Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Human rights have not been written in stone once and for all: they are fashioned by a series of tensions, which constitute the spring of a dynamic by which they are continually transformed: tension between power and law – the law which protects against the power but has no force unless backed by the State; tension between the primacy of the law without which there is no legally constituted state, therefore no freeedom, and the democratic principle which supposes respect for the general will, expressed by the representatives of the people; tension between the demand for autonomy which is at the heart of individual freedom and the aspiration to social justice which supposes the intervention of the State and cannot be obtained without encroaching upon this autonomy; tension between the claim of human rights to be universal and the necessary respect for the composite identities of groups or peoples, also erected as a fundamental right. ; Les droits de l'homme ne sont pas gravés une fois pour toutes dans le marbre : ils sont travaillés par une série de tensions, qui constituent le ressort d'une dynamique par laquelle ils sont amenés à se transformer sans cesse : tension entre le pouvoir et le droit – le droit qui protège contre le pouvoir mais n'a de force qu'adossé à l'État ; tension entre la primauté du droit sans laquelle il n'est pas d'État de droit, donc pas de liberté, et le principe démocratique qui suppose de respecter la volonté générale, exprimée par les représentants du peuple ; tension entre l'exigence d'autonomie qui est au cœur de la liberté individuelle et l'aspiration à la justice sociale qui suppose l'intervention de l'État et ne peut se réaliser sans empiéter sur cette autonomie ; tension entre la prétention des droits de l'homme à l'universalité et le nécessaire respect des identités plurielles des groupes ou des peuples, érigé lui aussi en droit fondamental.

International audience ; Tourist sites in natural areas constitute a remarkable subjet of study for better understanding the way in which the local area or territory participates in the production of a localised cultural system (LCS). Indeed, while the economic function of such sites consists in producing weath for the entrepreneurs proposing multiple services to the tourists present ont he sites, it seems simplistic to consider a touriste destination as being no more than a simple aggregation of actors. The existence of ties with the territory that can be qualified locally points to the presence of a cultural process that plays an important role in the creation of resources that are essential to the efficient operation of such a system. Drawing on several examples of sports and tourist sites in the French Alps, we show how this localised cultural system in built up and how it takes shape. The study of the forms of development st up by the different service providers and of the sports culture of the tourists provides valuable insights into the make-up and practical organisation of these cultural resources in an outdoor recreational site. ; Dans la continuité de l'étude effectuée au cours de l'année précédente, le propos consistera à observer la manière dont deux stations envisagent la gestion de leur pratique sportive. Il s'agira de choisir deux stations qui présentent des caractéristiques différentes dans la façon de penser la dynamique sportive locale et qui semblent actives dans la construction de ce marquage culturel. On pense à des stations comme Chamonix, Les Deux alpes, Bessans, Vallouise,. Pour analyser ce marquage, l'étude portera sur la saison hivernale en essayant d'observer le processus et le positionnement par lesquels se construit cette orientation culturelle. Considérant que différents niveaux de régulation sont possibles pour définir un ancrage (pôles économique, normatif, politique et culturel), la recherche envisage de mettre à jour les interactions locales formelles et informelles qui ...

International audience ; Urbanism has long remained the business of the Prince or Pope (Sixtus V) and the architect the one who gave concrete form to the design of politics. In a way, "urbanism before the letter" (as Pierre Merlin says, for the word was born only in 1910), is a new domain derived from architecture. The construction of buildings has long been a practice that determines the practice of public space, of the street, the prerogative of "architect-voyers". Public space does not yet have this complexity which will later include it in civil engineering. Urbanism will then assume a different form, that the only "urban composition", with the growth hitherto unknown of the industrial city, can no longer satisfy to meet the new demands of the urban space, in particular the need for hygiene. Architecture and technology will thus be complemented by moral, social and medical values. So those who are interested in the city, who will contribute to the foundation of modern urbanism, will defend a pluridisciplinarity contrary to the movement of specialization of domains engaged in the nineteenth century. ; L'urbanisme est longtemps resté l'affaire du Prince ou du pape (Sixte-Quint) et l'architecte celui qui donnait figure concrète au dessein du politique. D'une certaine manière, l' « urbanisme avant la lettre » (comme dit Pierre Merlin, car le mot ne naît qu'en 1910), est un nouveau domaine dérivé de l'architecture. La construction des édifices reste longtemps une pratique qui détermine celle de l'espace public, de la rue, prérogative des « architectes-voyers ». L'espace public n'a pas encore cette complexité qui l'inscrira plus tard dans l'ingénierie civile. L'urbanisme prendra alors une autre consistance, que la seule « composition urbaine », avec la croissance inconnue jusque-là de la ville industrielle, ne peut plus satisfaire pour répondre aux exigences nouvelles de l'espace urbain, en particulier la nécessité d'hygiène. Architecture et technique viaires seront ainsi compénétrées de valeurs morales, sociales ...

