Suchergebnisse

New psychoactive substances (NPS) are a heterogeneous and rapidly evolving class of molecules available on the global illicit drug market (e.g smart shops, internet, "dark net") as a substitute for controlled substances. The use of NPS, mainly consumed along with other drugs of abuse and/or alcohol, has resulted in a significantly growing number of mortality and emergency admissions for overdoses, as reported by several poison centers from all over the world. The fact that the number of NPS have more than doubled over the last 10 years, is a critical challenge to governments, the scientific community, and civil society [EMCDDA (European Drug Report), 2014; UNODC, 2014b; Trends and developments]. The chemical structure (phenethylamines, piperazines, cathinones, tryptamines, synthetic cannabinoids) of NPS and their pharmacological and clinical effects (hallucinogenic, anesthetic, dissociative, depressant) help classify them into different categories. In the recent past, 50% of newly identified NPS have been classified as synthetic cannabinoids followed by new phenethylamines (17%) (UNODC, 2014b). Besides peripheral toxicological effects, many NPS seem to have addictive properties. Behavioral, neurochemical, and electrophysiological evidence can help in detecting them. This manuscript will review existing literature about the addictive and rewarding properties of the most popular NPS classes: Cannabimimetics (JWH, HU, CP series) and amphetamine-like stimulants (amphetamine, methamphetamine, methcathinone, and MDMA analogs). Moreover, the review will include recent data from our lab which links JWH-018, a CB1 and CB2 agonist more potent than Δ9-THC, to other cannabinoids with known abuse potential, and to other classes of abused drugs that increase dopamine signaling in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) shell. Thus the neurochemical mechanisms that produce the rewarding properties of JWH-018, which most likely contributes to the greater incidence of dependence associated with "Spice" use, will be described (De Luca et al., 2015a). Considering the growing evidence of a widespread use of NPS, this review will be useful to understand the new trends in the field of drug reward and drug addiction by revealing the rewarding properties of NPS, and will be helpful to gather reliable data regarding the abuse potential of these compounds.

Focused on the United States, this book summarizes the secondary impacts of COVID-19 due to the increased use of technology. Establishing the global response of social distancing, mandates for non-essential business, and working from home, the book centers on the disparate guidance provided at the State and local levels, domestically

Тема. Статья посвящена проблемам государственного и правового регулирования азартных игр, связанных с выставлением ставок на спортивные соревнования, и возникающей при этом теневой экономики спорта. Цели. Анализ истории азартных игр и их распространение в современной России и в ведущих странах мира, оценка роли государства в этом процессе. Исследование правовых и криминологических проблем, касающихся функционирования букмекерских контор и тотализаторов, в том числе в сфере информационно-телекоммуникационной сети Интернет. Методология. Применен контент-анализ многочисленных источников: научных исследований, федеральных законов, законопроектов. Проведена историческая ретроспектива указанной проблемы. Результаты. Детально проанализированы проблемы экономики спорта, государственного и правового регулирования азартных игр, теневых форм спортивной деятельности. Убедительно доказано, что игорный бизнес в нашей стране нуждается в дополнительном надежном государственном и правовом регулировании. В частности, необходимо оперативно навести порядок в виртуальном игорном бизнесе, который в 2014 г. неожиданно вышел на легальный уровень. Выводы. На законодательном уровне необходимо срочно принять меры, ограничивающие рост букмекерских контор и тотализаторов в стране, особенно вблизи спортивных и олимпийских объектов, детско-юношеских спортивных школ, других образовательных учреждений, а также рекреационных зон. Необходимо не допустить разрастания рекламы азартных игр посредством сети Интернет и средств массовой информации, принять решительные меры по профилактике лудомании в сфере спорта, а также среди населения. Целесообразно осуществить меры по реальному блокированию сайтов зарубежных букмекерских компаний. Кроме того, следует срочно исследовать проблему полноты налоговых поступлений от выигрышей в тотализаторах и букмекерских конторах в федеральный и региональные бюджеты, устранить злоупотребления в этой сфере, рассмотреть предложения о перераспределении доходов игорного бизнеса в пользу развития спорта в нашей стране. ; Importance The article discusses the issues of governmental and legislative regulation of gambling games that imply bets on sport events and engender the shadow economy of sports. Objectives The research analyzes gambling games and their propagation throughout modern Russia and advanced economies. We also evaluate the role of the State in the process, examine legislative and criminological aspects of bookmaker's offices, totes, including the Internet. Methods We applied a content analysis of numerous sources, i.e. scientific researches, federal laws, bills, and presented a historical retrospect of the issue. Results We scrutinized issues of the economy of sports, governmental and legislative regulation of gambling, shadow forms of sports. The article provides certain evidence on that gambling should be additionally regulated. Conclusions and Relevance Measures should be undertaken at the legislative level to restrict bookmaker's offices and totes in the country. It is necessary to prevent the gambling advertisement from proliferation via the Internet and mass media, undertake decisive measures against the gambling addiction in sports, and among the population. It is reasonable to really block websites of foreign bookmaker's offices, investigate whether taxes on gains are completely remitted to federal and regional budgets, and thus rectify abuses in this field, and consider the issues of reallocating gambling gains for the developing of sports in the country.

This review article considers ethical concerns when doing research on potentially vulnerable people who inject drugs (PWID) in a Canadian context. The Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans broadly addresses many of the traditional ethical principles of research on vulnerable persons, but does so at the cost of clarity and precision. Vulnerability is contextual rather than absolute. When doing research with vulnerable persons, informed consent should be obtained from an independent person, and comprehension should be checked using questioning. Participants can be vulnerable due to many factors, including addiction, chronic disease, socioeconomic and racial status, and lack of education. The ability of PWID to give informed consent can be compromised by undue influence or intoxication, but existing research shows that neither the mode nor the magnitude of compensation has a significant effect on new rates of drug use. Compensation can also help dispel the therapeutic misconception. Intoxication rather than undue influence is the main concern when obtaining informed consent from PWID. The stigmatization of PWID as incapable of consent should be avoided. Paternalistic exclusion from research can harm PWID and exacerbate their vulnerability by reducing our knowledge of and ability to specifically treat them. As such, we must collect better data about the effects of research ethics policies. Studies to this effect should focus on experiences, perspectives and needs of potentially vulnerable research participants. Research ethics boards in Canada should adopt an evidence-based approach when applying discretionary power to proposals for clinical research. ; Cet article de revue examine les préoccupations éthiques lors de recherches menées chez les usagers potentiellement vulnérables de drogues injectables (PWID) dans un contexte canadien. L'Énoncé de politique des trois Conseils : Éthique de la recherche avec des êtres humains aborde un large éventail de principes ...

