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The article deals with an important and relevant topic — Ukraine's participation in international cooperation in the field of combating corruption. The authors emphasize that measures taken solely at the domestic level are not sufficient to effectively and comprehensively counteract this destructive phenomenon. The authors analyzed the scientific doctrine on the nature and importance of international cooperation. The authors used general scientific and special scientific methods, which provided an objective analysis of the research purpose. The research methods ensured the comprehensiveness and completeness of the study, the validity of the scientific results. It is proposed to analyze Ukraine's participation in international cooperation against corruption through the prism of international anti-corruption legal acts. First, the authors focus on the UN Convention against Corruption. The documents adopted within the framework of the activities of the Council of Europe and the Group of States against Corruption (GRECO) are then analyzed. In particular, the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173), the Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174), the Council of Europe Convention on the Manipulation of Sports Competitions (CETS 215), Recommendations on Codes of Conduct for Public Officials (Recommendation No. R (2000) 10), Recommendations on common rules against corruption in the funding of political parties and electoral campaigns (Recommendation Rec (2003) 4). Particular attention is paid to the EU Anti-Corruption Initiative (EUACI), funded by the European Union and co-financed and implemented by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. This initiative exists to promote anti-corruption reforms. The EU Anti-Corruption Initiative in Ukraine (Phase II) agreement concluded between the Government of Ukraine and the European Commission is analyzed. The conclusion is drawn about the need and importance of international cooperation in combating corruption. However, it is noted that the effective fight against corruption requires taking into account the historical experience of a particular state.

BACKGROUND: Physical therapy (PT) is frequently used for the management of low back pain (LBP) within the US Departments of Defense (DOD) and Veterans Affairs (VA). However, variations in PT practice patterns and use of ineffective interventions lower the quality and increase the cost of care. Although adherence to the clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) can improve the outcomes and cost-effectiveness of LBP care, PT CPG adherence remains below 50%. The Resolving the Burden of Low Back Pain in Military Service Members and Veterans (RESOLVE) trial will evaluate the effectiveness of an active PT CPG implementation strategy using an education, audit, and feedback model for reducing pain, disability, medication use, and cost of LBP care within the DOD and VA health care systems. DESIGN: The RESOLVE trial will include 3,300 to 7,260 patients with LBP across three DOD and two VA medical facilities using a stepped-wedge study design. An education, audit, and feedback model will be used to encourage physical therapists to better adhere to the PT CPG recommendations. The Oswestry Disability Index and the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale will be used as primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes will include the LBP-related medication use, medical resource utilization, and biopsychosocial predictors of outcomes. Statistical analyses will be based on the intention-to-treat principle and will use linear mixed models to compare treatment conditions and examine the interactions between treatment and subgrouping status (e.g., limb loss). SUMMARY: The RESOLVE trial will provide a pragmatic approach to evaluate whether better adherence to PT CPGs can reduce pain, disability, medication use, and LBP care cost within the DOD and VA health care systems.

In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources submitted two requests to the competent national authority in Denmark to set import tolerances for the active substance haloxyfop‐P in linseed and rapeseed. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive maximum residue level (MRL) proposals for linseed and rapeseed. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of haloxyfop‐P in plant matrices under consideration at the validated limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.05 mg/kg. EFSA reiterates the recommendation from the Article 12 MRL review that an independent laboratory validation (ILV) should be provided. Based on the risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that the short‐term and long‐term intake of residues resulting from the use of haloxyfop‐P according to the reported agricultural practices is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health.

