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There is increased awareness that reproductive health care is a life-saving necessity in the early stages of an emergency. An evaluation in Aceh has highlighted current shortcomings & the need for greater training & awareness raising. Adapted from the source document.

Much work has been done analyzing the determinants of health care expenditures. Much less effort has been devoted to analyzing the determinants of health itself. The focus of the analysis presented here is the production of health, with special attention paid to disaggregating health into pharmaceuticals and other health care. We also analyze the effects that wealth and certain lifestyle factors have on health. Researchers who have analyzed the determinants of health across geographic units have found certain striking and consistent results. First, basic public health services, in the form of potable water and sanitation services, provide the biggest payoffs in decreased mortality for all age groups. Second, the expansion of health care services does not improve mortality to anywhere near the extent that public health infrastructure development does, if at all. Some researchers have even found positive relationships between some health care inputs and mortality. The results on income and wealth have been more mixed. In studies which have analyzed developing countries, researchers have found that higher incomes are negatively related to mortality. Other researchers have found exactly the opposite result when they have limited their samples to rich countries and/or regions thereof. Many researchers have also found that lifestyle factors such as nutrition, and cigarette and alcohol consumption, are important determinants of health. Very few studies have estimated the effects of pharmaceutical consumption on mortality rates either directly or indirectly. The studies which have dealt with this directly in an international comparison context have had serious flaws. Some micro studies and many studies of restricted formularies in the United States Medicaid program have provided indirect evidence that pharmaceutical consumption has a positive impact on health. To investigate whether such an effect could be found in an analysis of international data, we analyze a sample consisting of 21 OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries as of the early 1990s. We convert pharmaceutical and total health care expenditures to U.S. dollars using purchasing power parity exchange rates for pharmaceuticals and health care, respectively. The purchasing power parities were provided by the OECD. Although other conversions are available for a limited number of countries, the measures of pharmaceutical and other health care consumption used here are the best available for a large number of OECD countries. We measure each country's health crudely, but objectively, using life expectancies at birth, at age 40, and at age 60, along with infant mortality. The analysis consists of various multivariate regressions in which we estimate production functions for health. A functional form is used that allows for diminishing returns in each of the inputs in the production functions. The explanatory variables in each regression include pharmaceutical consumption, other health care consumption, gross domestic product, alcohol consumption, cigarette consumption, and richness of diet. In our analysis, we find that pharmaceutical consumption has a positive and significant (both statistically and economically) effect on remaining life expectancy at age 40 and at age 60. It has a small, positive and statistically insignificant effect on life expectancy at birth. The elasticities of pharmaceutical consumption on life expectancy are roughly 0.017 at age 40 and 0.040 at age 60. The estimates are also quite robust to small changes. In a sample comprised of only the 16 European countries for which complete data were available, these elasticities were higher (0.023 for age forty and 0.050 for age sixty) and pharmaceutical consumption even had a small positive significant effect on life expectancy at birth. Pharmaceutical consumption appears to have no significant effect on infant mortality, although it appears that, controlling for lifestyle factors, increased pharmaceutical consumption may even be related to slightly increased infant mortality. Unfortunately, the infant mortality model is not robust to small changes, which does not inspire much confidence. We also find that gross domestic product has a positive and significant effect on life expectancies at the ages of 40 and 60, although this effect is not present in the European-only sample. The results from the infant mortality regressions are mixed. It also appears that non-pharmaceutical health care consumption has no measurable effect on life expectancy, either at birth, at age 40, or at age 60. However, in one specification, we find that it has a negative effect on infant mortality. Again, where infant mortality is concerned, the results are mixed and not robust. The lifestyle variable with the biggest effect on health is dietary richness, measured by the consumption of animal fat. Increased richness of diet improves mortality up to a point but the impact becomes negative as a diet becomes very rich. This result is consistent with the idea of the epidemiological transition: the idea that at low nutritional levels, enriching a diet allows one to better fight off infections, but that at high nutritional levels, enriching a diet leads to a greater incidence of degenerative diseases such as cancer and heart disease. This result is slightly surprising. One might have thought that the OECD countries were wealthy enough that nutrition, in this basic sense, would not be an issue. We believe that this study will add to the debate over how OECD governments should allocate resources both among different health care goods and services and between health care and other goods and services. It improves on much of the existing literature in that it uses better measures of pharmaceutical and other health care consumption and uses a functional form that allows for diminishing returns. The results have been surprising, but they have also been fairly robust in the life expectancy models. The final conclusion is that increased pharmaceutical consumption helps improve mortality outcomes, especially for those at middle age and beyond.