Magalie Paillet-Loilier,1 Alexandre Cesbron,1 Reynald Le Boisselier,2 Joanna Bourgine,1 Danièle Debruyne1,2 1Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, 2Centre d'Evaluation et d'Information sur la Pharmacodépendance – Addictovigilance (CEIP-A), Department of Pharmacology, University Hospital Centre, Caen, France Abstract: Substituted cathinones are synthetic analogs of cathinone that can be considered as derivatives of phenethylamines with a beta-keto group on the side chain. They appeared in the recreational drug market in the mid-2000s and now represent a large class of new popular drugs of abuse. Initially considered as legal highs, their legal status is variable by country and is rapidly changing, with government institutions encouraging their control. Some cathinones (such as diethylpropion or pyrovalerone) have been used in a medical setting and bupropion is actually indicated for smoking cessation. Substituted cathinones are widely available from internet websites, retail shops, and street dealers. They can be sold under chemical, evocative or generic names, making their identification difficult. Fortunately, analytical methods have been developed in recent years to solve this problem. Available as powders, substituted cathinones are self-administered by snorting, oral injestion, or intravenous injection. They act as central nervous system stimulants by causing the release of catecholamines (dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) and blocking their reuptake in the central and peripheral nervous system. They may also decrease dopamine and serotonin transporter function as nonselective substrates or potent blockers and may inhibit monoamine oxidase effects. Nevertheless, considerable differences have been found in the potencies of the different substituted cathinones in vitro. Desired effects reported by users include increased energy, empathy, and improved libido. Cardiovascular (tachycardia, hypertension) and psychiatric/neurological signs/symptoms (agitation, seizures, paranoia, and hallucinations) are the most common adverse effects reported. Severe toxicity signs compatible with excessive serotonin activity, such as hyperthermia, metabolic acidosis, and prolonged rhabdomyolysis, have also been observed. Reinforcing potential observed in animals predicts a high potential for addiction and abuse in users. In case of overdose, no specific antidote exists and no curative treatment has been approved by health authorities. Therefore, management of acute toxic effects is mainly extrapolated from experience with cocaine/amphetamines. Keywords: substituted cathinones, chemistry, analysis, pharmacology, toxicology, dependence, medical care

Nine books addressing the specific harms linked to adults' viewing of heterosexual pornography are examined. All were published since 2010, and range from some that are opposed to all pornography, to others that approve of pornography. The books differ considerably in scope, quality, and scientific rigor. Several include discussions of the feminist anti-pornography movement, in the U.S. and worldwide, from 1975 to the present. These accounts range from criticism of the anti-pornography movement to praise and appreciation. This collection of books provides a useful view of the remarkable diversity of thought about all issues connected with pornography's effects on adult viewers.

Persuasive, immersive and attention-grabbing elements of technology and personalised marketing content are widely embedded in interactive online marketing to engage and persuade usersto engage in more online interaction and transactions. This has the potential to pose a risk of excessive and obsessive use of technology, leading to behavioural addiction. Similarly, Internet gambling enables 24/7 accessibility, personalised and persuasive elements for marketing purposes, the capability of immersive and rewarding betting experience, enhanced privacy to facilitate perceived escape from the real world, and ease of transactions, which may potentially create an environment where individuals are more likely to chase losses and lose control. Evidence suggests Internet gambling is associated with higher risk of problematic gambling and gambling-related harm compared to landbased gambling (Effertz et al., 2018; Kairouz et al., 2012; Papineau et al., 2018; Wu et al., 2014). Gambling operators and governments have developed and implemented programs and policies (e.g., age restriction policy, deposit limit tools, self-exclusion programs) designed to promote Responsible Gambling (RG) and minimise gambling-related harm. Responsible and safer gambling is naturally associated with transparency. Transparency, as defined in this review, involves providing a customer with explicit information about chance of winning as well as other types of information that is shared by gambling operators. At the heart of RG efforts is informed decision making. The principle is to help individuals make informed choice by providing them with transparency in games and promotion materials. However, there is a distinct lack of consensus on what transparency should involve in RG practices, and no prior research has aimed at reviewing transparency in RG practices systematically. Informed by our narrative review of transparency in persuasive technology, immersive technology and online marketing (Wang et al., 2021) all of which are closely associated with the online gambling world, we advocate that RG-driven transparency involves multiple aspects such as user autonomy, system explainability and transparency in advertising. We consider transparency and explainability (or accountability) as an indivisible whole that promotes RG by facilitating communication and understanding of information for individuals to make informed choices. In the present research, we conducted a systematic review of literature in the RG domain using narrative synthesis to examine evidence relating to transparency in current RG practices in the gambling industry. This review did not intend to examine the effectiveness of specific RG tools or strategies or provide prescriptive legislative and corporate guidelines; instead, we focused on the fundamental aspects of transparency that should be considered and practised by industry for the benefit of individuals who gamble. In this review, we found that transparency issues have rarely been explored. Using sources from database searching, handsearching and grey literature, we included all types of articles (i.e., qualitative studies, quantitative studies, literature review, and position articles) in this review. Most empirical studies were focused on effectiveness of a specific RG tool or intervention; most review or position articles did not directly explore transparency issues or only involved specific aspects of transparency; and no systematic or non-systematic reviews of transparency in RG practices were found. Through this review, we conceptualised RG-driven transparency by categorising it into seven themes involved in or implied by the existing literature for a better understanding of what constitutes RGdriven transparency in games and promotion materials. These themes are Transparency of Information and Education for Safer Gambling (including fairness of games and gamblers' fallacy, potential risks and negative consequences, safer gambling cognition and behaviour, boundary between gaming and gambling), Transparency of RG Tools (including availability and accessibility of RG tools, effectiveness of RG tools, personalisation of RG strategies), Transparency of Data-driven Approaches and Persuasive Technologies (including purposes and benefits of using personal data, data usage and privacy protection, individual autonomy, algorithmic transparency, trade-off determination), Transparency in Advertising, Transparency of Corporate Social Responsibility and Individual Responsibility (including division of responsibility, gambling policy and staff training, CSR reporting and assessment), Transparency of Research Evidence and Funding Sources, and Design Considerations for Improving Transparency. We provided stakeholders (including gambling operators, regulators, researchers and individuals who gamble) with a checklist of recommendations for best practices in RG-driven transparency according to this review. In practice, all stakeholders should collaborate to facilitate individuals to make informed choices and achieve the objectives of responsible and safer gambling, as improving transparency requires effort from multiple parties. For example, using online gambling behaviour data for the purpose of promoting safer gambling and minimising gambling-related harm is highly promising. In order to provide interpretable information about models and algorithms used for individuals who will be affected or benefit from them, the gambling industry needs transparency and explainability of these models and algorithms from professionals and researchers in the first place. Professionals from multidisciplinary backgrounds such as Psychology, Computer science and HCI should collaborate to design the online RG information, RG tools and interventions in a way that can facilitate long-term sustainable positive behaviour change. Persuasive technologies to benefit users' positive, heathy behaviour change are usually designed and implemented in a short time period, however, both iterative design methods and longitudinal studies are necessary to ensure such technologies with the intervention strategies are supported by psychological theories and empirical studies to have actual benefits with minimised risks such as privacy issues and behavioural addiction. Future research is required to empirically validate the checklist of recommendations for improving RG-driven transparency and to address the trade-off issues related to transparency (e.g., how to balance transparency with user experience requirements or the good intent of persuasive technologies and RG interventions). Furthermore, more practicalities and detailed guidelines for gambling operators on how to embed RG-driven transparency into games and promotion materials are required with efforts from multiple stakeholders in future.

Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Course of Youth Substance Use and Use Disorders / Gerald Montano, D.O., Tammy Chung, Ph.D. -- Prevention of Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders / Lawrence M. Scheier, Ph.D., Richard Catalano, Ph.D., Ken C. Winters, Ph.D. -- Screening and Assessing Youth With Substance Use Disorder / Ken C. Winters, Ph.D., Randy Stinchfield, Ph.D., Andria M. Botzet, M.A. -- Primary Care and Pediatric Settings : SCREENING, BRIEF INTERVENTION, AND REFERRAL TO TREATMENT (SBIRT) / Areej Hassan, M.D., M.P.H., Sion K. Harris, Ph.D., John Rogers Knight, M.D. -- Bioassays and Detection of Substances of Abuse in Youth / Albert J. Arias, M.D., Wendy Welch, M.D., C.P.E., Yifrah Kaminer, M.D., M.B.A. -- Placement Criteria and Integrated Treatment Services for Youth With Substance Use Disorders / Marc Fishman, M.D. -- Youth Alcohol Use / Robert Miranda, Jr., Ph.D., Ryan W. Carpenter, Ph.D. -- Pharmacological Treatment of Youth Tobacco Use / Grace Kong, Ph.D. -- Youth Cannabis Use / Christian Thurstone, M.D., Yifrah Kaminer, M.D., M.B.A. -- Youth Opioid Use / Christopher J. Hammond, M.D., Ph.D., Brian Hendrickson, M.D., Marc Fishman, M.D. -- Youth Club, Prescription, and Over-the-Counter Drug Use / Charles Albert Whitmore, M.D., M.P.H., Christian Hopfer, M.D. -- Continuity of Care for Abstinence and Harm Reduction / Yifrah Kaminer, M.D., M.B.A., Mark D. Godley, Ph.D., Ken C. Winters, Ph.D., Kara Bagot, M.D. -- Brief Motivational Interventions, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, and Contingency Management / Anthony Spirito, Ph.D., A.B.P.P., Yifrah Kaminer, M.D., M.B.A., Kimberly H. McManama O'Brien, Ph.D., L.I.C.S.W. -- Family and Community-Based Therapies / Molly Bobek, L.C.S.W., Susan H. Godley, Rh.D., Aaron Hogue, Ph.D. -- Twelve-Step and Mutual-Help Programs / John F. Kelly, Ph.D., Alexandra W. Abry, B.A., Nilofar Fallah-Sohy, B.S. -- Electronic Tools and Resources for Assessing and Treating Youth Substance Use Disorders / Rachel Gonzales-Castaneda, Ph.D., M.P.H., Kyle C. McCarthy, M.S., Briana Thrasher, B.A. -- Assessment and Treatment of Co-occurring Internalizing Disorders : DEPRESSION, ANXIETY DISORDERS, AND PTSD / Yifrah Kaminer, M.D., M.B.A., Kristyn Zajac, Ph.D., Ken C. Winters, Ph.D. -- Assessment and Treatment of Co-occurring Suicidal Behavior / David B. Goldston, Ph.D., Angela M. Tunno, Ph.D., John F. Curry, Ph.D., Karen C. Wells, Ph.D., Michelle Roley-Roberts, Ph.D. -- Assessment and Treatment of Comorbid Psychotic Disorders : BIPOLAR DISORDER, SCHIZOPHRENIA, AND DRUG-INDUCED PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS / Kara S. Bagot, M.D., Robert Milin, M.D., F.R.C.P.C., Desiree Shapiro, M.D., Daphna Finn, M.D., Shavon Moore, M.D. -- Assessment and Treatment of Co-occurring Externalizing Disorders : ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER AND DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR DISORDERS / Martha J. Ignaszewski, M.D., K.A.H. Mirza, M.B., F.R.C.P.C., Oscar G. Bukstein, M.D., M.P.H. -- Behavioral Addictions : GAMBLING DISORDER AND INTERNET GAMING DISORDER / Luis C. Farhat, M.D., Jeffrey Derevensky, Ph.D., Marc N. Potenza, M.D., Ph.D. -- Management of Youth With Substance Use Disorders in the Juvenile Justice System / Kristyn Zajac, Ph.D., Tess K. Drazdowski, Ph.D., Ashli J. Sheidow, Ph.D. -- Maternal Substance Use in Pregnancy / Amy M. Johnson, M.D., F.A.C.O.G., Courtney Townsel, M.D., M.Sc., F.A.C.O.G

Background and Aims: Estonia has one of the highest alcohol-attributable mortality rates within the European Union. The aim of this study was to estimate the efficacy of an on-line self-help intervention to reduce problem drinking at the population level. Design: On-line open randomized controlled trial with an 8-week intervention and an active control group (intervention n = 303, control n = 286). Assessments took place at baseline and at 6 months follow-up. Setting: On- and offline channels were used for population-based recruitment within a nation-wide prevention campaign in Estonia. Participants: Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 18 years, heavy drinking [Alcohol Use Disorders Identification (AUDIT) test score ≥ 8], literacy in Estonian and at least weekly access to the internet; n = 589 participants were randomized (50% male, 1% other; mean age 37.86 years; 45% with higher level of education). Intervention and comparator: The intervention consisted of 10 modules based on principles of cognitive–behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing. The active control group received access to a website with a self-test including personalized normative feedback and information for standard alcohol treatment. Measurements: The primary outcome was AUDIT scores at 6 months follow-up adjusted for baseline scores. Findings: Intention-to-treat analyses were applied. Missing data were addressed by using baseline observation carried forward (BOCF) and multiple imputation by chained equations (MI); 175 completed follow-up in the intervention group and 209 in the control group. AUDIT score at follow-up was significantly smaller in the intervention [BOCF mean = 13.91, standard deviation (SD) = 7.61, MI mean = 11.03, SD = 6.55] than control group (BOCF mean = 15.30, SD = 7.31; MI mean = 14.30, SD = 7.21), with a group difference of −1.38 [95% confidence interval (CI) = –2.58, –0.18], P = 0.02 for BOCF and −3.26 (95% CI = –2.01, –4.51), P < 0.001 for MI. Conclusions: A randomized controlled trial has found that an on-line self-help intervention with minimal guidance was effective at reducing problem drinking in Estonia.

