salihoglu -- Building environmental coalitions and the Black Sea environmental initiative / Kay Thompson -- 6. AIDS - Mother-infant HIV transmission. The tragedy of the mother to infant transmission of HIV is preventable / Guy de The -- HIV and infant feeding: Situation in Brazil / Marina Ferreira Rea -- Mother to child transmission of HIV and plans for preventive interventions: The case of Indonesia / Hadi Pratomo -- Toward pharmacological defeat of the third world HIV-1 pandemic / Lowell Wood -- 7. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the year 2000 / Paul Brown -- Infection control guidelines for TSEs in hospitals and home care settings / Maura Ricketts -- 8. Limits of development - Megacities. Megacities: Water as a limit to development / William J. Cosgrove -- Delhi: A thirsty city by the river / K. C. Sivaramakrishnan -- The question of water in metropolitan Buenos Aires / Juan Manuel Borthagaray -- Sao Paulo: Water as a limit to development / Geraldo Gomes Serra -- 9. Missile proliferation and defense - Information security. Information challenges to security / Vitali Tsigichko -- International information security challenges for mankind in the XXI century / Andrei Kroutskikh -- Threats to information security by computer-based information hiding techniques / Axel Lehmann -- New strategic environment and Russian military doctrine / Andrei Piontkovsky -- Missile defense and proliferation / Gregory Canavan -- 10. Cosmic objects. NEOs: Physical properties / Walter F. Huebner ... [et al.] -- 11. Desertification, carbon sequestration and sustainability. Storing carbon in agricultural soils to help head-off global warming and to combat desertification / Norman J. Rosenberg -- 12. Climatic changes - Cosmic objects, global monitoring of planet, mathematics and democracy, science and journalism. Demographic change and world food demand and supply, some thoughts on sub-Saharan Africa, India and East Asia / Tim Dyson -- The status of climate models and climate change simulations / Warren M. Washington -- From Puztai to perfection: A necessary dream / Robert Walgate -- Mathematics of Indian democracy / K. C. Sivaramakrishnan -- Volcanoes, not Asteroids, caused mass extinctions killing dinosaurs, etc.: Explanation for earth's magnetic field reversals / Douglas R. O. Morrison.

Praise be to Allah and peace and blessings be upon the Messenger of Allah and his family and companions, and after:
This research tagged with: "Family security is a legitimate purpose to achieve human security" aims to show the importance of family security, and how the Sharia paid great attention to it, and stressed the need to maintain it in all psychological, health, physical, economic and moral fields as the family is the first basic social unit and nucleus, which is based on preserving it , the preservation of the human species, its security and stability, and thus the negligence of it is negligence of the human race and the human species as a whole. This research is supported by legal or Sharia 's texts that make it clear that achieving family security is a legitimate goal given great care by Islam, and there is no evidence of this clearer than the rotation of legal provisions either lawful or unlawful around the protection of the family: its religion, soul, mind, dignity and wealth, which preservation ot them represents the preservation of the highest levels of interests, and is called the five necessities. This research came after mentioning the legal texts supported by human studies and experiences as a source of knowledge that benefits the human race, and in support of what was stated in the legal texts of facts and results of interest that may increase the stability of the Muslim and his faith, and highlight the bright face of Sharia, away from other projects and trends that are imposed under the media noise and various pressures, despite the clarity of their destructive effects on the family and human society. The sufferings that were resulted of these devastating effects appered every where, that causes reluctance to show the truth and the beneficial and useful consequent of them, and therefore this research came as a contribution to the promotion and protection of family security as a legitimate purpose to achieve human security, where it included an introduction, seven investigations, results and conclusion. The first section included clarification of the truth of the purposes of Sharia , its sections and ranks, as the second section included confirmation that the role of women is large and important in the protection of family security and that their position in the family is responsible not hired, then the third and fourth sections indicated how Islam achieved health security and protected the family from physical and psychological diseases that may affect its members , then the fifth section showed how to achieve economic and living security, and the sixth section included a statement of how Islam achieved security for the family and protected it from extinction and weak reproduction, which endangers countries and the lack of renewal of generations resulting from the lack of births, while the seventh section dealt with the statement of how Islam achieved security for the family and protected it from crime that targets its foundation and entity.
Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and may Allah's prayers and peace be upon our Prophet Mohamed, his family and companions as a whole.