Background Psychosocial interventions for adolescent mental health problems are effective, but evidence on their longer-term outcomes is scarce, especially in low-resource settings. We report on the 12-month sustained effectiveness and costs of scaling up a lay counselor– delivered, transdiagnostic problem-solving intervention for common adolescent mental health problems in low-income schools in New Delhi, India. Methods and finding Participants in the original trial were 250 school-going adolescents (mean [M] age = 15.61 years, standard deviation [SD] = 1.68), including 174 (69.6%) who identified as male. Participants were recruited from 6 government schools over a period of 4 months (August 20 to December 14, 2018) and were selected on the basis of elevated mental health symptoms and distress/functional impairment. A 2-arm, randomized controlled trial design was used to examine the effectiveness of a lay counselor–delivered, problem-solving intervention (4 to 5 sessions over 3 weeks) with supporting printed booklets (intervention arm) in comparison with problem solving delivered via printed booklets alone (control arm), at the original endpoints of 6 and 12 weeks. The protocol was modified, as per the recommendation of the Trial Steering Committee, to include a post hoc extension of the follow-up period to 12 months. Primary outcomes were adolescent-reported psychosocial problems (Youth Top Problems [YTP]) and mental health symptoms (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ] Total Difficulties scale). Other self-reported outcomes included SDQ subscales, perceived stress, well-being, and remission. The sustained effects of the intervention were estimated at the 12-month endpoint and over 12 months (the latter assumed a constant effect across 3 follow-up points) using a linear mixed model for repeated measures and involving complete case analysis. Sensitivity analyses examined the effect of missing data using multiple imputations. Costs were estimated for delivering the intervention during the trial and ...

Background Psychosocial interventions for adolescent mental health problems are effective, but evidence on their longer-term outcomes is scarce, especially in low-resource settings. We report on the 12-month sustained effectiveness and costs of scaling up a lay counselor–delivered, transdiagnostic problem-solving intervention for common adolescent mental health problems in low-income schools in New Delhi, India. Methods and findings Participants in the original trial were 250 school-going adolescents (mean [M] age = 15.61 years, standard deviation [SD] = 1.68), including 174 (69.6%) who identified as male. Participants were recruited from 6 government schools over a period of 4 months (August 20 to December 14, 2018) and were selected on the basis of elevated mental health symptoms and distress/functional impairment. A 2-arm, randomized controlled trial design was used to examine the effectiveness of a lay counselor–delivered, problem-solving intervention (4 to 5 sessions over 3 weeks) with supporting printed booklets (intervention arm) in comparison with problem solving delivered via printed booklets alone (control arm), at the original endpoints of 6 and 12 weeks. The protocol was modified, as per the recommendation of the Trial Steering Committee, to include a post hoc extension of the follow-up period to 12 months. Primary outcomes were adolescent-reported psychosocial problems (Youth Top Problems [YTP]) and mental health symptoms (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ] Total Difficulties scale). Other self-reported outcomes included SDQ subscales, perceived stress, well-being, and remission. The sustained effects of the intervention were estimated at the 12-month endpoint and over 12 months (the latter assumed a constant effect across 3 follow-up points) using a linear mixed model for repeated measures and involving complete case analysis. Sensitivity analyses examined the effect of missing data using multiple imputations. Costs were estimated for delivering the intervention during the trial and from modeling a scale-up scenario, using a retrospective ingredients approach. Out of the 250 original trial participants, 176 (70.4%) adolescents participated in the 12-month followup assessment. One adverse event was identified during follow-up and deemed unrelated to the intervention. Evidence was found for intervention effects on both SDQ Total Difficulties and YTP at 12 months (YTP: adjusted mean difference [AMD] = −0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −1.47, −0.03, p = 0.04; SDQ Total Difficulties: AMD = −1.73, 95% CI = −3.47, 0.02, p = 0.05), with stronger effects over 12 months (YTP: AMD = −0.98, 95% CI = −1.51, −0.45, p < 0.001; SDQ Total Difficulties: AMD = −1.23, 95% CI = −2.37, −0.09; p = 0.03). There was also evidence for intervention effects on internalizing symptoms, impairment, perceived stress, and well-being over 12 months. The intervention effect was stable for most outcomes on sensitivity analyses adjusting for missing data; however, for SDQ Total Difficulties and impairment, the effect was slightly attenuated. The per-student cost of delivering the intervention during the trial was $3 United States dollars (USD; or $158 USD per case) and for scaling up the intervention in the modeled scenario was $4 USD (or $23 USD per case). The scaling up cost accounted for 0.4% of the per-student school budget in New Delhi. The main limitations of the study's methodology were the lack of sample size calculations powered for 12-month follow-up and the absence of cost-effectiveness analyses using the primary outcomes.