"Es gilt zu erahnen, wie die globale Vernetzung digitaler Informationen das Soziale selbst, nämlich das gesamte gesellschaftliche Arrangement der Menschheit, tiefgreifend verändert."Epochale Umbrüche sind in der Geschichte der Menschheit nicht neu. Scheinbar eigenständige Entwicklungen verstärken sich gegenseitig und schaffen eine unübersichtliche Zeit des Übergangs, die trotzdem in eine eindeutige Richtung weist. Damit verändert sich nicht nur die Soziale Arbeit. Es verändern sich auch ihre Rahmenbedingungen sowie der normative Horizont, vor dem sie stattfindet.Als Praktiker mit 25-jähriger Erfahrung in der Führung sozialer Unternehmen schildert der Autor die wesentlichen Aspekte dieser Entwicklung in einer allgemeinverständlichen Weise, welche der Vielzahl an Professionen, die im Sektor der Sozialen Arbeit vertreten sind, Rechnung trägt. In der ethischen Reflexion kommt er dabei zu mitunter überraschenden Empfehlungen.

Section 1: Introduction: Global bioethics -- Section 2: Abortion -- Abuse -- Access to health care -- Addiction -- Adoption -- Advance directives -- Advance care planning -- Advertising -- Advocacy -- Ageism -- Agricultural ethics -- aids -- Alcohol(ism) -- Alternative medicine -- Altruism -- Animals -- Anthropocentrism -- Anthropology and ethics -- Applied ethics -- Artificial insemination -- Artificial organs -- Artificial nutrition and hydration -- Assisted suicide -- Authenticity -- Autonomy -- Behavior modification -- Benefit-sharing -- Benefit and harm -- Biobanking -- Biocentrism -- Biodiversity -- Bioethics -- Biology -- Biometrics -- Biopiracy -- Biopolitics -- Biosafety -- Biosecurity -- Biotechnology -- Bioterrorism. -- Birth control -- Body -- Brain death -- Brain drain -- Care ethics -- Capacity building -- Capital punishment -- Casuistry -- Censorship -- Children -- Chronic illness and care -- Circumcision -- Citizenship -- Civil disobedience. -- Climate change and health -- Clinical ethics -- Clinical research -- Cloning -- Codes of conduct -- Coercion. -- Commercialism -- Committees -- Commodification -- Common good -- Common heritage of humankind -- Communication -- Communitarian ethics -- Compassion -- Competence -- Complicity -- Confidentiality -- Conflict of interest -- Conscience -- Consent -- Corruption -- Cosmopolitanism -- Cultural diversity -- Death -- Death penalty -- Deliberation -- Dementia -- Dental ethics -- Designer babies -- Development -- Disability -- Disasters -- Disease -- Discourse ethics -- Discrimination -- Distributive justice -- DNR (Do not resuscitate policies) -- Donation -- Double effect -- Dual use -- Doping -- Drugs -- Education -- Egalitarianism -- Electronic surveillance -- Electronic patient record -- Embryo -- Engineering ethics -- Enhancement -- Environmental ethics -- Epidemics -- Epidemiology -- Equality and equity -- Eugenics -- Euthanasia -- Evaluation ethics -- Evolutionary perspectives in ethics -- Exploitation -- Family medicine -- Fairness -- Feminist ethics -- Fertility control -- Fetal research -- Fetal surgery -- Fetus -- Food ethics -- Food security -- Forensic medicine -- Freedom -- Futility -- Future generation -- Gender -- Genetic counselling -- Genetic modification (GMOs) -- Genetic screening -- Gene therapy -- Genomics -- Ghost writing -- Governance -- Global health -- Health -- Health education and promotion -- Health insurance -- Health policy -- Homelessness -- Homosexuality -- Honor codes -- Hospice -- Hospital -- Human dignity -- Human rights -- Human nature -- Humanism -- Humanitarian intervention -- Hunger -- Identity -- Immigration -- Implementation ethics -- Indigenous knowledge -- Indigenous rights -- Infertility -- Information technology -- Insanity -- Integrity -- Intensive care -- International law -- Internet -- Journalism ethics -- Justice -- Law -- Leadership, ethics of -- Legal ethics -- Life -- Lifestyles -- Literature -- Malpractice -- Managed care -- Maternal-fetal relationship -- Media ethics -- Mediation -- Medical humanities -- Medical tourism -- Medicine -- Mental health -- Mental illness -- Mercy -- Migratio -- Military ethics -- Mismanagement -- Mistakes, medical -- Moral pluralism -- Moral relativism -- Moral status -- Narrative ethics -- Natural law -- Nature versus nurture -- Nanotechnology -- Neonatology -- Neuroethics -- Neurotechnology -- Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) -- Non-discrimination -- Nursing ethics -- Obesity.-Occupational therapy. -- Occupational safety -- Organ -- Organizational ethics -- Ownership -- Pain -- Palliative care -- Palliative sedation -- Pandemics -- Pastoral care -- Patenting -- Paternalism -- Pediatrics -- Pharmacy ethics -- Placebo -- Plagiarism -- Population ethics -- Poverty -- Precautionary principle -- Prevention -- Principlism -- Prisoners -- Privacy -- Professional ethics -- Professional-patient relationship -- Property rights -- Psychiatry ethics -- Psychosurgery -- Public debate -- Public health -- Publication ethics -- Quality of care -- Quality of life -- Refugees -- Religion and ethics -- Reproductive ethics -- Research ethics -- Research policy -- Resource allocation -- Regenerative medicine -- Respect for autonomy -- Responsibility -- Right to die -- Right to health -- Risk.-Robots -- Safety -- Science and engineering ethics -- Scientific misconduct -- Sexual ethics -- Slippery slope -- Social ethics -- Social work -- Solidarity -- Spirituality -- Sports -- Standards of care -- Stem cells -- stem cells, embryonic -- Stewardship -- Stigmatization -- Strikes -- Substance abuse -- Suffering -- Suicide -- Surrogate decision-making -- Surgery -- Sustainability -- Synthetic biology -- Technology assessment -- Testing -- Tissue engineering -- Torture -- Traditional medicine -- Transhumanism -- Transplantation medicine -- Triage -- Trust -- Truth-telling -- Utopianism -- Vaccination -- Values -- Vegetarianism -- Veterinary ethics -- Violence -- Virtue ethics -- Vulnerability -- Warfare -- Whistle-blowing -- Workplace ethics -- World ethics.-Xenotransplantation -- Section 3: Alphabetic index

