Suchergebnisse

Abstrak -- Makalah ini memiliki hipotesis akademis bahwa Model Konferensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa saat ini memiliki beberapa kelemahan dan hanya dianggap sebagai event ambisius bagi kaum muda untuk mendapatkan penghargaan akademik, tanpa memberikan solusi nyata bagi korban nyata konflik di masyarakat. Masalah ini terjadi ketika MUN hanya dianggap sebagai proyek untuk mendapatkan dana untuk universitas atau LSM atau sebagai cara untuk mendapatkan beasiswa ke luar negeri.Untuk menganalisis masalah tersebut, makalah ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan instrumen tambahan kuesioner yang akan didistribusikan ke 258 delegasi Indonesia Model United Nations (IMUN 2017). Pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut didasarkan pada teori pemikiran kritis untuk menanyakan tentang urgensi MUN untuk meningkatkan kepemimpinan dan komunikasi kaum muda dan juga berdasarkan konsep Modernitas oleh Alain Tourraine untuk menganalisis MUN sebagai kebutuhan bagi orang muda untuk terhubung secara intelektual dengan pejabat di seluruh dunia.Makalah ini diharapkan untuk menyebarkan kesadaran untuk mengembalikan Konferensi MUN sebagai kontribusi nyata dari kaum muda untuk mempengaruhi Majelis Umum PBB dan Resolusi DK PBB, serta untuk meningkatkan kapasitas PBB untuk mencapai ide-ide dari orang-orang muda dan mendeteksi masalah mereka. Dalam pemikiran ideal, MUN bukan hanya sebuah acara untuk bersenang-senang, tetapi simulasi pertemuan PBB di mana setiap pidato harus menghormati sikap negara yang diwakili dan situasi politik yang sebenarnya.Kata kunci: MUN, PBB, DK PBB, kepemimpinan, komunikasi, modernitas Abstract -- This paper has an academic hypothesis that Model of United Nations Conference nowadays has several weaknesses and only regarded an ambitious event for young people to gain such awards, without giving real solution for the real victims of the conflict in the society. This problem happens when MUN is regarded only as a project to gain fund for universities or NGOs or as a way to gain scholarship abroad for delegates. To analyse the problem, this paper uses qualitative method, with the addition instrument of questionnaire to be distributed to 258 delegates of Indonesia Model United Nations (IMUN 2017). The questions are based on the theory of critical thinking by Paulo Freire to ask about the urgency of the MUN to improve leadership and communication of young people and also based on the concept of Modernity by Alain Tourraine to analyse MUN as a need for young people to connect intellectually with officials around the world. This paper is hoped to spread awareness to turn back MUN Conference as a real contribution of young people to influence UN Assembly General and UNSC Resolution, as well as to improve capacity of UN to reach the ideas from young people and detect their problems. In the ideal thought, MUN is not just an event for having fun, but a simulation of UN meeting where each speech must respect stance of country represented and real situation of the politic.Keywords: MUN, Crtitic, UN, UNSC, youth, leadership, communication, modernity

Projecte FAM (proyecto HAMBRE en catalán) es el nombre de una experiencia viva y en proceso continuo de investigación, innovación, testeo y redefinición sobre el diseño de una estrategia de incidencia política, social y cultural que emplea la comunicación como herramienta troncal en el marco de una narrativa transmedia. Este ensayo profundiza en los aspectos innovadores de los diferentes productos narrativos que constituyen este proyecto comunicativo de Cambio Social y aborda la conceptualización derivada de la investigación sobre el imaginario colectivo del hambre como punto de partida para la creación de las diferentes hibridaciones del relato y la lógica de código fuente audiovisual. Describe el diseño y formulación del proyecto desde la perspectiva de comunicación para la ciudadanía global y su necesaria adaptación a la práctica y la teoría crítica de la comunicación del tercer sector. Analiza los diferentes productos desde la lógica estratégica, sus audiencias o públicos principales y los objetivos consiguientes. ; Projecte FAM (project FAMINE in Catalan) is the name of a living experience and ongoing research, innovation, testing and redefinition on the design of a strategy of political, social and cultural impact that uses communication as a core tool within the framework of transmedia narrative. This paper explores the innovative aspects of the diffrent narrative products that constitute this communication project of Social Change and it also addresses the conceptualization derived from the research on the collective imagination of hunger as a starting point for creating diffrent hybridizations of storytelling and the logic of audiovisual source code. This essay describes the design and formulation of the project from the perspective of communication for global citizenship and its necessary adaptation to the practice and critical theory of the communication of the Third Sector. All in all, it analyzes the diffrent products from a strategic logic, its main audiences or publics and its consequent objectives. ; Projecte FAM (projeto FOME em catalão) é o nome de uma experiência viva e em processo contínuo de investigação, inovação, teste e redefinição sobre o desenho de uma estratégia de incidência política, social e cultural que emprega a comunicação como ferramenta central no marco de uma narrativa transmídia. Este ensaio aprofunda nos aspetos inovadores dos diferentes produtos narrativos que constituem este projeto comunicativo de Mudança Social e aborda a conceptualização derivada da investigação sobre o imaginário coletivo da fome como ponto de partida para a criação das diferentes hibridações do relato e a lógica de código fonte audiovisual. Descreve o desenho e formulação do projeto desde a perspectiva de comunicação para a cidadania global e a sua necessária adaptação à prática e a teoria crítica da comunicação do Terceiro Setor. Analisa os diferentes produtos desde a lógica estratégica, as suas audiências ou públicos principais e os objetivos conseguintes.

