Suchergebnisse

Abstract
Research Question
Can caller satisfaction and trust in police be improved (or equalled), after police agree to send a police car to meet with a caller face-to-face, by the alternative of immediate transfer of the call to a police officer who speaks to the caller at length by telephone?

Data
A total of 1016 calls for police service to 999 or 101 assigned by call takers as falling into a "medium" priority category were checked for eligibility, including consent of the caller to speak immediately to a police officer by phone if possible. Eligible offence types excluded domestic abuse but included a variety of other matters. A majority (57.7%) of eligible cases were about threats made by neighbours, workplace colleagues or others known to the caller. A total of 450 cases were selected as eligible for the test sample out of a total of assessed as potentially eligible.

Methods
Eligible cases were randomly assigned to either a control group (N = 225) of business as usual (BAU) attempts to provide a face-to-face meeting with a police officer, or the experimental group (N = 225) receiving immediate telephone transfer to a police officer who talked with the caller for over an hour as the initial police response. Analyses were done by intention-to-treat. While 99.75% (N = 249/250) of the experimental cases were treated as assigned, only about half of the 225 control cases actually received a face-to-face meeting with a police officer. All 450 assigned callers who gave consent to enter the experiment were contacted for a satisfaction survey at least 14 days following random assignment of the cases, from which the completion rate was 72.5% (almost identical in the two treatment groups).

Findings
Eligible, consenting callers reported substantially higher levels of being "satisfied" or "very satisfied" with the experimental police response by telephone (92.6%) than with the BAU efforts to arrange a face-to-face meeting between a police officer and the caller (68.9%). Trust and confidence in Kent police declined among 21% of callers receiving BAU service, but only 9% of callers given immediate telephone service. The median time from the initial call to a conversation between police and caller was under 1 min for the experimental treatment vs. 2721 min for the 80% of BAU control treatments in which any conversation between an officer and a caller occurred within 96 h after the call.

Conclusion
This first experiment in a research collaboration on FAST (Finding Alternative and Speedier Tactics) policing has opened the door to further tests of immediate response by remote communications (Rothwell, et al. Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing, 6, 1–24, 2022). For the kinds of cases included in this experiment, there is a clear preference by callers for the speedier service by a simple phone call over much slower attempts to provide a face-to-face meeting. If broadly adopted across many other high-volume, low-harm categories of requests for police service, fast policing by phone, video or silent live-chat online could improve public approval of policing while allowing more time for police to prevent more serious crimes.

Purpose
This study aims to explore students' sustainability attitudes and behavioural intentions and their relation to energy use, to promote energy saving and decarbonisation in higher education settings.


Design/methodology/approach
The authors used a validated energy literacy survey to assess undergraduate students' attitudes and behavioural intentions towards energy saving in two countries (Brazil and Belgium). The questionnaire, administered online, comprised 23 Likert scale questions and three questions eliciting socio-demographic information. Results were analysed using a linear regression model and compared with previous research using the same energy literacy instrument.


Findings
The research identified three dimensions of sustainable attitudes: citizens' role, scientists' role and government's role, explaining 65.5% of respondents' energy-related attitudes. Three dimensions of sustainable behaviours were identified, explaining 64.5% of energy-related behavioural intentions: consumption of eco-friendly products, financially driven behaviours and household energy saving. The linear regression model identified scientists' role, consumption of eco-friendly products and financially driven behaviour as the key predictors of student energy use. Differences between the two contexts also emerged.


Research limitations/implications
Individual action to improve energy saving is necessary, but not sufficient for decarbonisation. However, student attitudes and behavioural intentions towards energy are an important element of campus decarbonisation: these "micro" experiments can become a "network" searching for synergies at the campus level (in collaboration with the neighbourhood) and act as a catalyst towards a more profound carbon-free society. Limitations of the research include the use of a survey to ascertain estimates of energy use; however, the study offers a model for further research and a mode of analysis that would be useful to other researchers.


Practical implications
This research enables universities to better understand the drivers and barriers to student energy-saving activities and thereby promote decarbonisation on campus. This is a crucial underpinning in the creation of sustainable universities, linking education and campus developments. This survey was one of the catalysts to set up a total new maintenance energy performance contract (MEPC) at one of the authors' institutions, where energy efficiency was realised alongside other sustainability aspects, such as water saving, circular renovation and waste reduction.


Social implications
This research illustrates the challenges and opportunities of working with key stakeholders in university settings for university-based decarbonisation efforts. Intensive involvement of students and teachers in the new MEPC offers an example of co-creation with building "users" – which may have implications for other university building developments. Increasingly, universities need to consider the need for a new business model in which shared and multiple value creation is a key feature. Treating societal challenges as business opportunities is an important new dimension of corporate strategy and a powerful path to social progress, which higher education institutions should not overlook.


Originality/value
Student attitudes and behavioural intentions towards energy are an important element of campus decarbonisation and can act as a catalyst towards a carbon-free society. Although energy literacy research has been undertaken in the USA and UK, this research is the first of its kind for Belgium and Brazil, and the mode of analysis – using a linear regression model – differs from the earlier work, offering a novel methodological approach.

