Suchergebnisse

Biogas systems from solid waste landfill and their pipeline network have been constructed with a total biogas capacity of 1000 m3/day in two villages in Bantan subdistrict in northern Thailand. Two hundred households in two villages receive the benefits from biogas technology in many ways. It requires 217 m3/day of biogas to cover amounts of 100 kg/day of LPG that has been previously used. The heat energy cost is decreased from previously paid of 400 baht/month (12 USD/month) on LPG down to 100 baht/month (3 USD/month) with the existence of biogas as a cooking fuel. Biogas not only is used as energy source for cooking, but also contributes to the reduction of environmental pollutions produced by municipal solid waste. It helps in reducing methane (CH4) release to atmosphere by 400 kg equivalent to 10,000 kg CO2. Local communities gain new knowledge in biogas technology and its benefits. Major success to the biogas program comes from the collaboration between the solid waste disposal center, households, and government department. Biogas energy surely offers an alternative source of heat energy for households and agricultural applications.

The rapid growth in urban population has led to a dramatic increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation, with ramifications more pronounced in developing countries. The regional Chinese governments have made great efforts to reduce MSW generation and collection quantities. However, the results of these efforts vary across cities. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the regional differences in MSW collection quantities. A two-level hierarchical linear model (HLM) was used to examine the variations in MSW collection quantities among 287 prefecture-level cites in China over the period from 2008 to 2017. The analysis reveals a strong negative correlation between the regional economic development level and the growth trend of MSW collection quantities. The empirical findings indicate that the level of economic development and waste collection measures are critical determinants of MSW collection quantities.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) collection is an important issue in the development and management of smart cities, having a significant influence on environmental sustainability. Door-to-door and pneumatic collection are two systems that represent a way of arranging waste collection in city´s historic areas in Spain where conventional street-side container collection is not feasible. Since door-to-door collection generates significant direct greenhouse gas emissions from trucks, pneumatic collection emerges as an alternative to the trucking system. While this technology apparently reduces local direct air emissions, it suffers from a large energy demand derived from vacuum production for waste suction. The introduction of new normative frameworks regarding the selective collection of the biodegradable fraction makes necessary a comprehensive analysis to assess the influence of this fraction collection and its subsequent recycling by anaerobic digestion. As a novelty, this work compares both conventional door-to-door and pneumatic collection systems from a life cycle approach focusing on the biodegradable waste. Results indicate that, in spite of the fact electricity production and consumption have a significant influence on the results, the energy savings from the recycling of the organic fraction are higher than the energy requirements. Therefore, the pneumatic collection could be an environmentally-friendly option for MSW management under a circular economy approach in Spanish city´s historic areas, since wastes could be a material or energy source opportunity. ; This work has been made under the financial support of the Project Ceres-Procom: Food production and consumption strategies for climate change mitigation (CTM2016-76176-C2-1-R) (AEI/FEDER, UE) financed by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Government of Spain.