By its own the global warming issue synthesises all the relevant dimensions and difficulties met by the project of sustainable development: long term effects and threats, real global dimensions, need of incentives for decentralizing action to billions of people, scientific uncertainty. More than fifteen years were necessary to build a new global regime of climate protection. In spite of that, the situation is still blocked in 2004 and seemingly condemned to lead to dead-ends, failing to grasp problems at their true level. The initial question was the following: how can countries that are opposed by any criterion succeed in finding an agreement to protect a public good that is felt essential by some of them, while no superior political authority exists that could impose a common law to all countries? An exploration of this question with the help of the three main theoretical approaches used to think the issue of international coordination shows that none can lead to success. An examination of a few alternatives strategies does not allow finding a convincing solution. Hence the headache. ; Le problème de l'effet de serre résume bien à lui seul toutes les dimensions et toutes les difficultés du développement durable : le long terme, la dimension planétaire, la nécessité de trouver des relais efficaces pour l'action d'agents innombrables, l'incertitude scientifique. Après 15 ans d'efforts de construction d'un régime mondial de protection du climat, la situation paraît bloquée en 2004 et sans issue à la hauteur des enjeux. La question de départ est celle-ci : comment des pays qui s'opposent sur la plupart des caractéristiques peuvent-ils néanmoins parvenir à s'accorder pour préserver de concert un bien collectif essentiel aux yeux de certains lorsque qu'il n'existe pas d'autorité politique supérieure ayant tous les attributs d'un gouvernement pour imposer une règle commune à tous ? L'exploration des trois démarches de base servant d'appui pour penser la coordination internationale montre qu'aucune ne conduit au ...

The Breton landscape of Monts d'Arrée has experienced extensive changes in recent years, leading local institutions to envisage special landscape measures. In a climate of growing environmental concerns and economic awareness of the landscape issue, the multi-attribute choice method is applied to the economic evaluation of the Monts d'Arrée landscape. Based on tourists preferences for the area's landscape attributes we estimate willingness to pay for changes to these attributes (boggy moors, non-traditional building and a landscape of small fields and hedges).The multi-attribute choice evaluation method is presented with an emphasis on the usefulness of this technique for evaluationg a good such as the rural landscape. ; Le paysage breton des Monts d'Arrée connaît depuis plusieurs années des transformations importantes qui amènent les institutions locales à envisager des mesures paysagères particulières. Dans un contexte de préoccupations environnementales croissantes et de prise de conscience économique de l'enjeu paysager, la méthode des choix multi-attributs est appliquée à l'évaluation économique du paysage des Monts d'Arrées. A partir des préférences des touristes pour les attributs paysagers sur la zone on estime les consentements à payer pour des transformations de ces attributs (lande tourbeuse, bâti non traditionnel et trame bocagère). La méthode d'évaluation des choix multi-attributs est présentée en soulignant l'intérêt de cette technique pour évaluer un bien tel que le paysage rural. / The Breton landscape of Monts d'Arrée has experienced extensive changes in recent years, leading local institutions to envisage special landscape measures. In a climate of growing environmental concerns and economic awareness of the landscape issue, the multi-attribute choice method is applied to the economic evaluation of the Monts d'Arrée landscape. Based on tourists preferences for the area's landscape attributes we estimate willingness to pay for changes to these attributes (boggy moors, non-traditional building ...