PurposeTo run a job guarantee public policy scheme, it is important to know the aspiration level or the reference point of labor, and accordingly, the labor hour and the wage sequence are to be prepared. The existing job guarantee schemes consider the same wage rates for all types of jobs. As a result, it is to identify the reference point. The present work aims to propose a job guarantee scheme where different types of jobs have different wage rates. The paper explains the choice problem between labor and leisure at different wage rates and proposes complete computational tools to be incorporated into the job guarantee schemes. The paper also gives a mechanism to prepare the list of jobs and corresponding wage rates by maintaining a balance between labor and leisure, where productive activities measure labor hours and labor welfare measures leisure hours. Lastly, the paper provides the analytical tools to interpret the ex-post data of the job guarantee public policy schemes.Design/methodology/approachThe paper has been written based on the Coordination Game and its Welfare Implications in the job guarantee public policy schemes.FindingsThe present paper gives an initial work to measure the choice between labor and leisure for the different wage rates practically. This will help in getting the equilibrium strategies, namely, the combination of the labor hour and the wage rate between the policymaker and the labor. This method will help to implement the job guarantee schemes. For example, to run successfully the Basic Income policy, the basic income calculation should give due care; otherwise, there will be a downward trend in the basic income and the welfare of labor will be reduced, because the labor would have to supply excess labor to meet the target income.Originality/valueThis paper derives theories and explains how the equilibrium in this coordination game can be achieved. The paper explains how the policy of the job guarantee schemes can be practiced practically. In the MGNREGA scheme, the public institution declares different categories of jobs with different wage rates. The categories have been classified with respect to the hours required to complete the job. Therefore, the public institution declares different lists or a sequence of pairs of labor hours and wage rates. Moreover, the list is stochastic, because the list can be changed by the inclusion of an offer from the market as well. The labor has to select from the list. The challenge on the part of the public institution is to prepare the list in such a way so that the inclusion of the market offers will not distort the equilibrium of the coordination game. An important method has been proposed here to analyze the ex-post data of job offers so that the preparation of the future sequence of the job offers can be prepared with due care. One objective of the policymaker here is to make a list of job offers in such a way so that the labor supply will be converging to a point and that will not deviate if the wage rate increases further. This objective will make a balance of the distribution of funds between the existing registered labor and the new entrants into the job guarantee schemes.

The developement of surgery in Vilnius and Lithuania is related to the Vilnius University Clinic of surgery founded in the middle of 1808–1809 academic year, that is more than 200 years ago and it was the first specialized clinical institution of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This new chapter at the Faculty of Medicine was orientated to the teaching and training of surgeons and developing their scientific approach to clinical practice. The Clinic of Surgery took over the concept of clinical education from the Clinic of Therapy which was initiated by Johan Peter Frank (1745–1821) and Joseph Frank (1771–1842) 3 years earlier. They were the founders of Vilnius medical Society as well. The concept consisted of the integration of basic theoretical knowledge into clinical skills learning. The basis of clinical training was ward round teaching on patient's bedside, round the clock duty in the Clinic, continuous observation of patients and taking part in autopsy. Further developments of the Clinic were related to the activities of surgical professors from Western Europe, as well as highly experienced local doctors who immediately started lecturing and operating patients. These were the creators, developers and cherishers of the Clinic: Jacque Briotet (1746–1819), Johan Andreas Lobenwein (1758–1820), Johan Friedrich Niszkowski (1774–1816), Jakób Szymkiewicz (1775–1818), Konstantin Porcijanka (1793–1841).Foundation and successful operation of the surgical clinic signified a higher level in the evolution of Lithuanian clinical medicine. New concept of teaching and scientific approach to the diagnosis and surgical treatment made the clinic comparable to the European innovative medical institutions of the19thcentury. The effective activities and future prospects were roughly cut off by Russian tsarist policy in 1832. ; Chirurgijos raida tiek Vilniuje, tiek Lietuvoje susijusi su Vilniaus universiteto Chirurgijos klinika, įkurta 1808–1809m.m. viduryje, taigi daugiau negu prieš 200metų. Tai buvo naujas Vilniaus universiteto padalinys, kėlęs tikslą ruošti chirurgus, savo praktikoje besivadovaujančius moksliniais metodais, mokyti juos chirurginių ligų diagnostikos ir operacijų technikos. Klinika pradėjo veiklą Vilniuje jau veikiant kelioms ligoninėms, kuriose buvo atliekamos chirurginės operacijos. Aukštas klinikos mokslinis ir praktinis lygis sietinas su Vilniaus medicinos draugija, įkurta 1808m. Užmojis suburti aukščiausio išsilavinimo pedagogus ir praktikus iš visos Europos, inicijuoti mokslo darbus svarbiausiose medicinos srityse padėjo klinikai įsilieti į vakarietišką universitetinę aplinką. Pasiekta labai gerų rezultatų: apgintų disertacijų skaičiumi ir ligų diagnostikos bei chirurginių veiksmų apimtimi klinika neatsiliko nuo kitų Europos universitetų. Mokymo sistema Chirurgijos klinikoje buvo panaši įTerapijos klinikos, kurią trejais metais anksčiau įkūrė Johanas Pėteris Frankas (Johann Peter Frank, 1745–1821) ir Jozefas Frankas (Joseph Frank, 1771–1842). Chirurgijos teorinės paskaitos buvo suderintos su studentų mokymu prie ligonio lovos. Studentai klinikoje budėdavo visą parą, ligonius stebėdavo nuo jų atvykimo į kliniką iki išvykimo arba mirties. Sėkminga Chirurgijos klinikos raida susijusi su šiais jos kūrėjais ir puoselėtojais: Žaku Briote (Jacques Briotet, 1746–1819), Johanu Andriumi Lobenveinu (Johann Andreas Lobenwein, 1758–1820), Janu Frydrichu Niškovskiu (JanFriedrichNiszkowski, 1774–1816),Jokūbu Šimkevičiumi (Jakób Szymkiewicz, 1775–1818), Konstantinu Porcijanka (Konstanty Porcyanko, 1793–1841). Universiteto Chirurgijos klinikos, dar vadintos Chirurgijos institutu, įkūrimas reiškė naują pakopą Lietuvos medicinos, ypač chirurgijos, raidoje. Koncepcija priartėta prie Vakarų XIXa. pradžios mokslo tiriamosios inovatyvios medicinos. Tolesnius klinikos užmojus nubraukė Rusijos caro imperinė politika. 1832m. uždarius Vilniaus universitetą, miestas ir visas kraštas prarado labai svarbų mokslinės ir praktinės chirurgijos centrą.