Thema dieser Diplomarbeit bildet die kritische Würdigung, Auseinandersetzung sowie die Einordnung des § 308 StGB im System der Korruptionsbekämpfung in Österreich nach dem Korruptionsstrafrechtsänderungsgesetz 2012. Nach der alten Fassung hat sich strafbar gemacht, wer Einfluss auf Amtsträger genommen hat, um sich selbst einen Vorteil zu verschaffen. § 308 StGB neu stellt nun ausdrücklich klar, dass sich auch ein Vorteilsgeber als unmittelbarer Täter strafbar macht. Aufgrund der Empfehlung der Staatengruppe des Europarates gegen Korruption (GRECO) hat Österreich durch das KorrStrÄG 2012 den § 308 StGB geändert und dadurch die Forderungen des Art 12 der Konvention (Trading in Influence) erfüllt.Die Arbeit wird vier Bereiche behandeln: Zunächst wird § 308 StGB in das System der Korruptionsdelikte nach neuer Rechtslage eingeordnet. Im nächsten Schritt wird auf die internationalen Vorgaben der österreichischen Korruptionsdelikte eingegangen und ein Blick auf die Entwicklung des österreichischen Korruptionsstrafrechts geworfen. Schließlich folgt die Aufgliederung der einzelnen Tatbestandsmerkmale des § 308 StGB. Durch die Neugestaltung des § 308 StGB ist es dem Gesetzgeber gelungen, den Anwendungsbereich der Verbotenen Intervention massiv zu erweitern. Dadurch sollte es jetzt auch möglich sein, die Bestimmung vermehrt anwenden zu können und einen großen Schritt für die Korruptionsbekämpfung in Österreich zu tun. Vor allem die Erfassung von inländischen Abgeordneten in den Anwendungsbereich im vollen Umfang ist dabei positiv anzumerken. Es wurden aber auch neue Tatbestandselemente geschaffen, die zu Abgrenzungsproblemen führen können. Hier werden die Gerichte künftig mit Abgrenzungsfragen der unscharfen Elemente des "ungebührlichen Einflusses" bzw der "ungebührlichen Einflussnahme" befasst sein. ; This master thesis represents a critical acclaim, a discussion as well as an integration of the § 308 StGB within the system of the corruption control and fight in Austria according to the "Korruptionsstrafrechtsänderungsgesetz "(changed anti corruption penal law) of 2012. According to the old version, someone incurred a penalty who influenced official holders to procure their own advantage. The new § 308 StGB, instead, clearly and explicitly states, that someone who gives an advantage commits crime. Based on the recommendations of the Group of States against corruption (GRECO), Austria has changed its § 308 StGB by passing the " KorrStrÄG" in 2012 and thus met the requirements of the article 12 of the convention (Trading in Influence).The present thesis will discuss four parts : First the § 308 StGB will be integrated within the system of corruption offences according to the new legal situation. The next part deals in detail with the international conditions regarding the Austrian corruption offences and takes a close look at the development of the Austrian criminal corruption system. Finally, there will be a breakdown of the individual elements of the § 308 StGB. By rearranging the § 308 StGB the legislator highly succeeded in enlarging the field of application of forbidden interventions. Thus, now it should be possible to apply the assignments up to an increased extend and thus take a large step in controlling Austrian corruption. Especially the recording of home representatives within the field of application can be seen positively. However, also new elements of offence were created and could therefore lead to delimitation problems. Thereby the courts will have to deal with an increased number of questions of delimitation of the blurred elements regarding "improper influence"or "improper control" in the future. ; von Christian Moser ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2013 ; (VLID)231675