Introduction: the study emphasizes the process of training the family professional with regard to the legal regulation of custody and care of children in the Cuban Family Code and, in this sense, seeks to overcome the current approach Gender equality, which does not provide equal opportunities for men and women, from the perspective of equity. Objective: to contribute to the training of legal professionals in Cuba, based on the analysis of the gender approach in the care and care of children regulated in the Family Code, from the perspective of equity. Methodology: it is a theoretical research with a descriptive and correlational approach that required the use of methods such as analysis-synthesis related to inductive-deductive and modeling. Development: the professional training process is characterized, with emphasis on the Family Law subject of the Law career, and reference is made to the theory on gender and equity, fundamental for analysis in the current Family Code. Conclusion: the teaching of Family Law from the perspective of equity, in the custody and care of children, is especially important, since the current legislation postulates as a general rule a favorable ruling for the mother being on equal terms With the father, once the marriage bond was dissolved, when the decision-making court should be directed to exhaust all means at its disposal to determine who has "the best right." ; Introducción: el estudio enfatiza en el proceso de formación del profesional en materia de familia, en cuanto a la regulación legal de la guarda y cuidado de los hijos/as en el Código de Familia cubano, y pretende superar el actual enfoque de género tradicionalista, sexista y biologicista, que no otorga igualdad de oportunidades para hombres y mujeres, desde la perspectiva de la equidad.Objetivo: contribuir a la formación del profesional del Derecho en Cuba, a partir del análisis del enfoque de género en la guarda y cuidado de los hijos/as regulada en el Código de Familia, desde la perspectiva de la equidad.Metodología: es una investigación teórica con un enfoque descriptivo y correlacional que requirió el empleo de métodos como el análisis-síntesis relacionado con el inductivo-deductivo y el de modelación.Desarrollo: se caracteriza el proceso de formación del profesional, con énfasis en la asignatura Derecho de Familia de la carrera de Derecho, y se hace referencia a la teoría sobre género y equidad, fundamentales para el análisis en el Código de Familia actual.Conclusión: la enseñanza del Derecho de Familia desde la perspectiva de la equidad, en la guarda y cuidado de los hijos/as, reviste especial importancia, ya que la normativa vigente postula como regla general un fallo favorable para la madre estando en igualdad de condiciones con el padre, una vez disuelto el vínculo matrimonial, cuando se debía orientar al tribunal decisor a agotar todos los medios a su alcance para determinar quién tiene el mejor derecho.

Abstrak - Meningkatnya perdagangan global melalui jalur laut merupakan komoditas utama yang sangat menguntungkan. Banyaknya transportasi laut yang tidak dilengkapi dengan standar keamanan lingkungan yang tepat menyebabkan berbagai permasalahan pada lingkungan. Ratifikasi Indonesia terhadap International Convention for Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments merupakan salah satu cara melindungi lingkungan maritim. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis Implementasi tentang International Convention for Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments yang sudah diratifikasi pada tanggal 24 November 2015. Teori yang digunakan penulis untuk menganalisis menggunakan Implementasi Kebijakan yang dihubungkan dengan keamanan maritim. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data adalah wawancara mendalam, dokumentasi dan observasi dengan teknik Snow ball. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Implementasi telah dilaksanakan. Peraturan yang sangat muda menimbulkan kendala-kendala dalam pelaksanaannya, seperti: sosialisasi yang tidak berjalan dengan baik, sumberdaya manusia dan teknologi yang masih belum memadai, dan belum adanya pembuatan SOP (Standard Operational Procedure). Belum adanya kepedulian terhadap lingkungan maritim menyebabkan anggapan bahwa konvensi ini dianggap tidak terlalu penting karena belum pernah terjadi secara langsung di Indonesia. Dengan adanya permasalahan di atas pemerintah diharapkan dapat memperbaiki dengan membuat SOP dan melakukan riset-riset ilmiah tentang keanekaragaman hayati maritim Indonesia.Kata kunci : Implementasi, Ballast water, Keamanan Maritim, Maritim IndonesiaAbstract - The increasing number of global trade by sea is a major commodity which is highly profitable. The number of sea transportation that are not equipped with proper safety and environmental standards lead to various problems in the environment. Indonesia's ratification of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments is one of some ways to protect the maritime environment. This study purposes to analyze the implementation of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments that has been ratified on 24 November 2015. The theory used by the writer to analyze was by using the Implementation Policy associated with maritime safety. The method used in this research was descriptive qualitative method. The data collection technique were by interviewing, documentating and observating by using Snow ball technique. The results showed that implementation has been implemented. An early regulations pose some obstacles in its implementation, such as socialization that did not go well, the human resources and technology which are still inadequate, and the absence of SOP (Standard Operating Procedure). The lack of concern of the maritime environment causing the presumption that this convention is considered not too important since it has never happened directly in Indonesia. With the existence of the problems above, the government is expected to improve by making the SOP and performing the scientific researches about Indonesian maritime biodiversity.Keywords: Implementation, Ballast water, Maritime Security, Indonesian Maritime