14 pages, 8 figures, supplementary information https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03777-9.-- Data availability: The Supplementary tables and figures can be found under the https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14987001 in the public repository Figshare. To further facilitate exploration and viewing of Cehalopods Global Trade Networks by users from outside the academy or with basic technical knowledge, we have launched a fully operational web application at https://aospina.shinyapps.io/CGTN_app/.-- Correction: A network analysis of global cephalopod trade. Scientific Reports 12: 2329 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06289-2 ; The global trade in cephalopods is a multi-billion dollar business involving the fishing and production of more than ten commercially valuable species. It also contributes, in whole or in part, to the subsistence and economic livelihoods of thousands of coastal communities around the world. The importance of cephalopods as a major cultural, social, economic, and ecological resource has been widely recognised, but research efforts to describe the extent and scope of the global cephalopod trade are limited. So far, there are no specific regulatory and monitoring systems in place to analyse the traceability of the global trade in cephalopods at the international level. To understand who are the main global players in cephalopod seafood markets, this paper provides, for the first time, a global overview of the legal trade in cephalopods. Twenty years of records compiled in the UN COMTRADE database were analysed. The database contained 115,108 records for squid and cuttlefish and 71,659 records for octopus, including commodity flows between traders (territories or countries) weighted by monetary value (USD) and volume (kg). A theoretical network analysis was used to identify the emergent properties of this large trade network by analysing centrality measures that revealed key insights into the role of traders. The results illustrate that three countries (China, Spain, and Japan) led the majority of global market movements between 2000 and 2019. Based on volume and value, as well as the number of transactions, 11 groups of traders were identified. The leading cluster consisted of only eight traders, who dominated the cephalopod market in Asia (China, India, South Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam), Europe (the Netherlands, and Spain), and the USA. This paper identifies the countries and territories that acted as major importers or exporters, the best-connected traders, the hubs or accumulators, the modulators, the main flow routes, and the weak points of the global cephalopod trade network over the last 20 years. This knowledge of the network is crucial to move towards an environmentally sustainable, transparent, and food-secure global cephalopod trade ; AO was supported by H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (746361) and Contract financed through the call for postdoctoral fellowships of the Government of the Balearic Islands, program "Vicenç Mut" 2020. SV, GA, PP, CP and FLM knowledge the financial support from the INTERREG Cephs and Chefs Project (EAPA 282/2016), and Xunta de Galicia Grupos de Referencia Competitiva (under Grant ED431C2019/11). PP was supported by Xunta de Galicia (RECREGES II project under Grant ED481B2018/017). CP acknowledges FCT for the research contract 2020.02510.CEECIND. CP and FLM would also like to acknowledge FCT/MCTES national funds for the financial support to CESAM (UIDP/50017/2020 + UIDB50017/2020) ; With the institutional support of the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) ; Peer reviewed

The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater was first reported in March 2020. Over the subsequent months, the potential for wastewater surveillance to contribute to COVID-19 mitigation programmes has been the focus of intense national and international research activities, gaining the attention of policy makers and the public. As a new application of an established methodology, focused collaboration between public health practitioners and wastewater researchers is essential to developing a common understanding on how, when and where the outputs of this non-invasive community-level approach can deliver actionable outcomes for public health authorities. Within this context, the NORMAN SCORE "SARS-CoV-2 in sewage" database provides a platform for rapid, open access data sharing, validated by the uploading of 276 data sets from nine countries to-date. Through offering direct access to underpinning meta-data sets (and describing its use in data interpretation), the NORMAN SCORE database is a resource for the development of recommendations on minimum data requirements for wastewater pathogen surveillance. It is also a tool to engage public health practitioners in discussions on use of the approach, providing an opportunity to build mutual understanding of the demand and supply for data and facilitate the translation of this promising research application into public health practice. ; All authors wish to thank the WWTP operators for providing samples. LL, AH and MV would like to acknowledge the VINNOVA (Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems) DRIZZLE – Centre for Stormwater Management (Grant no. 2016-05176) and the technical expertise provided by the Stormwater&Sewers network, Nireas-International Water Research Center of the University of Cyprus would like to thank the Sewerage Board of Limassol-Amathus (SBLA), the Sewerage Board of Nicosia (SBN) and the Paralimni Sewerage Board (PSB) for the provision of influent samples, for the purpose of performing this work. MPD wishes to thank COVIDBENS Inv04020 financed by EDAR Bens S.A, A Coruña, FYL wishes to thank Z Cetecioglu Gurol (KTH) and P Haglund (Umeå University) and TM would like to acknowledge financial support from APVV-19-0250, PP-COVID-20-0019, ASS8 and VIR-SCAN. Authors from the Univ Jaume LB, FH, MB and RdL acknowledge the financial support from Dirección General del Agua, Generalitat Valenciana, to develop the project "Covid_Wastewater", as well as the help E. Santateresa and N. Zamorano from FACSA, for the invaluable support in performing this work. RdL. was funded through a Beatriz Galindo Fellowship of the Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional, Spanish Government (BEAGAL18/00042). TM wishes to thank the generous support of the Operational Program Integrated Infrastructure for the project "Strategic research in the field of SMART monitoring, treatment and preventive protection against coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) ", Project no. 313011ASS8 (co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund) and the project VIR-SCAN - Wastewater monitoring data as an early warning tool to alert COVID-19 in the population (EOSCsecretariat.eu has received funding from the European Union's Horizon Program call H2020-INFRAEOSC- 05-2018-2019, grant Agreement number 831644). SK (IBISS) acknowledges the financial support from Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Republic of Serbia grant No 451-03-9/2021-14/ 200007.