Demolition of social housing building is considered today, as an official and justified action process in 1/ patrimonial management of an obsolete public housing stock, 2/ urban management of working class neightborhoods. Responding to demolition request, firstly ponctual and localized, then more and more numerous and diversified, the state government will resist until 1988 to this inthinkable demolition process, and put forward the " repairing referential " of a generalized rehabilitation policy to the entire social housing stock. The rising development of local urban policies will lead the state government to a first administrative legitimacy of demolition in 1996 in the " urban project process ". The use will be common in 2001, in the name of urban renewal and of limits recognition of the urban policy to reduce the social and spatial segregation phenomena versus " egalitarian city " republican idealism. The long terme resistance of the french state government to transfer to the local authority the arbitration of using demolition for a social vocation public patrimony is analyzed, here, with the help of political science tools, and more particulary these ones of public policy analysis of non-decision making approach. These ones unable us to reveal the internal contradiction of concrete action system composed of the three interdependant partners of the social housing policy implementation : state government, local government and public housing authorities. Thought as between " scenes and screens ", betweem resistance and retreat facing local reality, the urban design project is considered here as a contingent product of actors strategies with divergent interests, about which the demolition thesis allows us to study the production process. ; La démolition des immeubles de logements sociaux est présentée aujourd'hui comme un mode d'action légal et légitime de la gestion patrimoniale d'un parc social public obsolète et de la gestion urbaine des " cités de la politique de la ville ". En réponse à des demandes de ...

International audience ; Michael Vickery's recent Society, Economics and Politics in Pre-Angkor Cambodia. The 7th-8th Centuries, the first book to deal thoroughly with a key period of Ancient Cambodia, will remain as a fundamental contribution to Khmer studies. The methodological and theoretical renewal claimed by the author, however, is not free of some schematism, particularly when he ranks the sources for their value in reconstructing Khmer history. His prejudiced distrust of Chinese texts leads him to disregard a substantial part of the information that they can provide. The present article, resorting to modern sinological criticism, is mostly meant as an attempt to rehabilitate such Chinese sources. Beyond a critical assessment of Vickery's commonly rigid opinions, it shows how the repeatedly distorted portrayal of Chinese sources betrays the culturalist views lingering behind concepts in use in recent historiographic research on Southeast Asia to deal with cross representations of China, India, and Southeast Asia. ; Le récent ouvrage de Michael Vickery, Society, Economics and Politics in Pre-Angkor Cambodia. The 7th-8th Centuries, le premier à traiter de façon systématique une période essentielle de l'histoire du Cambodge ancien, est appelé à faire date dans le paysage des études khmères. Le renouvellement théorique et méthodologique revendiqué par l'auteur n'est toutefois pas exempt d'un certain schématisme, en particulier lorsque celui-ci définit une hiérarchie des sources utiles à l'histoire du pays khmer, car le soupçon de principe porté sur les textes chinois le conduit à écarter une part importante de l'information transmise par ces textes. Le présent article, avant tout une tentative de réhabilitation des sources chinoises, a recours aux acquis de la critique sinologique moderne. Il veut montrer, au-delà du compte rendu des positions souvent tranchées de Vickery, comment le portrait parfois caricatural des sources chinoises révèle la part de culturalisme qui subsiste dans les notions manipulées par ...

In order to reduce the risk of global warming at the lowest possible cost, a European directive foresees the implementation of a tradable emission permits scheme, but where each country may choose its own method for allocating permits among domestic firms. The perfect permits market is an interesting tool of environmental policy. But which criteria should be used to determine the initial allocation? One of the most relevant criteria is equity. The thesis explores what equity means in this context, with reference to the contributions of moral and political philosophy, more specifically theories of justice, taking account of two important aspects of this problem: (1) the allocated good has some special characteristics, namely the tradeability, (2) the agents that receive the good are firms and not the usual mora! l entity of individuals. In the first part, the thesis examines, through economic analysis, the functioning of a competitive permits market, and identifies the impacts, both in terms of pollution and production firm's decisions in different contexts, and entry or exit decisions. In the second part, the thesis refers to theories of justice. The work consists of proving their relevance, showing that a firm can be considered as a moral entity, and so has rights and duties. Therefore, we adapt the reasoning used by theories to this entity. We develop the idea of the right of "equality of chances to express its competitiveness". It is in the tension between this right and the duty to submit to this environmental policy that the equitable allocation can be found. ; Afin de lutter contre le changement climatique, la directive européenne 87/2003 prévoit l'instauration d'un marché européen de permis d'émission négociables, mais laisse le soin à chaque Etat de choisir la méthode d'allocation des permis aux entreprises domestiques concernées. Garantissant l'atteinte de l'objectif de réduction de la pollution en minimisant les coûts globaux engendrés, le marché de permis constitue un instrument économique de ...

