Suchergebnisse

European Union (EU) has many different policy areas which differ from agriculture to transport. Environment is one of the policy areas of the EU. The environmental policy has developed since the 1970s. This policy area got treaty base with the Single European Act. There were amendments with the treaties. The decision making process was also amended with the treaties. In this paper amendments related to environmental policy decision making has been analysed in order to see how the process changed in time and in what way. To see this changes firstly the environment policy is explained and then the decision making process is evaluated and lastly a brief theoretical evaluation was given. ; Avrupa Birliği'nin (AB) tarımdan ulaşıma pekçok farklı politika alanı bulunmaktadır. Çevre AB'nin politika alanlarında biridir. Çevre politikası 1970li yıllardan beri gelişmektedir. Bu politika lanı Avrupa Tek Senedi ile antlaşmalara girmiştir. Daha sonraki antlaşmalarla yasal düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, sürecin zaman içerisinde nasıl ve ne yönde değiştiğini görmek için çevre politikasına ilişkin karar alma ile ilgili düzenlemeler incelenmiştir. Bu değişikikleri görmek için önce çevre politikası açıklanmış, daha sonra karar alma süreci değerlendirilmiş ve son olarak kısa bir bir teorik bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır.

'Die russische Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik schien in den letzten Jahren in hohem Maße erratisch und irrational. Der Präsident, der allein in diesem Politikfeld agieren darf, ist durch Krankheit immer wieder gehandikapt. Der Entscheidungsfindungsprozeß ist kaum durchschaubar und offenbar stark von emotionalen und ideologischen Momenten bestimmt. Der Entschluß, sich in das Tschetschenien-Abenteuer zu stürzen, wurde z.B. gegen den Rat der militärischen Fachleute gefaßt, die einen planvollen Streitkräfteeinsatz befürwortet hatten. Angesichts dieser Unklarheit soll der Versuch gemacht werden, ein Bild von den Instanzen zu entwerfen, die auf den sicherheitspolitischen Entscheidungsfindungsprozeß einwirken. Dies geschieht weitgehend auf der Basis der Auswertung russischen Pressematerials.' (Autorenreferat)

Mintz, A.: How do leaders make decisions? - S. 3-13. Goertz, G.: Constraints, compromises, and decision making. - S. 14-37. Dacey, R. ; Carlson, L. J.: Traditional decision analysis and the poliheuristic theory of foreign policy decision making. - S. 38-55. DeRouen, C. ; Sprecher, Ch.: Initial crisis reaction and poliheuristic theory. - S. 56-68. Christensen, E. J. ; Redd, St. B.: Bureaucrats versus the ballot box in foreign policy decision making. - S. 69-90. Mintz, A.: Foreign policy decision making in familiar and unfamiliar settings. - S. 91-104. Stern, E.: Contextualizing and critiquing the poliheuristic theory. - S. 105-126

Although the importance of patient participation in the design and evaluation of health programs and services is well-documented, there is scarcity of research with regard to patient association (PA) participation in health policy decision-making processes. To this end, the present study aimed to validate further a previously developed instrument as well as to investigate the degree of PA participation in health policy decision-making in Cyprus. A convenient sample of 114 patients-members of patients associations took part in the study. Participants were recruited from an umbrella organization, the Pancyprian Federation of Patient Associations and Friends (PFPA). PA participation in health policy decision-making was assessed with the Health Democracy Index (HDI), an original 8-item tool. To explore its psychometric properties, Cronbach α was computed as regards to its internal consistency, while its convergent validity was tested against a self-rated question enquiring about the degree of PA participation in health policy decision-making. The findings revealed that the HDI has good internal consistency and convergent validity. Furthermore, PAs were found to participate more in consultations in health-related organizations and the Ministry of Health (MoH) as well as in reforms or crucial decisions in health policy. Lower levels were documented with regard to participation in hospital boards, ethics committees in clinical trials and health technology assessment (HTA) procedures. Overall, PA participation levels were found to be lower than the mid-point of the scale. Targeted interventions aiming to facilitate patients' involvement in health policy decision-making processes and to increase its impact are greatly needed in Cyprus.

บทคัดย่อการวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อ 1) ศึกษาแนวทางการมีส่วนร่วมของภาคประชาชนในการตัดสินใจในนโยบายต่างประเทศของรัฐ และ 2) ศึกษาการมีส่วนร่วมของภาคประชาชนในการตัดสินใจในนโยบายต่างประเทศของประเทศอื่นเพื่อนำมาเป็นข้อเสนอแนะต่อไป เป็นการศึกษาด้วยวิธีวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพด้วยกระบวนการศึกษาและวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลจากเอกสาร โดยการวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลด้วยการวิเคราะห์เชิงเนื้อหาผลการศึกษาพบว่ารัฐธรรมนูญแห่งราชอาณาจักรไทย พุทธศักราช 2560 ได้ให้อำนาจการมีส่วนร่วมของประชาชนในการแสดงความคิดเห็นในนโยบายต่างประเทศผ่านมาตรา 178 โดยกำหนดว่าให้มีกฎหมายกำหนด วิธีการที่ประชาชนจะเข้ามามีส่วนร่วมในการแสดงความคิดเห็นและได้รับการเยียวยาที่จำเป็นอันเกิดจากผลกระทบของการทำหนังสือสัญญา ขณะที่ในบางประเทศ เช่น ประเทศสหรัฐอเมริกาและประเทศฝรั่งเศส มีการบัญญัติการมีส่วนร่วมของประชาชนในนโยบายต่างประเทศโดยการทำประชามติ ดังนั้น ประเทศไทยควรมีกฎหมายที่เกี่ยวข้องและครอบคลุมการออกเสียงประชามติของประชาชนต่อการมีส่วนร่วมในการตัดสินใจในนโยบายต่างประเทศของรัฐ ABSTRACTThe objectives of this research are to study 1) the procedure of people participation in decision making of foreign policy of the government and 2) the procedure of people participation in decision making of foreign policy of the other countries in order to propose the recommendation of this issue. This research employed qualitative research method. Documentary collection was used to collect information from all the relevant sources and documentary analysis was used to analyse documentary to find answers to the research problem. This research found that the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand BE.2560 has granted right of people participation under Section 178 paragraph four which prescribed that "….there shall also be a law prescribing procedures for the public to participate in the expression of opinions and to obtain necessary remedy from the effects of conclusion of a treaty…". Meanwhile in some countries such as the United Stated of America and French, there are laws that prescribed procedure for the public to participate in the expression of opinion in foreign policy by means of referendum. ...