The article finds out the main directions of activity of the All-Russia social movement People's Front For Russia (All-Russia People's Front) in implementing principles of civil society on a regional level. The main research objectives are as follows: finding out the main activities of the All-Russian People's Front in Russia and the Republic of Udmurt; defining the main ways of activists' identification with civil society. The specific of Russian civil society is the enhanced state control of the 'third sector. As a result, there emerge organizations, which identify themselves as the mediator between the state and civil society. Despite the close linkage with the state, they accumulate civic activity and exercise public control. Among these organizations is the All-Russian People's Front. It was founded in 2011 on the initiative of Vladimir Putin. As methods of empirical analysis, the authors exploited the content analysis of websites, social network VKontakte, and semi-structured interviews with leaders and activists of the movement. The main activities of the Udmurt regional branch include addressing the following problems: housing and public utilities; constructions; improvement of territories; educational and environmental projects; youth policy, etc. Active social position, the attractiveness of the movement's goals in solving the problems of regional development determine the activists' motivation of being involved in the cause. They indicated the realization of principles of civil society in the framework of All-Russian People's Front activities such as the development of civic activeness, public control, volunteering, and improving social trust. By consolidating political and public resources, the movement integrates civil society into a vertical of authority. By Representing and protecting public interests, this cause becomes an effective mediator between the state and civil society. ; В настоящей статье авторы стремятся выявить роль Общероссийского общественного движения «Народный фронт «За Россию» в реализации принципов гражданского общества на региональном уровне. Основными исследовательскими задачами настоящей статьи являются показ основных направлений деятельности Общероссийского общественного движения «Народный фронт «За Россию» в Удмуртской Республике; определение форм идентификации активистов общественного движения с гражданским обществом. Особенностью российского гражданского общества является повышенный контроль государства над организациями «третьего сектора», вследствие чего формируются организации, занимающие промежуточное положение между гражданским обществом и государством, которые, несмотря на тесную связь с государством, аккумулируют общественную активность и осуществляют гражданский контроль. Одной из таких организаций является Общероссийский народный фронт, созданный в 2011 году по инициативе В. В. Путина. В качестве методов эмпирического анализа были использованы контент-анализ, анализ данных социальной сети «ВКонтакте», полуформализованные интервью с лидерами и активистами движения. Для Удмуртской Республики актуальны проблемы ЖКХ, строительства, благоустройства, образования, молодежной политики, а также экологические проблемы. В качестве основной мотивации участия в общественном движении активисты выделяли, прежде всего, соответствие сферы деятельности ОНФ жизненным и социальным приоритетам участников; активную жизненную позицию; привлекательность деятельности Общероссийского народного фронта в решении конкретных дел, связанных с задачами регионального развития. Информанты отмечают частичную реализацию данных принципов в деятельности Общероссийского народного фронта, а именно: развитиегражданской активности, налаживание диалога граждан и власти, осуществление общественного контроля, развитие добровольчества и социального доверия. Консолидируя политические и гражданские ресурсы, Общероссийский народный фронт встраивает гражданское общество в вертикаль власти, что позволяет ему быть эффективным посредником между государством и гражданским обществом, способствовать реализации гражданским обществом своих интересов.