The traditional flood management fails to protect people from floods and threatens the functionality of alluvial ecosystems. Flood risk management should be projected at a large scale and integrate the natural functionality of rivers. New engineering tools should be developed to build a decision support system. We propose an operational methodology to improve flood risk management applied to mountainous rivers. Flood risk diagnostic highlights the needs for protection and the ecosystems which should be restored. A foresight simulation of natural flooding restoration has been tested on the Thur river and on a "virtual" mountainous river. Both simulations show that this kind of project does not improve a better flood mitigation for strong slope rivers.We also have shown that embankments are not a sustainable flood management. Climatic change scenarios applied to the Thur river forecast an aggravation of floods for the 21st century. That's why we propose a new flood management based on resilience strategies. Society should learn to live with floods and to reconcile economical development and functional ecosystems. ; Les dommages dus aux inondations sont en constante augmentation malgré la réglementation de l'urbanisation. La politique traditionnelle de lutte contre les crues ne donne pas satisfaction, tant du point de vue de la sécurité que des impacts sur les milieux naturels. La gestion du risque d'inondation doit s'inscrire à l'échelle du bassin versant et respecter le fonctionnement naturel des rivières. Il est nécessaire de développer des outils techniques nouveaux pour l'aide à la décision. Nous proposons une méthodologie de modélisation opérationnelle pour la gestion intégrée du risque d'inondation dans le contexte des rivières de moyenne montagne. La recherche de solutions techniques adaptées à chaque rivière peut s'appuyer sur un diagnostic complet du risque et l'exploration de scénarios de prospective. Pour permettre une approche à grande échelle, nous proposons une méthode de production et de sélection ...

Based on an analysis of the Pokot situation, this study aims to define the models used to integrate the populations in the North-West of Kenya in the nation state and examine how these models are appropriated by the local society. Designed as a buffer zone between the semi-arid no mans's land in the North and the high, fertile plateau in the South, the West Pokot District is today an Incontestable territorial referent that is the object of political claims and the border conflicts. Yet, the organisation of the cattle and grain commodity chains generates differentiated evolution processes in the plains and mountain areas. Farmers elaborate territorial re-composition and strengthening strategies, with no consideration of complementarity exchanges and relations of proximity between the high and low areas of the Rift. Thus, a vision of two distinct production territories between which new conflicts emerge is therefore imposing itself over the vision of a asingle homogenous ethic territory ; S'appuyant sur une analyse de ls situation des Pokot, cette etude vise a definir les modeles employes pour integrer les populations du nord-ouest kenyan a l'Etate-nation et a examiner sous quelle forme ces modeles sont appropries par la societe locale. Concu comme une zone tampon entre les no man's land semi-arides du nord et les hauts plateaux fertiles du sud, le district de West-Pokot est aujourd'hui un referent teritorial indiscutable, objet de revendications politiques et de conflicts sur ses bordures. Poutant, l;organisation des filieres betail et cereales genere unprocessus d'evolution differenciee entre les espaces de la plaine et de la montagne. Les producteurs elaborent des strategies de recomposition et de reforcement teritorial, en dehors de toutes considerations des echanges de complemtarite et des relations de proximite entre l haut et le bas de l'escarpement du Rift. A la vision d'un seul territoire ethnique homogen s'impos donc plutot celle de deux territoires de productions distinct entre lesqueles naissent de ...