BACKGROUND: Psychosocial interventions for adolescent mental health problems are effective, but evidence on their longer-term outcomes is scarce, especially in low-resource settings. We report on the 12-month sustained effectiveness and costs of scaling up a lay counselor-delivered, transdiagnostic problem-solving intervention for common adolescent mental health problems in low-income schools in New Delhi, India. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Participants in the original trial were 250 school-going adolescents (mean [M] age = 15.61 years, standard deviation [SD] = 1.68), including 174 (69.6%) who identified as male. Participants were recruited from 6 government schools over a period of 4 months (August 20 to December 14, 2018) and were selected on the basis of elevated mental health symptoms and distress/functional impairment. A 2-arm, randomized controlled trial design was used to examine the effectiveness of a lay counselor-delivered, problem-solving intervention (4 to 5 sessions over 3 weeks) with supporting printed booklets (intervention arm) in comparison with problem solving delivered via printed booklets alone (control arm), at the original endpoints of 6 and 12 weeks. The protocol was modified, as per the recommendation of the Trial Steering Committee, to include a post hoc extension of the follow-up period to 12 months. Primary outcomes were adolescent-reported psychosocial problems (Youth Top Problems [YTP]) and mental health symptoms (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ] Total Difficulties scale). Other self-reported outcomes included SDQ subscales, perceived stress, well-being, and remission. The sustained effects of the intervention were estimated at the 12-month endpoint and over 12 months (the latter assumed a constant effect across 3 follow-up points) using a linear mixed model for repeated measures and involving complete case analysis. Sensitivity analyses examined the effect of missing data using multiple imputations. Costs were estimated for delivering the intervention during the trial and from modeling a scale-up scenario, using a retrospective ingredients approach. Out of the 250 original trial participants, 176 (70.4%) adolescents participated in the 12-month follow-up assessment. One adverse event was identified during follow-up and deemed unrelated to the intervention. Evidence was found for intervention effects on both SDQ Total Difficulties and YTP at 12 months (YTP: adjusted mean difference [AMD] = -0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.47, -0.03, p = 0.04; SDQ Total Difficulties: AMD = -1.73, 95% CI = -3.47, 0.02, p = 0.05), with stronger effects over 12 months (YTP: AMD = -0.98, 95% CI = -1.51, -0.45, p < 0.001; SDQ Total Difficulties: AMD = -1.23, 95% CI = -2.37, -0.09; p = 0.03). There was also evidence for intervention effects on internalizing symptoms, impairment, perceived stress, and well-being over 12 months. The intervention effect was stable for most outcomes on sensitivity analyses adjusting for missing data; however, for SDQ Total Difficulties and impairment, the effect was slightly attenuated. The per-student cost of delivering the intervention during the trial was $3 United States dollars (USD; or $158 USD per case) and for scaling up the intervention in the modeled scenario was $4 USD (or $23 USD per case). The scaling up cost accounted for 0.4% of the per-student school budget in New Delhi. The main limitations of the study's methodology were the lack of sample size calculations powered for 12-month follow-up and the absence of cost-effectiveness analyses using the primary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we observed that a lay counselor-delivered, brief transdiagnostic problem-solving intervention had sustained effects on psychosocial problems and mental health symptoms over the 12-month follow-up period. Scaling up this resource-efficient intervention is an affordable policy goal for improving adolescents' access to mental health care in low-resource settings. The findings need to be interpreted with caution, as this study was a post hoc extension, and thus, the sample size calculations did not take into account the relatively high attrition rate observed during the long-term follow-up. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03630471.

