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West Africa supports some of the world's most productive marine and freshwater ecosystems. Up to a quarter of the region's employment is linked to the fisheries sector, and it provides essential proteins, minerals and other nutrients to the diets of millions of people. Up to two thirds of all animal protein eaten by people in coastal West African states is fish, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization. Adapted from the source document.

PurposeThe COVID-19 pandemic has caused many households to experience income shocks because of the unprecedented job loss, resulting in the demand for public and private food assistance programs and a surge in unemployment insurance filing in the USA. This study aims to investigate the association between social safety programs (e.g. supplementary nutritional assistance programs (SNAP), unemployment insurance and charitable food assistance) and household food sufficiency during the COVID-19 pandemic in the country.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used the Household Pulse Surveys (HPS) conducted by the US Census Bureau from August 2020 to March 2021. And, the authors used an ordered probit model for the empirical analysis because the indicator of food sufficiency constructed from the HPS is an ordinal variable with four categories. The indicator identifies four groups of households: severe food insufficiency, moderate food insufficiency, mild food sufficiency and food sufficiency.FindingsThe results show that food sufficiency is significantly higher among the SNAP, unemployment insurance and charitable food assistance recipients than non-recipients. Furthermore, the results indicate that food sufficiency is significantly lower among black, Asian, Hispanic and other races than white households. Concerning the intersectional effect of social safety net programs and race/ethnicity on household food sufficiency, the authors find that the household food sufficiency is significantly higher among white, black and Asian households who benefited from SNAP, compared with non-beneficiary households. On the other hand, the authors find no evidence that participation in SNAP increases food sufficiency significantly among Hispanics and other races. In addition, the likelihood of food sufficiency increases significantly among white, black, Asian, Hispanic and other races that received unemployment insurance and charitable food assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with those who did not benefit from the programs.Practical implicationsThese results underscore the critical role collective America's social safety net programs played in increasing food sufficiency among Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, the results suggest that families' basic needs (food sufficiency) would have been at risk if these safety net programs were not available to households during the pandemic. This, therefore, highlights the important role that government- and non-government-supported food emergency assistance programs can play in preventing people from facing food insufficiency problems in a tough time or during a crisis in the USA.Originality/valueThis study highlights the dynamic relationship between Americans' social safety net programs and household food sufficiency during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Describes the Swiss confederation & its Constitution. The most distinct attribute of Switzerland is its cultural, linguistic, religious, & geographic diversity. Switzerland is a willensnation forged by its people's commitment to an ongoing renewal of their interconnections; it is this quality that makes the country a model of political integration. This commitment to unified diversity is expressed in the Constitution. Indeed, the Constitution's establishment of governmental institutions & its identification of Swiss democratic operations that permanently foster national integration & a federal polity responsive to its citizens. Tables. K. Coddon

For our weekly editorial by UACES, the University Association for Contemporary European Studies, we have the pleasure to welcome Adrian Favero, from the University of Groningen, in the Netherlands.
The post Swiss Elections appeared first on Ideas on Europe.

Abstract: The complexity of transnational sources is rather not as such treated in Swiss judgments or Swiss legal writing. It is rather debated in connection with particular problems of specific conflicting conventions. A more theoretical debate about the complexity of transnational sources seems only to be found in private international Law or in branches strongly affiliated to this field of law. Different techniques and strategies are developed to handle the problem. It is sometimes suggested to extend these techniques to other (or all) fields of law. Nonetheless, in how far this would be appropriate seems to be a rather untreated question. Résumé: La complexité des sources transnationales en général n'est pas traitée comme un problème en soi par la jurisprudence ou la doctrine suisse. Ce problème est plutôt abordé dans le cadre de conflits de conventions particulières relevant de tous les domaines du droit. Une discussion, principalement théorique, n'est conduite que dans le droit international privé suisse ou dans des domaines du droit qui lui sont étroitement liés. Dans ce cadre, différentes approches et techniques sont développées pour résoudre ce problème. Il est aussi proposé, par quelques auteurs, de transférer ces approches et techniques à d'autres domaines du droit, voire à tous. Mais la question de savoir si ces approches et techniques sont réellement adaptées aux autres domaines du droit n'est pas traitée ici. Zusammenfassung: Die Vielschichtigkeit der transnationalen Quellen in ihrer Allgemeinheit wird in der Schweizer Rechtsprechung und Lehre eher nicht als eigenständiges Problem diskutiert. Diese Komplexität wird aber in Zusammenhang mit Konflikten ganz bestimmter Konventionen aus allen möglichen Rechtsbereichen behandelt. Eine Diskussion, die stärker theoretische Züge zeigt, wird soweit ersichtlich nur im Schweizer Internationalen Privatrecht geführt oder in Rechtsbereichen, die mit diesem in engem Zusammenhang stehen. Es werden hier unterschiedliche Lösungsansätze und Techniken entwickelt, um das Problem zu lösen und es wird auch eine Ausweitung vorgeschlagen. Aber ob diese Techniken und Ansätze tatsächlich für eine Ausdehnung auf andere (oder alle) Rechtsgebiete geeignet sind, scheint eher nicht in seiner ganzen Breite behandelt worden zu sein.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS ESSAY IS TO ANALYZE WHETHER SWITZERLAND FALLS UNDER ONE OF HANSPETER NEUHOLD'S FOUR CATEGORIES OF EUROPEAN NEUTRALS, OR WHETHER THE COUNTRY IS FOLLOWING EVEN ANOTHER COURSE OF ACTION. IT GIVES A SHORT HISTORY OF SWISS NEUTRALITY INCLUDING RECENT ARITCLES AND SPEECHES BY SWISS EXPERTS AND GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS. IT THEN DESCRIBES THE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SWISS ARMY. FINALLY, IT PRESENTS THE OPTIONS FOR SWITZERLAND REGARDING A EUROPEAN SECURITY SYSTEM AND A PERSONAL OPINION OF HOW THE SWISS POLITICAL AND MILTARY SYSTEM SHOULD DEVELOP.