Projecte FAM (proyecto HAMBRE en catalán) es el nombre de una experiencia viva y en proceso continuo de investigación, innovación, testeo y redefinición sobre el diseño de una estrategia de incidencia política, social y cultural que emplea la comunicación como herramienta troncal en el marco de una narrativa transmedia. Este ensayo profundiza en los aspectos innovadores de los diferentes productos narrativos que constituyen este proyecto comunicativo de Cambio Social y aborda la conceptualización derivada de la investigación sobre el imaginario colectivo del hambre como punto de partida para la creación de las diferentes hibridaciones del relato y la lógica de código fuente audiovisual. Describe el diseño y formulación del proyecto desde la perspectiva de comunicación para la ciudadanía global y su necesaria adaptación a la práctica y la teoría crítica de la comunicación del tercer sector. Analiza los diferentes productos desde la lógica estratégica, sus audiencias o públicos principales y los objetivos consiguientes. ; Projecte FAM (projeto FOME em catalão) é o nome de uma experiência viva e em processo contínuo de investigação, inovação, teste e redefinição sobre o desenho de uma estratégia de incidência política, social e cultural que emprega a comunicação como ferramenta central no marco de uma narrativa transmídia. Este ensaio aprofunda nos aspetos inovadores dos diferentes produtos narrativos que constituem este projeto comunicativo de Mudança Social e aborda a conceptualização derivada da investigação sobre o imaginário coletivo da fome como ponto de partida para a criação das diferentes hibridações do relato e a lógica de código fonte audiovisual. Descreve o desenho e formulação do projeto desde a perspectiva de comunicação para a cidadania global e a sua necessária adaptação à prática e a teoria crítica da comunicação do Terceiro Setor. Analisa os diferentes produtos desde a lógica estratégica, as suas audiências ou públicos principais e os objetivos conseguintes. ; Projecte FAM (project FAMINE in Catalan) is the name of a living experience and ongoing research, innovation, testing and redefinition on the design of a strategy of political, social and cultural impact that uses communication as a core tool within the framework of transmedia narrative. This paper explores the innovative aspects of the diffrent narrative products that constitute this communication project of Social Change and it also addresses the conceptualization derived from the research on the collective imagination of hunger as a starting point for creating diffrent hybridizations of storytelling and the logic of audiovisual source code. This essay describes the design and formulation of the project from the perspective of communication for global citizenship and its necessary adaptation to the practice and critical theory of the communication of the Third Sector. All in all, it analyzes the diffrent products from a strategic logic, its main audiences or publics and its consequent objectives.

Since the summer of 2015 a wave of voluntary engagement with refugees has spread throughout Europe. In this context, tensions and concerns around the issue of help, power and solidarity have been debated. This article contributes to this debate by focusing on volunteering in the context of a so-called European refugee crisis.Based mostly on participant observation and informal interviews, this study explores the need to help from the point of view of volunteers and different actors within emerging formal and informal networks. In particular, my research aims at understanding the complex meanings of volunteering and its contested social role.On the one hand, based on data gathered during several months of fieldwork in Bern, Switzerland, this study examines volunteers' perceptions, expectations and motivations. On the other hand, it focuses on ongoing negotiations of the role of volunteering, within an emerging network of established aid organizations, faith-based institutions, community organizations and volunteers.The anthropological critique on humanitarianism provides a theoretical basis for analyzing the moral obligations perceived by volunteers and the effects of the resulting relationships. Political theory will be employed in order to investigate emerging urban arrangements linked to volunteering in Bern. Based on my preliminary conclusions, I propose that by looking at humanitarian interventions, such as volunteering, the current position of civil society and its social and political potential can be demonstrated ; Desde el verano de 2015, una ola de compromiso voluntario con los refugiados se ha extendido por toda Europa. En este contexto, se han debatido las tensiones y preocupaciones en torno a la cuestión de la ayuda, el poder y la solidaridad. Este artículo contribuye a este debate centrándose en el voluntariado en el contexto de la llamada crisis europea de los refugiados.Basado principalmente en observación participante y entrevistas informales, este estudio explora la necesidad de ayudar desde el punto de vista de los voluntarios y los diferentes actores en el seno de redes formales e informales emergentes. En particular, mi investigación tiene como objetivo comprender los complejos significados del voluntariado y su controvertido papel social.Por un lado, a partir de datos recogidos durante varios meses de trabajo de campo en Berna, Suiza, este estudio examina las percepciones, expectativas y motivaciones de los voluntarios. Por otro lado, se centra en las negociaciones en curso sobre el papel del voluntariado, dentro de una red emergente de organizaciones humanitarias, instituciones religiosas, organizaciones comunitarias y voluntariado.La crítica antropológica sobre el humanitarismo proporciona una base teórica para analizar las obligaciones morales percibidas por los voluntarios y los efectos de las relaciones resultantes. Recurriré a la teoría política para investigar arreglos urbanos emergentes vinculados al voluntariado en Berna. Sobre la base de mis conclusiones preliminares, propongo que es a través de las intervenciones humanitarias, como el voluntariado, que se puede atestiguar la posición actual de la sociedad civil y su potencial social y político