Spiritual care and chaplaincy have come under considerable focus in recent years in Scotland and especially so within the field of Specialist Palliative Care. A combination of National Guidelines, Clinical Standards, Professional Standards, and a Competency Framework have come together to engender considerable discussion and an impetus for developing a framework for spiritual care, religious care and chaplaincy services and practice. The author reflects on the development of the standards and competencies, their format and integration and considers their impact on chaplaincy & spiritual care services in palliative care in Scotland.

In the run-up to the presidential election, the affordability of health care remains a top concern of the American voting public. But how do we know when health care is affordable? On a policy level, how do we set a standard for affordability that can be implemented in a reformed system? Sometimes policy debates about affordability focus only on whether insurance premiums are affordable, although consumers tend to be concerned about both premiums and out-of-pocket costs. At Penn LDI's Medicare for All and Beyond conference, a panel of researchers, policy experts, and consumer advocates discussed and debated affordability in theory and practice. What emerged was a clearer understanding of the value judgments needed, friction points encountered, and principles that policymakers should apply to ensure that health coverage is affordable. This issue brief summarizes the panel's insights.

This paper examines the Standards of Proficiency for Social Care Workers (Social Care Workers Registration Board (SCWRB), 2017b) in light of the scholarship of care. It does so by setting out some key strands of care scholarship and their significance for social care, followed by a critical assessment of care and its relational and emotional dimensions in the Standards of Proficiency (SoP) (SCWRB, 2017b). Given the centrality of care in the title Social Care Worker and the prevalence of the term in legislation and policy, the word is often ill-defined or not defined at all. Discussion of care within social care literature is remarkable by its absence. This is unfortunate for both service users and the emerging profession. This paper argues that placing care more centrally to social care can provide a key counterweight to the increasing processes of managerialisation ascendant in the social professions. An examination of care in the SoP with reference to two core dimensions - professional relationships and emotional labour - highlight some of the complexities and contradictions of care. The paper concludes that a technical rational understanding of care prevails within the SoP, while its relational and emotional dimensions of practice are underdeveloped or absent. It proposes that care scholarship provides a fertile opportunity to augment these threshold standards with a more critical and relationally informed understanding of care in teaching, practice and research.

Health-care associated infections affect between 5 and 30% of patients. The associated burden of disease is extremely high, and is a significant drain on health-sector resources and households. Ensuring safe environmental health conditions in health care can reduce the transmission of health care associated infections. The interventions provide an educational opportunity to promote safe environments that are relevant to the population at large, and thereby also contribute to safe environments encountered at home. This is especially relevant to the trend towards increased home-based care, as wi

14 7 ; S ; A344 ; Elsevier user license: Permitted: For non-commercial purposes: Read, print & download Text & data mine Translate the article Not Permitted: Reuse portions or extracts from the article in other works Redistribute or republish the final article Sell or re-use for commercial purposes Controlling pharmaceutical costs has been the subject of research and analysis in many studies in health economics which have shown that the chronic conditions of patients are an important factor. The present work models pharmaceutical expenditure by different health districts and gender according to the characteristics of chronic conditions. Trillo Mata, JL.; Guadalajara Olmeda, MN.; Barrachina Martínez, I.; De La Poza, E. (2011). Modeling pharmaceutical cost in primary health care according to chronic conditions. Value in Health. 14(7):A344-A344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2011.08.612

Introduction: Pharmaceutical care provided by clinical pharmacists is defined as "the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life". It has been proven to be useful and helpful in improving the medication quality for both ambulatory and hospitalized patients with various diseases such as hypertension, asthma, dyslipidemia, heart failure, and tuberculosis. Objectives of the study: The basic aim of the study is to find the pharmaceutical care on clinical outcomes among hemodialysis patients. Material and methods: This study was conducted at Mayo hospital, Lahore during 2018. This study was a randomized, controlled, prospective trial with 6-month follow-up. The PC accentuates the motivation and patient education regarding the knowledge about the drugs, disease, lifestyle modifications, nutritional information, personal interview, and medication review. Results: A total number of 100 patients were recruited during the study. The baseline outcomes such as IDW, Hb levels, BP and medication adherence rate scores have not been significantly differ. The changes in the outcomes of IDW, Hb levels, BP, and medication adherence rate scores at different time intervals are given in the tables of the academic hospital, government hospital and corporate hospital data respectively in table 02. Conclusion: It is concluded that extra pharmaceutical care provided by pharmacist to HD patients can improve the overall clinical outcomes, such as the levels of FBG, HbA1c, TC, the target attainment rates of HbA1c and BP, and also medication adherences, which contribute greatly to therapeutic effect.