Section 1: Introduction: Global bioethics -- Section 2: Abortion -- Abuse -- Access to health care -- Addiction -- Adoption -- Advance directives -- Advance care planning -- Advertising -- Advocacy -- Ageism -- Agricultural ethics -- aids -- Alcohol(ism) -- Alternative medicine -- Altruism -- Animals -- Anthropocentrism -- Anthropology and ethics -- Applied ethics -- Artificial insemination -- Artificial organs -- Artificial nutrition and hydration -- Assisted suicide -- Authenticity -- Autonomy -- Behavior modification -- Benefit-sharing -- Benefit and harm -- Biobanking -- Biocentrism -- Biodiversity -- Bioethics -- Biology -- Biometrics -- Biopiracy -- Biopolitics -- Biosafety -- Biosecurity -- Biotechnology -- Bioterrorism. -- Birth control -- Body -- Brain death -- Brain drain -- Care ethics -- Capacity building -- Capital punishment -- Casuistry -- Censorship -- Children -- Chronic illness and care -- Circumcision -- Citizenship -- Civil disobedience. -- Climate change and health -- Clinical ethics -- Clinical research -- Cloning -- Codes of conduct -- Coercion. -- Commercialism -- Committees -- Commodification -- Common good -- Common heritage of humankind -- Communication -- Communitarian ethics -- Compassion -- Competence -- Complicity -- Confidentiality -- Conflict of interest -- Conscience -- Consent -- Corruption -- Cosmopolitanism -- Cultural diversity -- Death -- Death penalty -- Deliberation -- Dementia -- Dental ethics -- Designer babies -- Development -- Disability -- Disasters -- Disease -- Discourse ethics -- Discrimination -- Distributive justice -- DNR (Do not resuscitate policies) -- Donation -- Double effect -- Dual use -- Doping -- Drugs -- Education -- Egalitarianism -- Electronic surveillance -- Electronic patient record -- Embryo -- Engineering ethics -- Enhancement -- Environmental ethics -- Epidemics -- Epidemiology -- Equality and equity -- Eugenics -- Euthanasia -- Evaluation ethics -- Evolutionary perspectives in ethics -- Exploitation -- Family medicine -- Fairness -- Feminist ethics -- Fertility control -- Fetal research -- Fetal surgery -- Fetus -- Food ethics -- Food security -- Forensic medicine -- Freedom -- Futility -- Future generation -- Gender -- Genetic counselling -- Genetic modification (GMOs) -- Genetic screening -- Gene therapy -- Genomics -- Ghost writing -- Governance -- Global health -- Health -- Health education and promotion -- Health insurance -- Health policy -- Homelessness -- Homosexuality -- Honor codes -- Hospice -- Hospital -- Human dignity -- Human rights -- Human nature -- Humanism -- Humanitarian intervention -- Hunger -- Identity -- Immigration -- Implementation ethics -- Indigenous knowledge -- Indigenous rights -- Infertility -- Information technology -- Insanity -- Integrity -- Intensive care -- International law -- Internet -- Journalism ethics -- Justice -- Law -- Leadership, ethics of -- Legal ethics -- Life -- Lifestyles -- Literature -- Malpractice -- Managed care -- Maternal-fetal relationship -- Media ethics -- Mediation -- Medical humanities -- Medical tourism -- Medicine -- Mental health -- Mental illness -- Mercy -- Migratio -- Military ethics -- Mismanagement -- Mistakes, medical -- Moral pluralism -- Moral relativism -- Moral status -- Narrative ethics -- Natural law -- Nature versus nurture -- Nanotechnology -- Neonatology -- Neuroethics -- Neurotechnology -- Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) -- Non-discrimination -- Nursing ethics -- Obesity.-Occupational therapy. -- Occupational safety -- Organ -- Organizational ethics -- Ownership -- Pain -- Palliative care -- Palliative sedation -- Pandemics -- Pastoral care -- Patenting -- Paternalism -- Pediatrics -- Pharmacy ethics -- Placebo -- Plagiarism -- Population ethics -- Poverty -- Precautionary principle -- Prevention -- Principlism -- Prisoners -- Privacy -- Professional ethics -- Professional-patient relationship -- Property rights -- Psychiatry ethics -- Psychosurgery -- Public debate -- Public health -- Publication ethics -- Quality of care -- Quality of life -- Refugees -- Religion and ethics -- Reproductive ethics -- Research ethics -- Research policy -- Resource allocation -- Regenerative medicine -- Respect for autonomy -- Responsibility -- Right to die -- Right to health -- Risk.-Robots -- Safety -- Science and engineering ethics -- Scientific misconduct -- Sexual ethics -- Slippery slope -- Social ethics -- Social work -- Solidarity -- Spirituality -- Sports -- Standards of care -- Stem cells -- stem cells, embryonic -- Stewardship -- Stigmatization -- Strikes -- Substance abuse -- Suffering -- Suicide -- Surrogate decision-making -- Surgery -- Sustainability -- Synthetic biology -- Technology assessment -- Testing -- Tissue engineering -- Torture -- Traditional medicine -- Transhumanism -- Transplantation medicine -- Triage -- Trust -- Truth-telling -- Utopianism -- Vaccination -- Values -- Vegetarianism -- Veterinary ethics -- Violence -- Virtue ethics -- Vulnerability -- Warfare -- Whistle-blowing -- Workplace ethics -- World ethics.-Xenotransplantation -- Section 3: Alphabetic index