In dieser Arbeit, sollen Faktoren und mögliche Maßnahmen zur Attraktivierung des Bezirkes Bruck-Mürzzuschlag speziell für hochqualifizierte Frauen erarbeitet werden. In vielen Regionen der Steiermark und auch im politischen Bezirk Bruck-Mürzzuschlag, können andauernde Transformationsprozesse beobachtet werden. Die Arbeit fokussiert nicht nur auf die Abwanderung von Hochqualifizierten, den sogenannten Brain Drain, sondern auch auf den Wegzug von Frauen. Es kommt nicht nur zu einem Verlust von Kompetenz und Intelligenz sondern auch zu einer fortlaufenden Abwärtsspirale in gesellschaftlicher, ökonomischer und raumbezogener Hinsicht. Neben der feministischen und bildungstheoretischen Geographie, wurden auch grundlegende Migrationstheorien in der Arbeit diskutiert. Durch die Analyse von öffentlichen Statistiken wurden der Ist-Zustand und die Problematik im Untersuchungsgebiet verdeutlicht. Daneben wurde quantitative und qualitative Forschung betrieben. Der Online-Fragebogen wurde an alle Studierende der Universität Graz und weitere Interessenten ausgesendet und auf drei räumlichen Ebenen (Bund-, Land-, Bezirk-Ebene) ausgewertet. Insgesamt nahmen 662 Studierende, zum Großteil Frauen, an der Umfrage teil. Die Mehrheit empfindet den Heimatbezirk durchaus attraktiv, wobei die soziale Komponente als wichtigster Bindungs- und Entscheidungsfaktor für die Studierenden gilt. Im Kontext mit dem Thema der Arbeit waren v.a. die Ergebnisse der Bezirk-Ebene interessant. Neben der Ermittlung von Aspekten, die den Bezirk Bruck-Mürzzuschlag für die befragten Studentinnen gegenwärtig attraktiv bzw. unattraktiv machen, wurden auch jene Faktoren erhoben, die aus ihrer Sicht zu einer Attraktivierung beitragen können. Diese Ergebnisse wurden in der qualitativen Befragung mit Interviewpartnerinnen aus verschiedenen wirtschaftlichen und politischen Positionen reflektiert und diskutiert. Daraus resultierend wurden mögliche Maßnahmen, deren Fokus auf der sozialen Komponente liegt, erarbeitet. ; This paper deals with the attempt to survey facts and possible actions to increase the attractiveness of the district Bruck-Mürzzuschlag for highly qualified women. In a lot of regions of Styria, and also in the political district Bruck-Mürzzuschlag, there are ongoing transformation processes. The paper focuses not only on the migration of highly qualified, the so called brain drain, but beyond on the exit of young women. Besides the loss of competence and intelligence owing to the brain drain, possible consequences are far-reaching. The exit of young women can lead to a downward spiral in social, economically and spatial terms. The theoretical focus is based on the feminism and educational theory, as well as the discussion and integration of basic migration theories. Through the analysis of public statistics the present situation in the study area is reflected. Also quantitative and qualitative research was carried out. The online-questionnaire was send out to all students of the University Graz and other interested and was analyzed on multiple spatial levels (federation-, country-, district-level). Overall 662 students, the majorities were women, have participated in the online-survey. Most students imagine their home-district as quite attractive. The social component was identified as a main binding and deciding factor for the students. According to the issue of the thesis, especially the results of the district level were interesting. Those aspects, which make the district Bruck-Mürzzuschlag currently attractive or unattractive for female students were identified, as well as those factors, which can contribute attractiveness. These factors for attractiveness were discussed and reflected in the qualitative interviews, with highly qualified women out of various economic and political positions. As a result, possible measures, focused on the social component, have been workd out. ; vorgelegt von Silke Blengl ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2016 ; (VLID)1541032