У статті в результаті проведеного дослідження систематизована світова практика міжнародного співробітництва країн в інтересах забезпечення прикордонної безпеки в умовах розвитку глобалізаційних світових процесів, що зумовлює зростання кількості різного рівня завдань і проблемних ситуацій, які виникають в процесі формування відносин між країнами на міжнародній платформі. Акцентується увага на доцільності та особливостях міжнародного досвіду комплексного управління діяльністю державних органів на кордонах у рамках міжнародного співробітництва. Проаналізовано європейську модель управління, що має перспективи своєї реалізації як в низці європейських країн, що не входять до складу Європейського Союзу, так і в країнах Центральної Азії. Акцентується увага на невірному термінологічному застосуванні таких словосполучень, як "інтегроване управління кордонами", "комплексне управління кордонами" або "скоординоване управління кордонами", що не відповідає смисловій суті. Введено нове словосполучення – "комплексне управління діяльністю державних органів на кордонах". Проаналізовано моделі міжнародного співробітництва на прикладах країн-членів Євразійського економічного співтовариства і країн-членів СНД, країн Африки та Скандинавських країн в питаннях комплексного управління діяльністю державних органів на кордонах. Зроблено висновки і визначені перспективи подальших досліджень. ; В статье в результате проведенного исследования систематизирована мировая практика международного сотрудничества стран в интересах обеспечения пограничной безопасности в условиях развития глобализационных мировых процессов, что обусловливает возрастание количества разного уровня задач и проблемных ситуаций, возникающих в процессе формирования отношений между странами на международной платформе. Акцентируется внимание на целесообразности и особенностях международного опыта комплексного управления деятельностью государственных органов на границах в рамках международного сотрудничества. Проанализирована европейская модель управления, имеющая перспективы своей реализации как в ряде европейских стран, не входящих в Европейский Союз, так и в странах Центральной Азии. Акцентируется внимание на неправильном терминологическом применении таких словосочетаний, как "интегрованное управление границами", "комплексное управление границами" или "скоординированное управление границами", что не соответствует смысловой сути. Введено новое словосочетание – "комплексное управление деятельностью государственных органов на границах". Проанализированы модели международного сотрудничества на примерах стран-членов СНГ и стран-членов Евразийского экономического сообщества, стран Африки и Скандинавских стран в вопросах комплексного управления деятельностью государственных органов на границах. Сделаны выводы и определены перспективы дальнейших исследований. ; The article systematizes the world practice of international cooperation in the interests of border security under the conditions of development of world processes globalization, which leads to an increase in the number of different levels of tasks and problems that arise in the formation of relations between countries on an international platform. Emphasis is placed on the expediency and features of the international experience of integrated management of state bodies at borders in the framework of international cooperation. The European model of management is analyzed, which has prospects for its implementation in a number of European countries that are not part of the European Union, as well as in the countries of Central Asia. Emphasis is placed on the incorrect terminological use of such phrases as "integrated border management", "complex border management" or "coordinated border management", which does not correspond to the semantic essence. A new phrase was introduced – "integrated management of state bodies at borders". Models of international cooperation are analyzed on the examples of the Eurasian Economic Community member states and the CIS member states, African countries and the Scandinavian countries in the issues of integrated management of state bodies at the borders. Conclusions are made and prospects of further researches are defined.

Over the years, my students, research associates, and I have reviewed the literature of psychology, ethics, ecology, climatology, and other areas of study to consider the direction in which our world is going and what kind of future our children will inherit. Our previous work focused on the nature of good and evil—with concern especially for goodness—through which we have considered good in the world and the application of good to achieve a better world. Our books concerned altruism, kindness, empathy, and moral responsibility for diverse others. In this book we concentrate on the areas of greatest concern regarding our future as a species. Scholars are warning us about the direction we are taking in this interconnected world. Many of these experts view our global situation as a "glass half empty"; their studies reveal a future that is bleak and on the verge of catastrophe. There are, however, other scholars who view the world and humanity's future in more optimistic terms—those who see the "glass half full." My own work indicates that goodness, defined as concern for others and for making the world a better place, is on the rise. Making the world a better place is not simply about the glass being half full or half empty; it is both at the same time. With the complexity of global trends comes major challenges, and one cannot say that one perception is correct and the other incorrect. It is much more complicated than that. We have an emergence of those who see the future as promising and perhaps even more harmonious than we have ever imagined, as well as those who believe that we are declining and ruining ourselves. A number of institutions, groups, governments, and individuals have taken these challenges to humanity seriously—have "seen the light"—and are trying to do something about the future state of the world. This book describes two sides to the future our children stand to inherit: the glass half full and the glass half empty of what has been the trajectory of the world, it seems, since the beginning of human history. The arc of human progress has at times taken major leaps forward; at other times it appears to have lain dormant, only to burst forth with a new energy at a later time. In this collection of writings, we have attempted to show both sides of the picture because to do otherwise would leave this endeavor incomplete. Depicting only the negative would lead one to think that there is nothing positive moving us forward; depicting only the positive would suggest that we have no further work to do. What kind of future will our children inherit? It is a future like all futures—it contains both an evolution of our species towards a higher level of consciousness and a resistance to such change. This has been the balancing act throughout human history. It will be incumbent upon our children to make sure that the glass of the future is half full. - Sam Oliner, Founder, Altruistic Behavior Institute ; https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/monographs/1014/thumbnail.jpg