Mehr als die Hälfte der globalen Bevölkerung lebt in Städten und die Zahl der Menschen die in urbanen Gebieten leben wird weiter ansteigen. Zusätzlich wird die Größe der Städte zunehmen. Während im Jahr 1950 nur drei Megacities weltweit existierten, zählt man heute bereits 28 Megacities. Diese Zahl wird sich bis zum Jahr 2030 auf 41 Megacities erhöhen. Obwohl die Abfallwirtschaft zu den wichtigsten Themen von Städteplanern zählt, liegt dieser Sektor oft nicht im Zentrum der Aufmerksamkeit und hat oft nur limitiere finanzielle Ressourcen zur Verfügung. Daraus resultierend, stehen die Verwaltungen der vieler Städte vor der Aufgabe, abfallwirtschaftliche Probleme möglichst kosteneffizient zu lösen. In dieser Masterarbeit werden quantitative und qualitative Leistungsindikatoren für Benchmarking Aktivitäten in Städten anhand einer Literaturrecherche identifiziert. Diese Leistungsindikatoren werden auf vier Referenzstädte (Cairo, Ägypten; Tehran, Iran; New York City, USA und Singapur, Singapur) angewandt und beurteilt. Die wichtigsten Herausforderungen im Bereich der Abfallwirtschaft in Megacities werden herausgearbeitet und diskutiert. Auch die Vergleichbarkeit von Städten und die damit einhergehenden Schwierigkeiten werden beleuchtet. Ein zentrales Ergebnis der Literaturrecherche ist, dass Soft-Skill Indikatoren" im Zentrum von Benchmarking Aktivitäten im Bereich der Abfallwirtschaft stehen müssen, da technische Lösungen allein nicht ausreichen um die Probleme des Sektors zu lösen. In der Regel scheitert die kommunale Abfallwirtschaft in Städten auf Grund von administrativem oder politischem Versagen und nicht in Folge von technischen Schwächen. Die detaillierte Untersuchung der vier Referenzstädte ergab, dass "Top-Down-Ansätze" oft versagen. Integration aller Akteure und Transparenz werden als aussichtsreiche Leistungsindikatoren identifiziert und führen zu besseren Leistungen bezüglich Gesundheit der Bewohner, Umweltschutz und Ressourceneffizienz. ; More than half of the worlds population lives in cities and the number of people living in urban areas will continue to grow. The cities themselves will grow as well. While only three megacities existed in the middle of the last century, our planet counts 28 megacities today and will count 41 megacities by 2030. Although waste management is one of the most prominent topics for city managers around the world, the sector receives little attention. Thus, the municipalities of megacities are facing the problem of planning a sound municipal solid waste management system on a very limited budget. This thesis identifies performance indicators used for benchmarking activities in the field of urban waste management and uses them to compare four megacities: Cairo (Egypt), Tehran (Iran), New York City (USA) and Singapore (Singapore). By applying the set of performance indicators, the author identifies quantitative and qualitative indicators that are qualified for benchmarking processes in the waste management sector of megacities. Additionally, the main challenges when describing and comparing municipal solid waste management systems in megacities are discussed. "Soft-skill" elements will be crucial to achieve good performance in the waste management sector in the future, as technical improvements are not capable of solving the whole range of challenges occurring. Most systems fail due to administrative weaknesses or as a result of inadequate political frameworks rather than technical failure. The second part of this thesis confirmed that top-down approaches, as well as focusing on technical solutions alone, often leads to failure. Inclusivity of users and providers, transparency and other soft-skills proved to be good performance indicators and lead to improved performance regarding human health, environmental performance and resource recovery in the urban waste management sector of megacities. ; by Nicola Gabriela Herrmann ; Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache ; Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Masterarbeit, 2017 ; (VLID)1935502

Transformation and rapid population growth in Africa indicates that urbanisation is one of the key determinants of the future of social dynamics and development of the continent. Linked to these changes are increased production levels of Municipal Solid Waste. This book provides recommendations and solutions that derive from current situations, experiences and observations in Africa. This book is a 'must read' for urban planners, environmental engineering students and lecturers, environmental consultants and policy-makers. The book can also be of great help to municipal authorities, as it outlines future directions of Municipal Solid Waste management. These need to be considered by the municipal authorities of most African countries

During the past decades, many composting projects have been implemented with the assistance from various donor agencies to address the municipal solid waste (MSW) problem in developing countries, especially in urban areas. However, very few of these projects are sustainable and many were reported as failures, some even closed down and most ofexisting operations rely on heavy subsidies from the Government, foreign funding sources and Local Authorities (LAs). To enhance solid waste management (SWM) an initiative called "Pilisaru" project started in 2008 lead by the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) to develop the infrastructures of LAs for a better S WM system mainly focllsing on composting as an efficient low cost option for treatment of the organic waste fraction. However, the initial assessment of this initiative encountered many issues. Therefore, this study was proposed to identifY main lactors that affect the sustainability of municipal compost plants. The methods used to obtain data for this research comprise, sample survey that involved five selected compost plants operating under LAs in Sri Lanka; a specific lield survey that observed waste segregation activities: and a cl ients perception survey conducted in a super market in Colombo that aimed to assess customers perspective 011 buying and use ofcompost based I"bod products. To supplement the findings ofthese investigations, a complementary literature revie\\ and selected expert interviews were carried out with representative stakeholders. The research findings indicate that most of LAs do not have the needed expertise to design, implement and manage an integrated S WM system that allows efticient operation of compost plants according to recognized standards. Furthermore, it appears that 1110st ofthe compost plants do not manage it full-cost recovery of their O&M cost with the main issues that users are not charged for the provided waste management services and .produced compost can not be marketed successfully, Besides, from the perspective of sustainable operation, need and provision offuture investment is unclear, especially for replacement to maintain an effective operation level. To overcome the emerging weaknesses of the Pilisaru project, it is recommended to provide a continuous capacity building programme for the LAs and involved stakeholders, supported by public awareness programs, especially lor enhanced waste segregation, marketing promotion for compost products as well as technical and financial assistance for relevant stakeholders that need support to perform their tasks in the SW value chain. Furthermore, it is envisioned to revisit the provided SWM policies and to add regulations that built on insights from best SWM practices in Sri Lanka but also from applicable international experiences from other developing countries. This should also include the production of quality compost that meets the fertilizer demands from an agriculture perspective. Lastly, the enhancement of waste segregation practices and involvement of the private sector should be addressed in order to strengthen operations and business performance through enhanced public participation and Private-Public-Partnerships (PPP).