The implementation of the regional autonomy system aims to improve people's welfare, equity and justice, as well as respect for local culture and pay attention to regional potential and diversity. With this regional autonomy system in place, the Regent has broad authority in implementing the APBD. This shows the flexibility to develop existing regional potentials, but the role of DPRD as a partner for government in the regions is also very much needed to control and supervise, which hopes that the policies issued do not deviate from the established lines. The purpose of this study was to determine the supervisory function of the DPRD in implementing the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget in Buton Regency. The research method used is to use qualitative research methods, namely research procedures that produce descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from people or observed behavior. Data were collected by conducting interviews with several members of the Buton Regency DPRD, observation, and documentation. The method of data analysis in this study was carried out by collecting data, reducing data, presenting data, and verifying data. The result of this research is that the function of DPRD in supervising the implementation of the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget in the Regency is in accordance with the theory of supervision and APBD functions as regulated by Law Number 27 of 2009 concerning the MPR, DPR, DPD, and DPRD. The implementation of the supervisory function carried out by the Buton Regency DPRD is carried out in 3 stages, namely: the planning stage, the implementation stage, and the accountability stage. ; Penyelenggaraan sistem otonomi daerah bertujuan meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat, pemerataan dan keadilan, serta penghormatan kepada budaya lokal dan memperhatikan potensi dan keanekaragaman daerah. Berlakunya sistem otonomi daerah ini, Bupati mempunyai wewenang yang luas dalam pelaksanaan APBD. Hal ini menunjukkan adanya keleluasaan untuk mengembangkan potensi daerah yang ada, namun peran DPRD sebagai mitra kerja pemerintahan di daerah juga sangat dibutuhkan untuk mengontrol dan mengawasi, yang mengharapkan agar kebijakan yang dikeluarkan tidak menyimpang dari garis yang telah ditetapkan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui fungsi pengawasan DPRD dalam pelaksanaan Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah di Kabupaten Buton. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah mengunakan metode penelitian kualitatif yaitu prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis atau lisan dari orang-orang atau perilaku yang diamati. Data dikumpulkan dengan melakukan wawancara kepada beberapa anggota DPRD Kabupaten Buton, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Metode analisis data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tahap- tahap mengumpulkan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan verifikasi data. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa fungsi DPRD dalam pengawasan pelaksanaan Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah di Kabupaten sudah sesuai dengan teori pengawasan dan fungsi-fungsi APBD yang diatur oleh Undang- Undang Nomor 27 tahun 2009 Tentang MPR, DPR, DPD, dan DPRD. Pelaksanaan fungsi pengawasan yang dilakukan oleh DPRD Kabupaten Buton dilaksanakan melalui 3 tahap yaitu: tahap perencanaan, tahap pelaksanaan, dan tahap pertanggungjawaban.

International audience ; Since the accession of Plantagenet to the throne of England, in the mid-twelfth century, to the Entente Cordiale (1904), relations between France and England have been regularly conflicting through the various Hundred Years' Wars and the "Auld Alliance " with Scotland. In fact, the British Islands were many times under the direct threat of military projects from the other side of the English Channel. However, these attempts didn't leave necessarily an enduring memory. This study establish a typology of these threats : simple stealth raids, vague aborted project, veritable armada of invasion or successful landing in the United Kingdom. The geographical analysis of the chosen starting places of these expeditions and landing sites allows the reader to better understand the maritime organization of the two naval powers, including their relationship to the natural environment (accessibility of naval bases, weather, privileged coastal facades.). The fog of war is compounded by the uncertain nature of these naval operations where the proposed concentration of ships often gives way to fleets chaotic dispersal. The French expectations about this intimidations vary widely either for peripheral war (Ireland, Scotland) or otherwise looking for a direct confrontation in dominating the English Channel. From the XIIIth to the XIXth century, British reactions to these threats changed : coastal fortifications, wooden walls theory and local militia. ; Depuis l'avènement des Plantagenêts d'Anjou sur le trône d'Angleterre au milieu du XIIe siècle jusqu'à l'Entente Cordiale (1904), les relations entre la France et l'Angleterre sont régulièrement conflictuelles notamment à travers les différentes guerres de Cent Ans et la « Vieille Alliance » avec l'Ecosse. De fait, les Iles Britanniques sont à de nombreuses reprises sous la menace directe de projets militaires issus de l'autre côté de la Manche. Cependant, ces tentatives n'ont pas forcément laissé un souvenir tenace. Il s'agit de tenter d'établir une typologie de ces menaces dont le spectre s'étend du vague projet avorté à un débarquement réussi sur le territoire britannique en passant par de simples raids furtifs ou l'organisationd'une véritable armada d'invasion. L'analyse géographique du choix des lieux de départ de ces expéditions et des lieux de débarquement permet de mieux comprendre l'organisation maritime des deux puissances navales et notamment leur rapport au milieu naturel (accessibilité des ports de guerre, météorologie, façades littorales privilégiées.). Le brouillard de la guerre est accentué par le caractère incertain de ces opérations navales où la concentration envisagée des navires laisse souvent place à une dispersion chaotique des flottes. Les attentes françaises à propos de ces intimidations sont très variables selon les époques que ce soit en matière de guerre périphérique en Irlande ou en Ecosse ou au contraire derecherche d'un affrontement direct pour le contrôle de la Manche. Du XIIIe au XIXe siècle, les réactions britanniques à ces menaces connaissent aussi des évolutions entre fortifications côtières, théorie des wooden walls et formation d'une milice locale.