Problem formulation. The problem of organizing state and non-state institutions to combat the spread of fakes in the information space is to establish a parity (balance) between: citizens right to receive reliable/legal information protection, freedom of speech protection and expression (civil liberties) and protection of national interests of Ukraine. The existing imbalance caused by the lack of effective mechanisms to counteract misinformation and its dissemination through social media. In the EU countries at the state level the fight is not against misinformation, but with illegal (harmful, dangerous) content in the media and social media, which is ineffective for Ukraine in the face of existing challenges and threats related to the military conflict and occupation of part of state territory, as well as the Covid-19 pandemic. Previously unresolved parts of the overall problem. An unresolved part of the general problem is the lack of proper scientific substantiation of state mechanisms to combat disinformation and its dissemination in the media and social media. The aim of the article is to develop strategic approaches and practical recommendations for combating misinformation and its dissemination in Ukraine by social media in the context of information and psychological attacks and the Covid-19 pandemic. Main material. Digital technologies and information flows form practically all social processes faced by modern society. Thanks to built-in microprocessors, algorithmic devices and information systems combine texts, sounds and images that are easily stored and reproduced in digital format. The transfer of mass communication to the Internet has led to the transition of target audiences from traditional media to social networks. Without diminishing the benefits, opportunities and prospects that the digital world opens to humanity, it is necessary to actualize the significance of the negative side of the digital development of mass communication. Digital realities open up new possibilities for the introduction of various manipulation tools, among which misinformation is especially dangerous. Post-truth interpretation refers to artificial circumstances in which the emotions and personal beliefs of target audiences are more important than objective facts and evidence that become irrelevant, particularly in shaping public opinion and influencing the mass consciousness. Post-truth is not just the opposite of truth, but rather a phenomenon of purposeful introduction of proactive communication, which as a set of different and interconnected actions, due to its recombined qualities and combination of different components misleads recipients of information in order to subdue them. The consequence is a decrease in the level of trust in the received information and media. People are confused, it becomes difficult for them to separate true information from false information, they do not realize what is true and what media can be trusted. The post-truth politics is realized through "soft" and gradual transformation of the system of national values and moral principles into so-called alternative "universal norms of morality" to absolutize individual freedom, discredit expert opinions and rational discussions, and most importantly to destroy information sovereignty. One of the effective tools for implementing such a policy is gaslighting - a form of organized influence of suggestors (manipulators, politicians, officials) on the processes of public self-identification in order to disorient them and further subdue by provoking uncertainty and doubts about the adequacy of their perception of reality. Victims of gaslighting no longer trust their values, ideals and beliefs, and in despair they give up and by default fall under the influence of manipulators. Such people do not even realize that they are consumers of misinformation. Global networks are becoming a suitable environment for gas writers, as the constant presence of the vast majority of users on social networks and media channels is caused by the growing level of Internet addiction and digital autism, which create a person first addiction and secondly dangerous state of inability to maintain psychological support. languages with other individuals. That is, the digital transformation of everyday life contributes to the loss of people's communication skills of real communication. The loss of the ability to think adequately, independently and analytically is also negative, because the content and meaning of what is happening around them is formed by social media and digital algorithms of artificial intelligence. Influencing citizens by external propagandists' manipulation means disseminate not only criminal and illegal content through social media, but also directly implement political scenarios of changes in national values, the overthrow of the government, provoke armed conflicts, and so on. Disinformation contributes to a geometrically progressive increase in the incidence of the population, which leads to the introduction by the authorities of some regulatory (remediation) measures that may impair freedom of speech and freedom of expression, restrict freedom of assembly and access to public information. In order to obtain the necessary parity between the appropriateness of the application of regulatory measures to combat misinformation to protect the right to reliable and lawful information and the exercise of civil liberties (rights to freedom expression), it is necessary to legally define the grounds, limits and criteria limitation. The dissemination of harmful information cannot be overcome post-factum with the help of targeted sanctions, under these conditions rapid preventive measures are needed. In this context, the media play a key role in combating fakes and are accountable to the state and society for failing to provide accurate and reliable information to the public. Social media units, multinational corporations (digital producers), administrators of social networking platforms, non-governmental organizations and international institutions, civil society and independent media are the subjects of counteraction to the spread of disinformation by social media. Conclusions and recommendations. The significance of the negative consequences of the digital development of mass communication is actualized, the virtual reality of which opens new possibilities for the introduction of various manipulation tools, among which misinformation carries a special danger. It has been proven that misinformation is successfully disseminated through aggressive information campaigns and lack of knowledge about threats and existing vulnerabilities of society, and more effectively affects target audiences by disrupting the interaction (cooperation and communication) of actors to counter its dissemination at the national and international levels. It is substantiated that modern management processes are formed under the influence of post-truth policy, one of the effective tools of which is gaslighting. The main factors that contribute to the spread of misinformation through social media are identified: the effectiveness of the impact on the mass consciousness; scale, high speed and rate of distribution; stability of online presence (causes cumulative effect); intentional promotion of content by artificially adding it to disseminated information flows through popular media and resources; high quality, multidimensionality and variety of fake products, which are perfectly combined in the form of texts, images and videos; easy availability, high-tech and convenience of software for creating fakes. The necessity of disseminating positive Ukrainian narratives by social media as a tool to counteract misinformation and information defense of the country has been proved. It is proposed to involve the best representatives of the Ukrainian elite: patriotic politicians and public figures (opinion leaders), bloggers, volunteers, scientists, cultural and artistic figures for this case. It is substantiated that state public policy subjects of counteracting disinformation and its dissemination (Center for Counteracting Disinformation of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, Center for Strategic Communications and Information Security of the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine and National Council of Ukraine on Television and Radio Broadcasting) flows in the middle of the country, if necessary, applying the necessary remedial action, study the target audiences, identify, analyze and assess their vulnerabilities (public fears, doubts, etc.), predict possible information attacks on Ukraine. It is necessary to constantly cooperate with digital media and mass media through information and communication campaigns. Practical recommendations were given to state/non-state subjects of counteraction of misinformation on struggle in Ukraine against production of fake content by means of social media. It is necessary: to create a favorable socio-economic, institutional-legal and information-communicative environment for quality and independent journalism, as well as an independent community of fact-checkers as a form of journalistic control to verify the facts used in texts, speeches, social networks posts and identify possible inconsistencies; to disseminate accurate, reliable and objective information on the basis of responsible and independent journalism, to prevent the dissemination of fabricated and manipulative content; to produce positive Ukrainian narratives as a tool of information defense, to prevent the emergence of fakes (instead of refuting fakes - to act in advance), promptly and without explanation to remove/block malicious content in accordance with the law and "community policy"; to set requirements for the media platforms transparency (their activities, funding sources, owners), define criteria and algorithms for ranking information, as well as legally and legitimately require social media to remove illegal content and block its distributors; to monitor, moderate and control the social media content on the basis of legality, transparency and compliance with international human rights standards with the use of means to protect them; to regulate and control the distribution of advertising on news resources of the media and social media, in particular to ensure verification of the transparency and veracity of its sponsored political content, as well as limit of its targeting in order to minimize the income of disinformation disseminators; to promote digital services of voluntary users identification in the online space; to ensure easy, fast and reliable access to all official documents, regulated by the Council of Europe Convention on Access to Official Documents, ratified by Ukraine in 2020 (Council of Europe Convention on Access to Official Documents, 2009); to delegate to search platforms and social networks to determine the truth/falsity of information using artificial intelligence algorithms, remembering that these algorithms can be used to detect/remove misinformation, and vice versa - to create fake information (for example, to form the necessary public opinion misinformation is directed to a specific target audience, taking into account its features and characteristics through algorithmic analysis of messages on social networks, preferences, a selection of sources of user content); to ensure that the majority of the population masters the media literacy and cyberhygiene basics, in particular to encourage and promote the introduction of specialized media programs on information and digital literacy for most people to understand the functions and ramifications of artificial intelligence algorithms, the ability to make informed decisions minimize the impact of threats (risks) associated with the use of such systems, in cooperation with relevant stakeholders, including the private sector, the media, civil society, educational institutions and scientific and technical institutions. Key words: post-truth politics, misinformation, gaslighting, mass media, social media, social networks, fact-checking, media literacy, information campaigns, infodemia, digital technologies, digital transformations, artificial intelligence algorithms. ; У статті охарактеризовано проблеми організації боротьби із поширенням фейків в інформаційному просторі, які пов'язані з відсутністю ефективних державних механізмів протидії дезінформації та її поширенню засобами соціальних медіа. Доведено, що в країнах ЄС здійснюється боротьба не з дезінформацією, а з незаконним (шкідливим, небезпечним) контентом, що поширюється у ЗМІ та соціальних мережах, що є неефективним в умовах існуючих викликів та загроз, які пов'язані з військовим конфліктом та окупацією частини території України, а також пандемією Сovid-19, спричиненої коронавірусом SARS-CoV-2. Актуалізовано значущість негативних наслідків цифрового розвитку масової комунікації, реалії якого відкривають нові можливості запровадження різних інструментів маніпулювання, особливу небезпеку серед яких становить дезінформація. Охарактеризовано управлінські процеси, які формуються під впливом політики постправди, одним з ефективних інструментів реалізації якої є газлайтинг. Визначено основні фактори, які сприяють поширенню дезінформації засобами соціальних медіа. Доведено необхідність поширення засобами соціальних медіа позитивних українських наратив як інструменту протидії дезінформації та здійснення інформаційної оборони країни. Визначено державні суб'єкти вироблення публічної політики з протидії дезінформації та її поширенню в Україні, а також надано практичні рекомендації щодо боротьби з продукуванням фейкового контенту засобами соціальних медіа. Ключові слова: політика постправди; дезінформація; газлайтинг; засоби масової комунікації; засоби масової інформації; соціальні медіа; соціальні мережі; фактчекінг; медіаграмотність; інформаційні кампанії; інфодемія; цифрові технології; цифрові трансформації; алгоритми штучного інтелекту.

