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According to the World Drug Report released by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in 2022, the global drug use population reached 284 million people in 2020, with a growth rate of 26% over the past decade. Additionally, apart from the increase in the number of drug users, there is also a trend of changes and increases in the types and quantities of drugs available. Taiwan is facing a similar challenge regarding drug-related issues. According to the data from the Food and Drug Administration of the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan, as shown in the "Drug Abuse Cases and Inspection Statistics" for the years 2019 to 2021, the age group of "first-time drug users" accounts for the highest proportion of all reported cases of drug abuse across various agencies and institutions. Among these cases, the age group "20–29" had the highest percentage (46.7%, 45.6%, and 43.5% for the years 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively). This indicates a trend toward younger individuals engaging in drug abuse. This study, based on a causal model and from a preventive science perspective, proposes effective prevention strategies and policies. It formulates three prevention strategies: Universal prevention, selective prevention, and indicated prevention to examine the relationship between drugs and the environment. It also summarizes a multi-level development framework, categorizing risk factors into three levels: macro, micro, and individual. By integrating a prevention system and employing theory-based drug education, the aim is to promote drug abuse prevention behaviors during adolescence and adulthood, Hope to achieve a health-centered and balanced anti-drug model through the integration of prevention systems.

Despite strong agreement among scientists, public opinion surveys reveal wide partisan disagreement on climate issues in the United States. We suggest that this divide may be exaggerated by questionnaire design variables. Following a brief literature review, we report on a national survey experiment involving U.S. Democrats and Republicans ( n = 2,041) (fielded August 25–September 5, 2012) that examined the effects of question wording and order on the belief that climate change exists, perceptions of scientific consensus, and support for limiting greenhouse gas emissions. Wording a questionnaire in terms of "global warming" (versus "climate change") reduced Republicans' (but not Democrats') existence beliefs and weakened perceptions of the scientific consensus for both groups. Moreover, "global warming" reduced Republicans' support for limiting greenhouse gases when this question immediately followed personal existence beliefs but not when the scientific consensus question intervened. We highlight the importance of attending to questionnaire design in the analysis of partisan differences.

Despite strong agreement among scientists, public opinion surveys reveal wide partisan disagreement on climate issues in the united States. we suggest that this divide may be exaggerated by questionnaire design variables. Following a brief literature review, we report on a national survey experiment involving U.S. Democrats and Republicans (n = 2,041) (fielded August 25–September 5, 2012) that examined the effects of question wording and order on the belief that climate change exists, perceptions of scientific consensus, and support for limiting greenhouse gas emissions. wording a questionnaire in terms of "global warming" (versus "climate change") reduced Republicans' (but not Democrats') existence beliefs and weakened percep- tions of the scientific consensus for both groups. Moreover, "global warming" reduced Republicans' sup- port for limiting greenhouse gases when this question immediately followed personal existence beliefs but not when the scientific consensus question intervened. we highlight the importance of attending to questionnaire design in the analysis of partisan differences.

Die Autorin stellt einige Forschungsansätze aus dem U.S. Census Bureau vor, die sich auf den Pretest von Umfragen und die Evaluation der eingesetzten Erhebungsinstrumente beziehen. Von den Mitarbeitern der "Statistical Research Division" (SRD) wurde im Jahr 1998 insbesondere vorgeschlagen, einen unabhängigen demographischen Haushaltssurvey einzurichten, der ausschließlich Forschungszwecken dienen sollte. Die Autorin berichtet von Erfahrungen mit diesem Umfrageprojekt aus den Jahren 1999 und 2000, das als "Questionnaire Design Experimental Research Survey" (QDERS) bezeichnet wird. Sie stellt die besonderen methodischen Leistungen des Projekts heraus und gibt einen Überblick über vorliegende Veröffentlichungen und Tagungsberichte. (ICI)

This note reports results of an experimental replication of a 1990-style mail short form census questionnaire during Census 2000. Panels of households were randomly assigned to receive either 1990-style or 2000-style mail questionnaires to evaluate the effects of questionnaire design changes on responses to questions about race & Hispanic origin. The questionnaire changes included dropping examples from both questions. This note considers alternative hypotheses about how examples affect recall & comprehension, & compares experimental panels to assess the effects of examples on detailed Hispanic reporting. There were fewer write-in responses of detailed Hispanic groups & more write-ins of generic Hispanic identities ("Hispanic," "Latino," or "Spanish") in 2000-style questionnaires. This suggests that examples helped respondents understand the specificity of response that was intended by the question; other design differences probably also contributed to the difference in reporting. Some implications of the findings for use of examples in surveys & for comparisons of 1990 & 2000 census data are discussed. 3 Tables, 2 Figures, 11 References. Adapted from the source document.