الملخص: هدفت الدراسة إلى البحث عن دور مؤسسات المجتمع المدني في تعزيز مكانة المرأة الفلسطينية في قطاع غزة، وشملت عينة الدراسة (100)امرأة من النساء المستفيدات من جمعية عايشه لحماية المرأة والطفل, وجمعية المرأة العاملة الفلسطينية للتنمية, والاتحاد العام للمرأة الفلسطينية في محافظة غزة، وتم القياس تبعا للمتغيرات (العمر, الحالة الاجتماعية, طبيعة مكان السكن، المؤهل العلمي، طبيعة عمل المرأة في المؤسسات)، استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي الذي يصف الظاهرة وصفاً كمياً وكيفياً، و لتحقيق هدف الدراسة تم تصميم استبانه من ثلاثة محاور مكونة من (30) فقرة، وتمَ التأكد من صدقها ومعامل ثباتها وبعد عملية جمع الاستبانات تم ترميزها وإدخالها للحاسوب ومعالجتها إحصائيا باستخدام الرزمة الإحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية (SPSS)، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج من أهمها : أن الوسط الحسابي حول" دور مؤسسات المجتمع المدني في تعزيز مكانة المرأة في المجتمع الفلسطيني" 3.7366 بوزن نسبي 74.733 % , وهو مستوى عال من الاستجابة من قبل أفراد عينة الدراسة. لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين العاملين حول دور مؤسسات المجتمع المدني في تعزيز مكانة المرأة في المجتمع الفلسطيني تعزى لمتغير العمر. واقترحت الدراسة العديد من التوصيات من أهمها: العمل على تعزيز الشراكة بين كافة الجهات الفاعلة في الدولة ومؤسسات المجتمع المدني من أجل المساهمة في تمكين المرأة الفلسطينية في قطاع غزة، مع ضرورة وضع برامج تهدف للمساهمة في الحد من التحديات الاجتماعية والسياسية والثقافية التي تواجهها المرأة، من خلال بذل المزيد من البرامج الهادفة إلى تعزيز أهمية تمكين المرأة الفلسطينية ودمجها في سياسات البرامج الهادفة إلى التنمية. الكلمات المفتاحية: مؤسسات المجتمع المدني، تعزيز المكانة (التمكين)،المشاركة في الحياة العامة. Abstract The study aimed to examine the role of civil society organizations in enhancing the status of Palestinian women in Gaza Strip. The study sample included (100) women who benefited from the Aisha Association for the Protection of Women and Children, Palestinian Working Women Society for Development, the GeneralUnionof Palestinian Women in Gaza Governorate, and the measurement was doneaccording to the variables (age, marital status, nature of the place of residence,educational qualification, nature of women's work in institutions,),As the researcher used the descriptive method that describes the phenomenon in a quantitative and qualitative description and to achieve the goal of the study, a questionnaire was designed out of three axes consisting of (30) paragraphs and its validity and its coefficient of stability were verified and after the process of collecting the questionnaires was coded and entered into the computer and statistically processed using the (SPSS) Statistical Package, And the study reachedseveral results, the most important of which are: 1.The arithmetic mean of "the role of civil society institutions" in enhancing the position of women in Palestinian society "is 3.7366 with a relative weight of 74.733%, which is a high level of response previously. 2.There are no differences related to the statistical indication among civil society workers in enhancing the position of women in Palestinian society. The study concluded with many recommendations, the most important of which are: Working to strengthen the partnership between all actors in the state and civil society institutions in order to contribute to the empowerment of Palestinian women in the Gaza Strip, with the need to develop programs aimed at contributing to reducing social, political and cultural challenges that Women face them, through making more programs aimed at enhancing the importance of empowering Palestinian women and integrating them into the policies of programs aimed at development.

У статті в результаті проведеного дослідження систематизована світова практика міжнародного співробітництва країн в інтересах забезпечення прикордонної безпеки в умовах розвитку глобалізаційних світових процесів, що зумовлює зростання кількості різного рівня завдань і проблемних ситуацій, які виникають в процесі формування відносин між країнами на міжнародній платформі. Акцентується увага на доцільності та особливостях міжнародного досвіду комплексного управління діяльністю державних органів на кордонах у рамках міжнародного співробітництва. Проаналізовано європейську модель управління, що має перспективи своєї реалізації як в низці європейських країн, що не входять до складу Європейського Союзу, так і в країнах Центральної Азії. Акцентується увага на невірному термінологічному застосуванні таких словосполучень, як "інтегроване управління кордонами", "комплексне управління кордонами" або "скоординоване управління кордонами", що не відповідає смисловій суті. Введено нове словосполучення – "комплексне управління діяльністю державних органів на кордонах". Проаналізовано моделі міжнародного співробітництва на прикладах країн-членів Євразійського економічного співтовариства і країн-членів СНД, країн Африки та Скандинавських країн в питаннях комплексного управління діяльністю державних органів на кордонах. Зроблено висновки і визначені перспективи подальших досліджень. ; В статье в результате проведенного исследования систематизирована мировая практика международного сотрудничества стран в интересах обеспечения пограничной безопасности в условиях развития глобализационных мировых процессов, что обусловливает возрастание количества разного уровня задач и проблемных ситуаций, возникающих в процессе формирования отношений между странами на международной платформе. Акцентируется внимание на целесообразности и особенностях международного опыта комплексного управления деятельностью государственных органов на границах в рамках международного сотрудничества. Проанализирована европейская модель управления, имеющая перспективы своей реализации как в ряде европейских стран, не входящих в Европейский Союз, так и в странах Центральной Азии. Акцентируется внимание на неправильном терминологическом применении таких словосочетаний, как "интегрованное управление границами", "комплексное управление границами" или "скоординированное управление границами", что не соответствует смысловой сути. Введено новое словосочетание – "комплексное управление деятельностью государственных органов на границах". Проанализированы модели международного сотрудничества на примерах стран-членов СНГ и стран-членов Евразийского экономического сообщества, стран Африки и Скандинавских стран в вопросах комплексного управления деятельностью государственных органов на границах. Сделаны выводы и определены перспективы дальнейших исследований. ; The article systematizes the world practice of international cooperation in the interests of border security under the conditions of development of world processes globalization, which leads to an increase in the number of different levels of tasks and problems that arise in the formation of relations between countries on an international platform. Emphasis is placed on the expediency and features of the international experience of integrated management of state bodies at borders in the framework of international cooperation. The European model of management is analyzed, which has prospects for its implementation in a number of European countries that are not part of the European Union, as well as in the countries of Central Asia. Emphasis is placed on the incorrect terminological use of such phrases as "integrated border management", "complex border management" or "coordinated border management", which does not correspond to the semantic essence. A new phrase was introduced – "integrated management of state bodies at borders". Models of international cooperation are analyzed on the examples of the Eurasian Economic Community member states and the CIS member states, African countries and the Scandinavian countries in the issues of integrated management of state bodies at the borders. Conclusions are made and prospects of further researches are defined.