Problem formulation. The problem of organizing state and non-state institutions to combat the spread of fakes in the information space is to establish a parity (balance) between: citizens right to receive reliable/legal information protection, freedom of speech protection and expression (civil liberties) and protection of national interests of Ukraine. The existing imbalance caused by the lack of effective mechanisms to counteract misinformation and its dissemination through social media. In the EU countries at the state level the fight is not against misinformation, but with illegal (harmful, dangerous) content in the media and social media, which is ineffective for Ukraine in the face of existing challenges and threats related to the military conflict and occupation of part of state territory, as well as the Covid-19 pandemic. Previously unresolved parts of the overall problem. An unresolved part of the general problem is the lack of proper scientific substantiation of state mechanisms to combat disinformation and its dissemination in the media and social media. The aim of the article is to develop strategic approaches and practical recommendations for combating misinformation and its dissemination in Ukraine by social media in the context of information and psychological attacks and the Covid-19 pandemic. Main material. Digital technologies and information flows form practically all social processes faced by modern society. Thanks to built-in microprocessors, algorithmic devices and information systems combine texts, sounds and images that are easily stored and reproduced in digital format. The transfer of mass communication to the Internet has led to the transition of target audiences from traditional media to social networks. Without diminishing the benefits, opportunities and prospects that the digital world opens to humanity, it is necessary to actualize the significance of the negative side of the digital development of mass communication. Digital realities open up new possibilities for the introduction of various manipulation tools, among which misinformation is especially dangerous. Post-truth interpretation refers to artificial circumstances in which the emotions and personal beliefs of target audiences are more important than objective facts and evidence that become irrelevant, particularly in shaping public opinion and influencing the mass consciousness. Post-truth is not just the opposite of truth, but rather a phenomenon of purposeful introduction of proactive communication, which as a set of different and interconnected actions, due to its recombined qualities and combination of different components misleads recipients of information in order to subdue them. The consequence is a decrease in the level of trust in the received information and media. People are confused, it becomes difficult for them to separate true information from false information, they do not realize what is true and what media can be trusted. The post-truth politics is realized through "soft" and gradual transformation of the system of national values and moral principles into so-called alternative "universal norms of morality" to absolutize individual freedom, discredit expert opinions and rational discussions, and most importantly to destroy information sovereignty. One of the effective tools for implementing such a policy is gaslighting - a form of organized influence of suggestors (manipulators, politicians, officials) on the processes of public self-identification in order to disorient them and further subdue by provoking uncertainty and doubts about the adequacy of their perception of reality. Victims of gaslighting no longer trust their values, ideals and beliefs, and in despair they give up and by default fall under the influence of manipulators. Such people do not even realize that they are consumers of misinformation. Global networks are becoming a suitable environment for gas writers, as the constant presence of the vast majority of users on social networks and media channels is caused by the growing level of Internet addiction and digital autism, which create a person first addiction and secondly dangerous state of inability to maintain psychological support. languages with other individuals. That is, the digital transformation of everyday life contributes to the loss of people's communication skills of real communication. The loss of the ability to think adequately, independently and analytically is also negative, because the content and meaning of what is happening around them is formed by social media and digital algorithms of artificial intelligence. Influencing citizens by external propagandists' manipulation means disseminate not only criminal and illegal content through social media, but also directly implement political scenarios of changes in national values, the overthrow of the government, provoke armed conflicts, and so on. Disinformation contributes to a geometrically progressive increase in the incidence of the population, which leads to the introduction by the authorities of some regulatory (remediation) measures that may impair freedom of speech and freedom of expression, restrict freedom of assembly and access to public information. In order to obtain the necessary parity between the appropriateness of the application of regulatory measures to combat misinformation to protect the right to reliable and lawful information and the exercise of civil liberties (rights to freedom expression), it is necessary to legally define the grounds, limits and criteria limitation. The dissemination of harmful information cannot be overcome post-factum with the help of targeted sanctions, under these conditions rapid preventive measures are needed. In this context, the media play a key role in combating fakes and are accountable to the state and society for failing to provide accurate and reliable information to the public. Social media units, multinational corporations (digital producers), administrators of social networking platforms, non-governmental organizations and international institutions, civil society and independent media are the subjects of counteraction to the spread of disinformation by social media. Conclusions and recommendations. The significance of the negative consequences of the digital development of mass communication is actualized, the virtual reality of which opens new possibilities for the introduction of various manipulation tools, among which misinformation carries a special danger. It has been proven that misinformation is successfully disseminated through aggressive information campaigns and lack of knowledge about threats and existing vulnerabilities of society, and more effectively affects target audiences by disrupting the interaction (cooperation and communication) of actors to counter its dissemination at the national and international levels. It is substantiated that modern management processes are formed under the influence of post-truth policy, one of the effective tools of which is gaslighting. The main factors that contribute to the spread of misinformation through social media are identified: the effectiveness of the impact on the mass consciousness; scale, high speed and rate of distribution; stability of online presence (causes cumulative effect); intentional promotion of content by artificially adding it to disseminated information flows through popular media and resources; high quality, multidimensionality and variety of fake products, which are perfectly combined in the form of texts, images and videos; easy availability, high-tech and convenience of software for creating fakes. The necessity of disseminating positive Ukrainian narratives by social media as a tool to counteract misinformation and information defense of the country has been proved. It is proposed to involve the best representatives of the Ukrainian elite: patriotic politicians and public figures (opinion leaders), bloggers, volunteers, scientists, cultural and artistic figures for this case. It is substantiated that state public policy subjects of counteracting disinformation and its dissemination (Center for Counteracting Disinformation of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, Center for Strategic Communications and Information Security of the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine and National Council of Ukraine on Television and Radio Broadcasting) flows in the middle of the country, if necessary, applying the necessary remedial action, study the target audiences, identify, analyze and assess their vulnerabilities (public fears, doubts, etc.), predict possible information attacks on Ukraine. It is necessary to constantly cooperate with digital media and mass media through information and communication campaigns. Practical recommendations were given to state/non-state subjects of counteraction of misinformation on struggle in Ukraine against production of fake content by means of social media. It is necessary: to create a favorable socio-economic, institutional-legal and information-communicative environment for quality and independent journalism, as well as an independent community of fact-checkers as a form of journalistic control to verify the facts used in texts, speeches, social networks posts and identify possible inconsistencies; to disseminate accurate, reliable and objective information on the basis of responsible and independent journalism, to prevent the dissemination of fabricated and manipulative content; to produce positive Ukrainian narratives as a tool of information defense, to prevent the emergence of fakes (instead of refuting fakes - to act in advance), promptly and without explanation to remove/block malicious content in accordance with the law and "community policy"; to set requirements for the media platforms transparency (their activities, funding sources, owners), define criteria and algorithms for ranking information, as well as legally and legitimately require social media to remove illegal content and block its distributors; to monitor, moderate and control the social media content on the basis of legality, transparency and compliance with international human rights standards with the use of means to protect them; to regulate and control the distribution of advertising on news resources of the media and social media, in particular to ensure verification of the transparency and veracity of its sponsored political content, as well as limit of its targeting in order to minimize the income of disinformation disseminators; to promote digital services of voluntary users identification in the online space; to ensure easy, fast and reliable access to all official documents, regulated by the Council of Europe Convention on Access to Official Documents, ratified by Ukraine in 2020 (Council of Europe Convention on Access to Official Documents, 2009); to delegate to search platforms and social networks to determine the truth/falsity of information using artificial intelligence algorithms, remembering that these algorithms can be used to detect/remove misinformation, and vice versa - to create fake information (for example, to form the necessary public opinion misinformation is directed to a specific target audience, taking into account its features and characteristics through algorithmic analysis of messages on social networks, preferences, a selection of sources of user content); to ensure that the majority of the population masters the media literacy and cyberhygiene basics, in particular to encourage and promote the introduction of specialized media programs on information and digital literacy for most people to understand the functions and ramifications of artificial intelligence algorithms, the ability to make informed decisions minimize the impact of threats (risks) associated with the use of such systems, in cooperation with relevant stakeholders, including the private sector, the media, civil society, educational institutions and scientific and technical institutions. Key words: post-truth politics, misinformation, gaslighting, mass media, social media, social networks, fact-checking, media literacy, information campaigns, infodemia, digital technologies, digital transformations, artificial intelligence algorithms. ; У статті охарактеризовано проблеми організації боротьби із поширенням фейків в інформаційному просторі, які пов'язані з відсутністю ефективних державних механізмів протидії дезінформації та її поширенню засобами соціальних медіа. Доведено, що в країнах ЄС здійснюється боротьба не з дезінформацією, а з незаконним (шкідливим, небезпечним) контентом, що поширюється у ЗМІ та соціальних мережах, що є неефективним в умовах існуючих викликів та загроз, які пов'язані з військовим конфліктом та окупацією частини території України, а також пандемією Сovid-19, спричиненої коронавірусом SARS-CoV-2. Актуалізовано значущість негативних наслідків цифрового розвитку масової комунікації, реалії якого відкривають нові можливості запровадження різних інструментів маніпулювання, особливу небезпеку серед яких становить дезінформація. Охарактеризовано управлінські процеси, які формуються під впливом політики постправди, одним з ефективних інструментів реалізації якої є газлайтинг. Визначено основні фактори, які сприяють поширенню дезінформації засобами соціальних медіа. Доведено необхідність поширення засобами соціальних медіа позитивних українських наратив як інструменту протидії дезінформації та здійснення інформаційної оборони країни. Визначено державні суб'єкти вироблення публічної політики з протидії дезінформації та її поширенню в Україні, а також надано практичні рекомендації щодо боротьби з продукуванням фейкового контенту засобами соціальних медіа. Ключові слова: політика постправди; дезінформація; газлайтинг; засоби масової комунікації; засоби масової інформації; соціальні медіа; соціальні мережі; фактчекінг; медіаграмотність; інформаційні кампанії; інфодемія; цифрові технології; цифрові трансформації; алгоритми штучного інтелекту.