http://www.stcum.qc.ca/transportsejc2004/presentations/pdf/raux-pres.pdf (lien visité le 27.10.2006) ; This paper starts from the postulate that the perception of the fairness of a urban road pricing policy is important for a successful implementation. This perception is analysed through the results of an attitudinal survey held in Lyons area in 2003. The general attitude is that congestion is an important problem, there is willingness to look for solutions but an a priori refusal of too disturbing policies. Those surveyed express rather definite preferences for some principles of regulation (moral rule, compensation) to the detriment of pricing or even the administrative or traditional regulation (queuing). Ways of unfreezing the situation are identified, who could be exploited in order to form coalitions likely to support this king of policy: limitation of car use is acceptable by significant proportions and the allocation of revenues should not be made exclusively in favour of the road; mechanisms of visible compensation must be set up whereas the concrete implementation of the tool has to take into account alternatives. Finally, certain dimensions of the equity were revealed through the analysis of the survey. ; Ce papier part du postulat que la justice "perçue" d'une mesure comme le péage urbain est importante pour la politique publique. Pour analyser cette perception nous nous appuyons sur une enquête d'opinion réalisée dans l'agglomération lyonnaise en 2003. L'attitude générale est que les encombrements sont un problème important, il y a de la bonne volonté pour chercher des solutions mais un refus a priori de se voir imposer des mesures de régulation jugées trop dérangeantes. Les enquêtes expriment des préférences assez nettes pour certains principes de régulation (règle morale, compensation) au détriment de la tarification ou même de la régulation administrative ou traditionnelle (file d'attente). Des points d'ouverture sont identifiés, qui pourraient être exploités pour former des coalitions ...

The last two decades have been marked in many developed and emerging countries by major educational reforms, around special themes: decentralization, the differentiation of courses and school content and the free choice of school. These three education policies, which aim to differentiate and diversify the educational offer, call into question the traditional organization of modern educational systems. This study seeks to evaluate the effects of these reforms on the performance of education systems, thanks to an econometric analysis based, on the one hand, on the results of the PISA 2000 international evaluation and, on the other, on a a fine description of the institutional characteristics of countries in relation to the three policies studied. Thirty-nine states and political communities are thus included in this study. In addition to an analytical description of the three education policies, studied through both the legal frameworks of the national systems and their reality in interaction with the behavior of the actors, the analysis shows that the effects of these reforms are not univocal. Indeed, behind common names, these three policies make it possible, according to the countries, to develop variable institutional arrangements that meet different receptions, this combination producing in turn divergent effects on the performance of education systems. ; Les deux dernières décennies ont été marquées dans de nombreux pays développés et émergents par des réformes éducatives d'envergure, autour de thématiques privilégiées : la décentralisation, la différenciation des parcours et des contenus scolaires ainsi que le libre choix de l'école. Ces trois politiques d'éducation qui visent à différencier et diversifier l'offre éducative remettent en cause l'organisation traditionnelle des systèmes éducatifs modernes. Cette étude s'attache à évaluer les effets de ces réformes sur les performances des systèmes éducatifs, grâce à une analyse économétrique fondée, d'un côté, sur les résultats de l'évaluation internationale ...

National audience ; Huitzilac is a Mexican municipio located in the State of Morelos between Mexico City and Cuernavaca. It is really a rural area whose cities don't exceed 5 000 inhabitants. Vast woodlands with oaks and conifers form its main natural resource. Huitzilac includes several protected national parks. Unfortunately, in spite of all protections and in spite of a Mexican Ley Forestal y de Caza –Law on Woods and Game— which establishes restrictive conditions in woodland management and hunting practice, one can notice a quick degradation of the environment. In fact, regulation are frequently not respected. Indeed, an intense exploitation of the forest remains very profitable there, and the pace of events is quickening for thirty years. Many farmers sell their lands and tenures to invest in tractor-trailers and chain-saws, and dedicate themselves exclusively to the extraction and sale of topsoil and wood. It is much easier, because woodland is property of local communities since the Mexican land reform. These last years the Mexican authorities and local governments try to develop sustainable economic activities, alternative to the sole exploitation of woodland. They are supposed to insure at the same time environmental protection and enrichment of local populations : sustainable tourism, pharmacological survey, production and marketing of exotic plants. The present contribution draws up an appraisal of the situation and tries to analyze the conditions of the failure or success of such an operation. ; Huitzilac est un municipio mexicain entre Mexico et Cuernavaca, dans l'Etat de Morelos. Très rural, ses principaux centres urbains ne dépassent 5 000 habitants. De grands espaces boisés de chênes et de conifères forment sa principale ressource naturelle. Ils intègrent plusieurs parcs nationaux protégés. Malheureusement, en dépit de cette protection et de la Ley Forestal y de Caza —Loi sur la Forêt et sur la Chasse— qui établit des conditions restrictives à l'exploitation du bois et à la pratique de la chasse, ...