The use of the concept of «lone parenthood» has intensified during the last years, owing, amongst other things, to the increase in this form of family. In spite of increasingly widespread use, the theoretical reality is characterized by a lack of a global consensus in relation to one essential aspect: What family form should this sociological category comprise? This problem of theoretical imprecision has often affected academia, causing strong discrepancies between different studies. However, it is also starting to have social and legal repercussions, because in terms of social policy each government agency has developed its own definition of the term. As a result, the multiple forms of lone parenthood are treated differently, something which has been described by associations and social movements as unfair and discriminatory. In this theory-based paper, we analyse some of the official definitions that have been produced in recent years and that are contained in the national and regional regulations created for the social protection of such families. The objective is to identify the conceptualization of this family phenomenon in the Spanish legal system, the existence of theoretical imprecisions and the similarities and differences that exist between territorial areas and legal statuses. This analysis helps us to clarify the official meaning attributed to these families in Spain and to provide clarity regarding this imprecise concept. ; El uso del concepto de "monoparentalidad" se ha intensificado durante los últimos años debido, entre otras cosas, al incremento que han experimentado las formas familiares a él referidas. A pesar de su uso cada vez más generalizado, la realidad teórica se encuentra caracterizada por la falta de un acuerdo global en torno a un aspecto que resulta esencial: qué forma familiar es la que debe quedar contenida bajo esta categoría sociológica. Este problema de imprecisión teórica normalmente ha afectado al ámbito académico, provocando fuertes discrepancias entre los estudios que se han realizado al respecto. Sin embargo, está empezando a tener su correspondiente manifestación a nivel social y legal, pues en materia de Política Social cada órgano elabora su propia definición. Esto genera un trato desigual entre las múltiples formas de monoparentalidad, que las asociaciones y movimientos sociales califican de injusto y discriminatorio.En este artículo, de carácter teórico, se identifican y analizan las definiciones legales que se han elaborado durante los últimos años sobre "monoparentalidad" y que se encuentran recogidas en las normativas nacionales y autonómicas diseñadas para la protección social de estas familias. El objetivo es comprobar cómo se conceptualiza este fenómeno familiar en el ordenamiento jurídico español, qué imprecisiones teóricas se observan, y qué similitudes y diferencias terminológicas se dan entre ámbitos territoriales y rangos normativos. Este análisis nos permitirá conocer el significado oficial que se atribuye a este tipo de familia en nuestro país y aportar claridad sobre el sentido real del término.

Тема. Статья посвящена анализу и подведению итогов экономической динамики перехода от социализма к капитализму в России за весь постсоветский период и определению структурных направлений реформации российской экономической политики, ориентированной на восстановление устойчивого социально-экономического развития. Методология. Основой для настоящего исследования является фундаментальная макроэкономическая теория сбалансированного экономического роста и устойчивого социального развития с применением статистического анализа. Результаты. Автором подтверждена фундаментальная основа постоянства текущих кризисных явлений в российской экономике за весь период ее трансформации как следствие ее создания и функционирования по модели «сырьевой придаток мировой экономики». Выявлены условия пролонгации и становления очередного текущего кризиса российской экономики в 2015 г. на основе «изоляционного» ускоренного роста конечного потребления в 2010-2014 гг., обоснована ее ориентация на формирование нового технологического уклада. Выводы. Показана особая актуальность обсуждения итогов трансформации российской экономики и концепции стратегии развития страны на перспективу с привлечением не только научного и политического сообщества, но и широкой общественности с использованием различных средств массовой информации. Значимость. В статье сформулированы практические рекомендации по реформированию экономической политики трансформации российской экономики. Базовой основой этого реформирования является «социализация» законодательных норм приватизации, направленная на снижение негативных последствий сложившейся «приватизационной идеологии». Сделаны предложения по огосударствлению инструментов бюджетно-налоговой и денежно-кредитной политики, ориентированные на восстановление устойчивого развития российской экономики. ; Importance The article analyzes and summarizes the economic trends in switching from socialism to capitalism in Russia for the entire post-Soviet period. The research determines structural aspects of reforming the Russian economic policy that pursues recovering the sustainable socio-economic development. Methods The research relies upon the fundamental macroeconomic theory of balanced economic growth and sustainable social development, using a statistical analysis. Results I corroborate the fundamental basis for the permanent nature of the current crisis phenomena in the Russian economy for the entire period of its transformation as a result of its origination and its operation as a raw material supplier for the global economies. I identify the conditions for extending and growing a subsequent and current crisis of the Russian economy in 2015 on the basis of isolated accelerated growth in ultimate consumption in 2010-2014. I also substantiate its focus on creating a new technological mode. Conclusions and Relevance The article demonstrates that it is reasonable to discuss the outcome of the Russian economy transformation and the national development concept for a certain period of time, relying upon public survey via various mass media, rather than scientific and political communities only. The article provides practical guidelines for reforming the economic policy on reforming the Russian economy. This reforming process is based on socialization of privatization regulations that seeks to reduce negative consequences of the existing privatization ideology. I make my own proposals for ' governmentalizing ' tools of the budgetary, fiscal and monetary policies, which are designated to recover a sustainable development of the Russian economy.