The pornography industry is expanding exponentially as a result of ongoing technological advances. The ability to stream videos over the internet and the ubiquity of the smart phone have meant that pornography producers are able to use algorithms to target potential consumers, to cultivate new sexual tastes and to deliver content to a more diverse audience over mobile devices. The advent of virtual reality pornography with interactive sex toys and sex robots imbued with artificial intelligence promises to unleash a further step-change in the extent to which pornography influences 'real-world' sexual culture. The critical analysis of pornography undertaken over decades largely by feminist academics and activists has produced a compelling account of how pornography serves to manipulate ordinary sexual interests and direct consumers towards more extreme content. The objectification of pornography performers and the promotion of the idea that they are consenting are both essential strategies to allow normal men (and, though less often, women) to feel comfortable with their pornography viewing. Drawing on interational academic literature from a range of disciplines, together with evidence from popular culture, contemporary news, and criminal law cases, this paper examines the growing body of evidence that pornography plays a pivotal and causal role in shaping real-world sexual behaviours and expectations. As the increasingly brutal fantasies represented in pornography continue to inform expectations for sexual experiences, the evidence for the detrimental consequences of this also proliferates. The nature and extent of these detrimental consequences are explored particularly with reference to three population groups: women, adolescents, and children. Having described the nature of modern pornographic content and isolated pornography as an important agent of change in sexual culture, this paper then explores the connection between the the behaviours celebrated in gonzo porn and real-world sexual violence towards women. The promotion of sexually risky practices to adolescents through pornography has a material impact on sexual health as well as social wellbeing. The long-term effects of this can only be guessed at, since no generation has previously been saturated with such extreme sexual content available through such a variety of media. Measurable health outcomes as well as self-reported effects on teenagers highlight the dangers of the current trajectory. Finally, the dangers to children are emphasised in a discussion of how the fantasies encouraged by 'pseudo child porn' genres engender a sexual interest in genuine child exploitation material (CEM), which in turn increases the risk of contact abuse for children. CEM is also used by paedophiles to groom future victims and forms 'currency' within online communities of men with paedophilic interests. The rise of child-on-child sexual assault can, in many cases, be causally linked to children's access to pornography or to previous experience of sexual abuse, which is very often filmed.