date de rédaction : octobre 2003 20 p. ; National audience ; Cette contribution traite des modalités de gestion d'un problème d'action collective dans le domaine de la négociation sur le climat, en s'appuyant sur deux des concepts de l'Economie Politique Internationale (EPI), celui de régime international (RI), et celui d'hégémonie et/ou de leadership. Le cours suivi par la négociation internationale entre 1992 (Convention de Rio) et mars 2001 (rejet par les États-Unis du protocole de Kyoto de 1997), conduit à s'interroger sur les conditions d'existence et la viabilité d'un régime international non hégémonique (partie 1). On s'interroge ensuite sur les perspectives de "l'après-Kyoto". L'examen des préférences des trois acteurs les plus actifs dans la négociation (États-Unis, Europe, G77+ Chine) combiné à celui des capacités de leadership qu'ils possèdent permet de différencier trois scénarios d'avenir : i) l'anarchie, ii) un régime international sous hégémonie américaine, iii) un régime international sous leadership européen (partie 2). −−−−− This article deals with the different modalities that exist to manage a problem of collective action in the field of climate negotiation. It uses two concepts of the International Political Economy (IPE) : the concept of International Regime (IR) and the concept of Hegemony and / or Leadership. The course the international negotiation has taken between 1992 (Rio Convention) and march 2001 (the US rejection of the Kyoto Protocol of 1997) leads us, first, to question the conditions of existence as well as the viability of a non-hegemonic International Regime (Part One). Then, we discuss the perspectives for the "post - Kyoto" era. After having examined the preferences of the three most active actors in the negotiation (USA, Europe, G77 + China) combined with the leadership capacities they possess, we identify three scenarios for the future: i) anarchy, ii) an international regime under the American hegemony, iii) an international regime under the European leadership (Part ...

Conciliating economic efficiency with equity is a key issue in the implementation of infrastructure-building projects that have public interest content. This issue can be related to another one, i.e. the link between the economic evaluation of public projects and administrative law. The paper focuses on the two dimensions; it looks for the 'equity content' in both economic and legal processes. Section 1 argues that the respected fields of economics and law are not at the same level : public economic calculus is a substantive discourse since projects evaluation gives a quantitative measure of collective surplus while French administrative law is procedural. It does not give any substantive definition of the public interest but sets up mandatory formal procedures that have to be followed. Section 2 expands on the equity issue. Integrating equity criteria within economic calculus is not an easy matter. Administrative law rules do not concretize the French Republican notion of equity which underlies the principle of equality of people towards public nuisances. Interests of people suffering of public nuisance are not treated as equal. Public policies promoting the democratization of public choice through public debates go not make a step towards in that way. Owing to the dead-ends in public policies, section 3 explores some ways to ensure a better coupling of efficiency and equity : integrating a rawlsian principle of justice within economic calculus, or reforming the institutional patterns of projects implementation in order to make sure that the interests of populations are equally treated whatever their socio-economic level and location in space are. ; La conciliation de l'efficacité économique et de l'équité est une question importante dans le déroulement de la réalisation de projets d'infrastructures d'utilité publique, notamment en matière de transport terrestre. Elle pose la question de l'articulation du calcul économique public et des dispositifs de droit administratif. Le texte se saisit de ces deux ...