O presente artigo examina a transformação do modo de produção capitalista que acompanha a expansão do trabalho imaterial como fonte de geração de riqueza efetiva. Essa avaliação é feita no interior da teoria do valor-trabalho e da crítica da economia política. Para tanto, interroga, primeiro, o verdadeiro impacto da informatização na natureza capitalista dos processos produtivos atualmente em andamento, principalmente nos países centrais. Compara, depois, as principais características da indústria taylorista com as características marcantes da indústria pós-taylorista. Ao final, conclui que uma transformação importante do sistema capitalista está em curso: a grande indústria, tal como foi caracterizada por Marx em O Capital, não predomina mais nos países do centro do sistema, pois o que aí prevalece agora é a pós-grande indústria. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Trabalho imaterial. Taylorismo. Pós-taylorismo. Grande indústria. Pós-grande indústria.SUBSUMPTION OF IMMATERIAL LABOR BY CAPITAL Eleutério F. S. Prado José Paulo Guedes Pinto This paper examines the transformation of the capitalist mode of production that accompanies the expansion of immaterial labor as a source of effective wealth generation. This evaluation is made within the scope of the labor theory of value and the critique of political economy. Therefore, first it questions the true impact of informatization on the capitalist nature of ongoing production processes, especially in central countries. It goes on to compare the major characteristics of the Taylorist industry with the outstanding characteristics of the post-Taylorist industry. Finally, it comes to the conclusion that an import transformation of the capitalist system is in progress: the great industry, as it was characterized by Marx in Capital, is no longer predominant in countries central to the system, because what prevails nowadays is the post-great industry. KEY WORDS: Immaterial work. Taylorism. Post-Taylorism. Great industry. Post-great industry.SUBSOMPTION DU TRAVAIL IMMATÉRIEL AU CAPITAL Eleutério F. S. Prado José Paulo Guedes Pinto Nous analysons dans cet article la transformation du mode de production capitaliste qui accompagne l'expansion du travail immatériel en tant que source de production effective de richesse. Cette évaluation est faite au sein de la théorie de la valeur-travail et de la critique de l'économie politique. Pour ce faire, nous nous interrogeons tout d'abord sur le véritable impact de l'informatisation sur la nature capitalise des processus productifs actuellement en cours essentiellement dans les pays centraux. Nous comparons ensuite les principales caractéristiques de l'industrie du taylorisme avec les caractéristiques marquantes de l'industrie post-taylorisme. Nous en arrivons finalement à la conclusion qu'une transformation majeure du système capitaliste est en cours: la grande industrie, telle qu'elle a été caractérisée par Marx dans Le Capital, ne prédomine plus dans les pays au coeur du système. En effet, ce qui domine maintenant c'est la postgrande industrie. MOTS-CLÉS: Travail immatériel. Taylorisme. Posttaylorisme. Grande industrie. Post-grande industrie. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH no Scielo: http://www.scielo.br/ccrh Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

El propósito de este artículo es tratar de dar las claves interpretativas, por medio de la pragmática cognitiva, de los mensajes políticos agresivos, en este caso de la marca política de Obama utilizada por sus oponentes. En principio, entendemos la pragmática como el estudio de la comunicación verbal cuyo objetivo es la comprensión de los enunciados por parte de los receptores de una lengua natural conocida. Pero en el enunciado no solo cuenta la semántica de la lengua sino la intención comunicativa (Sperber y Wilson 1995; Carston 2002; Escandell 2006), que solo se puede abordar a través de la inferencia no demostrativa. Ahora bien, cuando se trata de mensajes multimodales es preciso extender las inferencias al material no estrictamente lingüístico, que puede arrojar mucha luz en cuanto información inferible. Por ello, es fundamental acudir al concepto pragmático de ―contexto cognitivo‖ —una serie de premisas o hipótesis iniciales— y definir su papel en la interpretación multimodal. La teoría de la mente como ―sistema inferencial de meta-representaciones‖ (Sperber 2000) interpreta el comportamiento de los demás atribuyéndoles como intencional (es decir, que representa el mundo) los estados mentales, como son las creencias, los deseos y las intenciones. En este trabajo vamos a examinar algunos de los stickers más conocidos publicados por los oponentes políticos de Obama, por medio de los que lo atacan revelando cierta propaganda política con mensaje oculto (covert según Tanaka (1994) y concluimos que este discurso multimodal tiene un gran parecido con el discurso publicitario. ; The purpose of this article is to attempt to provide the interpretative keys, through cognitive pragmatics, for aggressive political messages, in this case the political brand of Obama used by his opponents. In principle, we understand pragmatics as the study of verbal communication which aims at understanding utterances on the part of receptors in a known natural language. But utterances are not only accounted for by the semantics of the language but rather by the communicative intentions (Sperber and Wilson 1995; Carston 2002; Escandell 2006), which can only be tackled through non- demonstrative inference. Now when we approach multimodal messages it is necessary to extend the inferences to material not strictly linguistic that can shed much light as inferable information. Therefore, it is essential to resort to the pragmatic concept of ―cognitive context‖ —a set of initial assumptions or hypotheses— and define their role in multimodal interpretation. The theory of mind as the ―inferential system of meta-representations" (Sperber 2000) interprets the behaviour of others by attributing their mental states such as beliefs, desires and intentions as intentional (i.e, representing the world). In this paper we will examine some of the most popular stickers as published by Obama's political opponents, by means of which they attack him thus revealing some political propaganda with a hidden message (covert, according to Tanaka 1994) and conclude that this multimodal discourse has a strong resemblance to the language of advertising.