This is the first of two papers that document the creation of the New European Wind Atlas (NEWA). It describes the sensitivity analysis and evaluation procedures that formed the basis for choosing the final setup of the mesoscale model simulations of the wind atlas. The suitable combination of model setup and parameterizations, bound by practical constraints, was found for simulating the climatology of the wind field at turbine-relevant heights with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Initial WRF model sensitivity experiments compared the wind climate generated by using two commonly used planetary boundary layer schemes and were carried out over several regions in Europe. They confirmed that the most significant differences in annual mean wind speed at 100 m a.g.l. (above ground level) mostly coincide with areas of high surface roughness length and not with the location of the domains or maximum wind speed. Then an ensemble of more than 50 simulations with different setups for a single year was carried out for one domain covering northern Europe for which tall mast observations were available. We varied many different parameters across the simulations, e.g. model version, forcing data, various physical parameterizations, and the size of the model domain. These simulations showed that although virtually every parameter change affects the results in some way, significant changes in the wind climate in the boundary layer are mostly due to using different physical parameterizations, especially the planetary boundary layer scheme, the representation of the land surface, and the prescribed surface roughness length. Also, the setup of the simulations, such as the integration length and the domain size, can considerably influence the results. We assessed the degree of similarity between winds simulated by the WRF ensemble members and the observations using a suite of metrics, including the Earth Mover¿s Distance (EMD), a statistic that measures the distance between two probability distributions. The EMD was used to diagnose the performance of each ensemble member using the full wind speed and direction distribution, which is essential for wind resource assessment. We identified the most realistic ensemble members to determine the most suitable configuration to be used in the final production run, which is fully described and evaluated in the second part of this study (Dörenkämper et al., 2020). ; The European Commission (EC) partly funded the NEWA project (New European Wind Atlas) through FP7 (topic FP7-ENERGY.2013.10.1.2) The authors of this paper acknowledge the support the Danish Energy Authority (EUDP 14-II, 64014-0590, Denmark); the German Federal Ministry for the Economic Affairs and Energy, on the basis of the decision by the German Bundestag (ref. no. 0325832A/B); Latvijas Zinatnu Akademija (Latvia); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Spain, ref. nos. PCIN-2014-017-C07-03, PCIN-2016-176, PCIN-2014-017-C07-04, and PCIN-2016-009); the Swedish Energy Agency (Sweden); and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (grant no. 215M386). Andrea N. Hahmann additionally acknowledges the support of the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, administered by the Danida Fellowship Centre under the project "Multiscale and Model-Chain Evaluation of Wind Atlases" (MEWA) and the ForskEL/EUDP (Denmark) project OffshoreWake (PSO-12521, EUDP 64017-0017).

This is the first of two papers that document the creation of the New European Wind Atlas (NEWA). It describes the sensitivity analysis and evaluation procedures that formed the basis for choosing the final setup of the mesoscale model simulations of the wind atlas. The suitable combination of model setup and parameterizations, bound by practical constraints, was found for simulating the climatology of the wind field at turbine-relevant heights with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Initial WRF model sensitivity experiments compared the wind climate generated by using two commonly used planetary boundary layer schemes and were carried out over several regions in Europe. They confirmed that the most significant differences in annual mean wind speed at 100 m a.g.l. (above ground level) mostly coincide with areas of high surface roughness length and not with the location of the domains or maximum wind speed. Then an ensemble of more than 50 simulations with different setups for a single year was carried out for one domain covering northern Europe for which tall mast observations were available. We varied many different parameters across the simulations, e.g. model version, forcing data, various physical parameterizations, and the size of the model domain. These simulations showed that although virtually every parameter change affects the results in some way, significant changes in the wind climate in the boundary layer are mostly due to using different physical parameterizations, especially the planetary boundary layer scheme, the representation of the land surface, and the prescribed surface roughness length. Also, the setup of the simulations, such as the integration length and the domain size, can considerably influence the results. We assessed the degree of similarity between winds simulated by the WRF ensemble members and the observations using a suite of metrics, including the Earth Mover¿s Distance (EMD), a statistic that measures the distance between two probability distributions. The EMD was used to diagnose the performance of each ensemble member using the full wind speed and direction distribution, which is essential for wind resource assessment. We identified the most realistic ensemble members to determine the most suitable configuration to be used in the final production run, which is fully described and evaluated in the second part of this study (Dörenkämper et al., 2020). ; The European Commission (EC) partly funded the NEWA project (New European Wind Atlas) through FP7 (topic FP7-ENERGY.2013.10.1.2) The authors of this paper acknowledge the support the Danish Energy Authority (EUDP 14-II, 64014-0590, Denmark); the German Federal Ministry for the Economic Affairs and Energy, on the basis of the decision by the German Bundestag (ref. no. 0325832A/B); Latvijas Zinatnu Akademija (Latvia); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Spain, ref. nos. PCIN-2014-017-C07-03, PCIN-2016-176, PCIN-2014-017-C07-04, and PCIN-2016-009); the Swedish Energy Agency (Sweden); and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (grant no. 215M386). Andrea N. Hahmann additionally acknowledges the support of the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, administered by the Danida Fellowship Centre under the project "Multiscale and Model-Chain Evaluation of Wind Atlases" (MEWA) and the ForskEL/EUDP (Denmark) project OffshoreWake (PSO-12521, EUDP 64017-0017).