Established face-to-face surveys encounter increasing pressures to move online. Such a mode switch is accompanied with methodological challenges, including the need to shorten the questionnaire that each respondent receives. Split Questionnaire Designs (SQDs) randomly assign respondents to different fractions of the full questionnaire (modules) and, subsequently, impute the data that are missing by design. Thereby, SQDs reduce the questionnaire length for each respondent. Although some researchers have studied the theoretical implications of SQDs, we still know little about their performance with real data, especially regarding potential approaches to constructing questionnaire modules. In a Monte Carlo study with real survey data, we simulate SQDs in three module-building approaches: random, same topic, and diverse topics. We find that SQDs introduce bias and variability in univariate and especially in bivariate distributions, particularly when modules are constructed with items of the same topic. However, single topic modules yield better estimates for correlations between variables of the same topic.

"Up-to-date design and development of survey items is like a medieval rite rather than a quality-controlled scientific undertaking. This holds despite existing evidence-based protocols propagated for many years by methodologists. Most prominent is the creation process of items, which in general is not a systematic selection from a universe of items belonging to a specific construct. A case is made here, to give up the round-table ritual of item creation in favor of a well-defined selection process. A differentiation of work roles is advocated in the light of knowledge accrued in other disciplines to streamline the item design and selection process for future surveys." (author's abstract)

AbstractSurveying the refugee population poses particular challenges: what measurement and culture effects need to be taken into account? Are some of the constructs related to refugees unique or can constructs used in other surveys be adapted? Due to considerable variation in educational background, in trauma history or in perception of ethnicity or gender roles in refugee populations, one needs to raise the question whether a one-size-fits-all approach is suitable when designing a questionnaire for refugee populations. Drawing upon the experience of the REHEAL study conducted in 2016 during the early phase of refugees' settlement in Greek refugee camps, the article addresses the particular challenges when designing and translating a questionnaire for multinational, multicultural and potentially traumatized refugee populations, residing in refugee accommodation settings. A post hoc scrutiny of the Arabic and Farsi versions of the REHEAL questionnaire forms the basis of this article in order to empirically inform best practices in designing and translating questionnaires for special populations. The authors set the stage by summarizing key aspects of concept and measurement equivalence in cross-cultural research, and then by expanding on the fact that cross-cultural differences in response styles or response sets can affect comparability. Translation and adaptation challenges are examined and illustrated by examples. This article serves to empirically document the benefit and pitfalls of appropriate measurements for use in refugee research.

Since it was first published more than twenty-five years ago, Asking Questions has become a classic guide for designing questionnaires?the most widely used method for collecting information about people?s attitudes and behavior. An essential tool for market researchers advertisers, pollsters, and social scientists, this thoroughly updated and definitive work combines time-proven techniques with the most current research, findings, and methods. The book presents a cognitive approach to questionnaire design and includes timely information on the Internet and electronic resources. Comprehensive a

Long survey instruments can be taxing to respondents, which may result in greater measurement error. There is little empirical evidence on the relationship between length and measurement error, possibly leading to longer surveys than desirable. At least equally important is the need for methods to reduce survey length while meeting the survey's objectives. This study tests the ability to reduce measurement error related to survey length through split questionnaire design, in which the survey is modularized and respondents are randomly assigned to receive subsets of the survey modules. The omitted questions are then multiply imputed for all respondents. The imputation variance, however, may overwhelm any benefits to survey estimates from the reduction of survey length. We use an experimental design to further evaluate the effect of survey length on measurement error and to examine the degree to which a split questionnaire design can yield estimates with less measurement error. We found strong evidence for greater measurement error when the questions were asked late in the survey. We also found that a split questionnaire design retained lower measurement error without compromising total error from the additional imputation variance. This is the first study with an experimental design used to evaluate split questionnaire design, demonstrating substantial benefits in reduction of measurement error. Future experimental designs are needed to empirically evaluate the approach's ability to reduce nonresponse bias.