The purpose of this article is to attempt to provide the interpretative keys, through cognitive pragmatics, for aggressive political messages, in this case the political brand of Obama used by his opponents. In principle, we understand pragmatics as the study of verbal communication which aims at understanding utterances on the part of receptors in a known natural language. But utterances are not only accounted for by the semantics of the language but rather by the communicative intentions (Sperber and Wilson 1995; Carston 2002; Escandell 2006), which can only be tackled through non- demonstrative inference. Now when we approach multimodal messages it is necessary to extend the inferences to material not strictly linguistic that can shed much light as inferable information. Therefore, it is essential to resort to the pragmatic concept of "cognitive context" —a set of initial assumptions or hypotheses— and define their role in multimodal interpretation. The theory of mind as the "inferential system of meta-representations" (Sperber 2000) interprets the behaviour of others by attributing their mental states such as beliefs, desires and intentions as intentional (i.e, representing the world). In this paper we will examine some of the most popular stickers as published by Obama's political opponents, by means of which they attack him thus revealing some political propaganda with a hidden message (covert, according to Tanaka 1994) and conclude that this multimodal discourse has a strong resemblance to the language of advertising. ; El propósito de este artículo es tratar de dar las claves interpretativas, por medio de la pragmática cognitiva, de los mensajes políticos agresivos, en este caso de la marca política de Obama utilizada por sus oponentes. En principio, entendemos la pragmática como el estudio de la comunicación verbal cuyo objetivo es la comprensión de los enunciados por parte de los receptores de una lengua natural conocida. Pero en el enunciado no solo cuenta la semántica de la lengua sino la intención comunicativa (Sperber y Wilson 1995; Carston 2002; Escandell 2006), que solo se puede abordar a través de la inferencia no demostrativa. Ahora bien, cuando se trata de mensajes multimodales es preciso extender las inferencias al material no estrictamente lingüístico, que puede arrojar mucha luz en cuanto información inferible. Por ello, es fundamental acudir al concepto pragmático de "contexto cognitivo" —una serie de premisas o hipótesis iniciales— y definir su papel en la interpretación multimodal. La teoría de la mente como "sistema inferencial de meta-representaciones" (Sperber 2000) interpreta el comportamiento de los demás atribuyéndoles como intencional (es decir, que representa el mundo) los estados mentales, como son las creencias, los deseos y las intenciones. En este trabajo vamos a examinar algunos de los stickers más conocidos publicados por los oponentes políticos de Obama, por medio de los que lo atacan revelando cierta propaganda política con mensaje oculto (covert según Tanaka (1994) y concluimos que este discurso multimodal tiene un gran parecido con el discurso publicitario.

陈维 【摘要】党的十八大报告多次强调海外利益保护,并首次提出"我们将扎实推进公共外交和人文交流,维护我国海外合法权益",这是对我国现阶段公共外交目标的明确界定。本文尝试在界定中国海外利益的分类和特征的基础上,梳理公共外交与海外利益保护之间的逻辑关系,指出国家形象不是公共外交的目的,而是通过公共外交实现中国海外利益保护的重要手段。要实现海外利益保护的战略目标,在理论上应当区分国家形象的四个向度,即可信度、合法性、美誉度和吸引力,使之分别对应海外安全利益、海外政治利益、海外经济利益和海外文化利益的保护,并在实际操作中有不同侧重,进而提出公共外交与中国海外利益保护的研究议程。The Chinese Communist Party's 18th Congress report repeatedly emphasizes the issue of the protection of overseas interests and for the first time raises the claim that "we will push for public diplomacy and cultural exchanges and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of our country overseas" which is a clear definition of the objectives of China's public diplomacy at current stage. This paper attempts to clarify the logical relationship between public diplomacy and the protection of overseas interests by defining the classification and the characteristics of China's overseas interests. This paper then argues that China's public diplomacy is facilitating the protection of China's overseas interests rather than shaping national image. To achieve the strategic goal of protecting the interests overseas, in theory, the national image should include four dimensions, namely credibility, legitimacy, reputation and attractiveness, each of which is concerned with China's overseas security interests, political interests, economic interests and cultural interests. In practice, different dimensions should be given different degrees of investment and effort, and the research agenda of public diplomacy and the protection of China's overseas interests should then be advanced.