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью расширения вариантов автономных систем электроснабжения, в частности, фотоэлектрических, в рамках постановления правительства, связанного с ратификацией Россией Парижского соглашения по климату от 23.09.19. Системы электроснабжения постоянного тока с участием возобновляемых энергоисточников для децентрализованных потребителей могут стать предпочтительной альтернативой переменному току при условии соответствия большинству обязательств Парижского соглашения по климату, а также требованиям повышения энергетической безопасности. Цель: повышение качества электрической энергии в распределительных сетях 0,4 кВ, декарбонизация окружающей среды от углеводородных энергоносителей, повышение энергетической безопасности автономной системы электроснабжения путем увеличения вклада в энергетический баланс возобновляемого энергоресурса, а также снижение стоимости вырабатываемой электрической энергии путем перехода с переменного на постоянный ток. Методы. Ввиду сложности натурного исследования электроэнергетических систем с генерацией различной физической природы в качестве инструментов исследования были определенны: математическое моделирование с последующей компьютерной реализацией в программных комплексах высокого уровня. Наиболее полно условиям моделирования отвечает MatLab, в частности, его приложение блочного моделирования Simulink и библиотека блоков SimPowerSystems. Результаты. Разработан программный инструмент, позволяющий осуществлять имитационное моделирование режимов работы фото-дизельных систем электроснабжения, включая генерацию с учетом текущего электропотребления и инсоляции с целью определения рациональных технико-экономических параметров гибридных генерирующих систем; выявлены критерии целесообразности и эффективности построения фото-дизельных электрических систем на постоянном токе для электроснабжения удаленных потребителей. ; The relevance of the research is caused by the need to extend options for stand-alone power supply systems. Photovoltaic is a part of a government decree related to the ratification by Russia of the Paris climate agreement of 23.09.19. DC power supply systems with the integration of renewable energy sources for decentralized consumers can be the preferred alternative to AC. By using this, that most of the Paris Climate Agreement obligations would be met, as well as requirements for improving energy safety. The main aim of the research is improving the quality of electric energy in 0,4 kV distribution networks, decarbonizing the environment from hydrocarbon pollutions, increasing the energy security of a stand-alone power supply system by increasing the contribution to the energy balance of renewable energy resources, as well as reducing the cost of generated electric energy, in the frame of transition from AC to DC. Methodology. Due to the complexity of the full-scale study of electric power systems with the generation of various physical nature, the following research tools were identified: mathematical modelling with subsequent computer implementation in high-level software systems. Among the extensive range of software tools, MatLab meets the most complete simulation conditions, in particular, its Simulink modelling application with support for transient tracking - the SimPowerSystems library. Results. The authors have developed the software tool that allows simulating the operating modes of photo-diesel power supply systems, including generation with current power consumption and insolation in order to determine the rational technical and economic parameters of hybrid generating systems; identified the criteria for the feasibility and effectiveness of designing photo-diesel systems with DC for power supply to rural settlements; proposed new technological solutions to improve energy safety and technical and economic indicators of stand-alone power supply systems and the options of using smart algorithms with adaptive properties that provide improved technical and economic characteristics of the electric power system.

Background: The OSCAR project aims (a) to research the current state of open science in the European aeronautics and air transport (AAT) research landscape and (b) to implement open science into the European AAT research landscape. To reach the second goal of OSCAR we strive (b.1) to develop an open science code of conduct for the European AAT research landscape and (b.2) to harmonise the main topics of this open science code of conduct with the common consortium agreement models (CAMs) in this field. Objective: The primary objective of the present analysis is to establish an information basis for the strategic alignment of the project. The main question of the analysis at hand is as follows: Is open science (already) relevant in the existing CAMs in European AAT research fields? Methods: We performed a qualitative and quantitative (multi variate) content analysis (Mayring 2014; Blasius and Baur 2014) of five representative CAMs used in the European AAT research landscape. Content analysis is a well-established, scientific method of empirical social science for objective information retrieval (Blasius and Baur 2014). The analysis is comprised of two main steps. The first step was to perform a theoretical background analysis in combination with an automatic topic modelling of open science to determine the important categories of open science. The second step was to analyse the content of the CAMs (a) qualitatively and (b) quantitatively. Results: We determined 18 important categories of open science in general. The inter rater reliability between coder 1 and coder 2 is α = 0.422 (Krippendorff's α). Although we did not achieve the level of agreement of α ≥ .667, there is however, a systematic agreement between the two coders, as shown by the Kendall rank correlation coefficient τ with τ = 0.344626 (p > .001). The observed category frequencies by coder 1 are significant (p .6) (Fisher's exact test). The category frequency is significantly higher than expected (p > .001) (Fisher's exact test). The documents showed a high degree of inter-document similarity. Our analysis showed that the most relevant categories present in the CAMs are: (1) Intellectual Property, (2) Open Source Software, (3) Open Data, (4) Ethics and responsibility. However, it is interesting to note that digitalisation does not seem to be particularly relevant in the given CAMs. Conclusion: Our analysis of the five major CAMs that are widely used in the European AAT research landscape shows that open science and its underlying conceptual framework is indeed relevant in these CAMs. In the forthcoming course of the OSCAR project, we should focus on developing communication strategies that tie on the four identified categories. The OSCAR project should focus on already used EU standards and guidelines and existing best practices of the industry and scientific community. To raise awareness, we should address the policy makers as well as the main stakeholders. Policy makers should make clear statements, commitments and rules. The main stakeholders should be well informed. We should develop simple opt-in, opt-out models for open science that can be used in the projects with ease. Our opt-in, opt-out models should emphasis the integration of conventional intellectual property management and open science practices. Data: All data, statistics and media used and generated by this project can be found in the zip files: data.zip, stats.zip and media.zip