Background Psychosocial interventions for adolescent mental health problems are effective, but evidence on their longer-term outcomes is scarce, especially in low-resource settings. We report on the 12-month sustained effectiveness and costs of scaling up a lay counselor–delivered, transdiagnostic problem-solving intervention for common adolescent mental health problems in low-income schools in New Delhi, India. Methods and findings Participants in the original trial were 250 school-going adolescents (mean [M] age = 15.61 years, standard deviation [SD] = 1.68), including 174 (69.6%) who identified as male. Participants were recruited from 6 government schools over a period of 4 months (August 20 to December 14, 2018) and were selected on the basis of elevated mental health symptoms and distress/functional impairment. A 2-arm, randomized controlled trial design was used to examine the effectiveness of a lay counselor–delivered, problem-solving intervention (4 to 5 sessions over 3 weeks) with supporting printed booklets (intervention arm) in comparison with problem solving delivered via printed booklets alone (control arm), at the original endpoints of 6 and 12 weeks. The protocol was modified, as per the recommendation of the Trial Steering Committee, to include a post hoc extension of the follow-up period to 12 months. Primary outcomes were adolescent-reported psychosocial problems (Youth Top Problems [YTP]) and mental health symptoms (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ] Total Difficulties scale). Other self-reported outcomes included SDQ subscales, perceived stress, well-being, and remission. The sustained effects of the intervention were estimated at the 12-month endpoint and over 12 months (the latter assumed a constant effect across 3 follow-up points) using a linear mixed model for repeated measures and involving complete case analysis. Sensitivity analyses examined the effect of missing data using multiple imputations. Costs were estimated for delivering the intervention during the trial and from modeling a scale-up scenario, using a retrospective ingredients approach. Out of the 250 original trial participants, 176 (70.4%) adolescents participated in the 12-month follow-up assessment. One adverse event was identified during follow-up and deemed unrelated to the intervention. Evidence was found for intervention effects on both SDQ Total Difficulties and YTP at 12 months (YTP: adjusted mean difference [AMD] = −0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −1.47, −0.03, p = 0.04; SDQ Total Difficulties: AMD = −1.73, 95% CI = −3.47, 0.02, p = 0.05), with stronger effects over 12 months (YTP: AMD = −0.98, 95% CI = −1.51, −0.45, p < 0.001; SDQ Total Difficulties: AMD = −1.23, 95% CI = −2.37, −0.09; p = 0.03). There was also evidence for intervention effects on internalizing symptoms, impairment, perceived stress, and well-being over 12 months. The intervention effect was stable for most outcomes on sensitivity analyses adjusting for missing data; however, for SDQ Total Difficulties and impairment, the effect was slightly attenuated. The per-student cost of delivering the intervention during the trial was $3 United States dollars (USD; or $158 USD per case) and for scaling up the intervention in the modeled scenario was $4 USD (or $23 USD per case). The scaling up cost accounted for 0.4% of the per-student school budget in New Delhi. The main limitations of the study's methodology were the lack of sample size calculations powered for 12-month follow-up and the absence of cost-effectiveness analyses using the primary outcomes. Conclusions In this study, we observed that a lay counselor–delivered, brief transdiagnostic problem-solving intervention had sustained effects on psychosocial problems and mental health symptoms over the 12-month follow-up period. Scaling up this resource-efficient intervention is an affordable policy goal for improving adolescents' access to mental health care in low-resource settings. The findings need to be interpreted with caution, as this study was a post hoc extension, and thus, the sample size calculations did not take into account the relatively high attrition rate observed during the long-term follow-up.

Universal access has come to be regarded as a human right (Greco, 2018) and thus leapt beyond traditional grounds. The crossroads between AVT and the concept of accessibility, particularly digital accessibility, implies that people with different abilities can understand, interact and navigate through, for instance, websites or other mediascapes. Although the accessibility of digital services has been traditionally the prerogative of web designers and akin professionals, the fact remains that digital accessibility requires the collaboration of a multidisciplinary team that work towards making written, spoken and visual messages accessible to the largest number of people, by means of adaptation, simplification, reinforcement, manipulation and translation. As such, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has set up a series of recommendations in its Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1 to make Web content more accessible to a wider range of people with different disabilities. In line with this international approach, the Portuguese government has also made efforts to improve accessibility to its websites and applications through the Law #83/2018, and launched a seal of accessibility and usability based on WCAG 2.1 to promote a wider accessible environment in Portuguese mediascape. Despite these efforts, Moreno (2014) claims that too many websites fail to provide accessible content, even when the existing guidelines are straightforward and easy to implement. Considering the above-mentioned, this paper will report on the ongoing master's project that aims to turn an institutional website (i.e. festivalcinemacessivel.ipb.pt) into a fully accessible page, by intersecting AVT and MA along with digital accessibility and thus involving a multidisciplinary team. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Purpose. The aim of this research is to reveal some issues of the criminalization of trading in influence. Design/methodology/approach. This analysis is based both on theoretical and empirical methods. Findings. Preliminary results of this research reveal the tendency to include all elements of active and passive trading in influence, provided in the Article 12 of the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (hereinafter – the Convention), into the definition, established in the national criminal law. Therefore, for example, there are a lot of terms, also superfluous terms, in the definition of active and passive trading in influence in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania. However, the usage of superfluous words in definition could really complicate the proper application of the criminal law.In the case of pretended and not real influence, the protected interest of both trading in influence and fraud is important to distinct these crimes. However, the pretended and not real influence is the feature of trading in influence in Lithuania because the legislator pursued the implementation of all recommendations of the Group of States against Corruption (hereinafter – GRECO). Research limitations/implications. First of all, this research reveals the concept of trading in influence as a principal offence established in the Convention. This analysis is limited to the text of the Convention and GRECO's recommendations. Secondly, it tries to provide an answer to the question what is the line between two offences – fraud and trading in influence. Other issues related to the criminalization of trading in influence have not been included in this research. Practical implications. The results of this research may be useful in further research on trading in influence, also, this study would be relevant to the scholars and practitioners (judges, prosecutors, pre-trial investigation officers). Originality/Value. The criminalization of corruption-related offences is a key topic for discussions. So far, in Lithuania the majority of legal studies have been concentrated on bribery, sanctions for corruption offences. In absolute majority of scientific articles on corruption offences the implementation of the Article 12 of the Convention is only mentioned, but not thoroughly analyzed. Scientists from foreign countries analyzed their national regulation of trading in influence and compared with international standards as well as the regulation of some other countries.

Purpose. The aim of this research is to reveal some issues of the criminalization of trading in influence. Design/methodology/approach. This analysis is based both on theoretical and empirical methods. Findings. Preliminary results of this research reveal the tendency to include all elements of active and passive trading in influence, provided in the Article 12 of the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (hereinafter – the Convention), into the definition, established in the national criminal law. Therefore, for example, there are a lot of terms, also superfluous terms, in the definition of active and passive trading in influence in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania. However, the usage of superfluous words in definition could really complicate the proper application of the criminal law.In the case of pretended and not real influence, the protected interest of both trading in influence and fraud is important to distinct these crimes. However, the pretended and not real influence is the feature of trading in influence in Lithuania because the legislator pursued the implementation of all recommendations of the Group of States against Corruption (hereinafter – GRECO). Research limitations/implications. First of all, this research reveals the concept of trading in influence as a principal offence established in the Convention. This analysis is limited to the text of the Convention and GRECO's recommendations. Secondly, it tries to provide an answer to the question what is the line between two offences – fraud and trading in influence. Other issues related to the criminalization of trading in influence have not been included in this research. Practical implications. The results of this research may be useful in further research on trading in influence, also, this study would be relevant to the scholars and practitioners (judges, prosecutors, pre-trial investigation officers). Originality/Value. The criminalization of corruption-related offences is a key topic for discussions. So far, in Lithuania the majority of legal studies have been concentrated on bribery, sanctions for corruption offences. In absolute majority of scientific articles on corruption offences the implementation of the Article 12 of the Convention is only mentioned, but not thoroughly analyzed. Scientists from foreign countries analyzed their national regulation of trading in influence and compared with international standards as well as the regulation of some other countries.

Purpose. The aim of this research is to reveal some issues of the criminalization of trading in influence. Design/methodology/approach. This analysis is based both on theoretical and empirical methods. Findings. Preliminary results of this research reveal the tendency to include all elements of active and passive trading in influence, provided in the Article 12 of the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (hereinafter – the Convention), into the definition, established in the national criminal law. Therefore, for example, there are a lot of terms, also superfluous terms, in the definition of active and passive trading in influence in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania. However, the usage of superfluous words in definition could really complicate the proper application of the criminal law.In the case of pretended and not real influence, the protected interest of both trading in influence and fraud is important to distinct these crimes. However, the pretended and not real influence is the feature of trading in influence in Lithuania because the legislator pursued the implementation of all recommendations of the Group of States against Corruption (hereinafter – GRECO). Research limitations/implications. First of all, this research reveals the concept of trading in influence as a principal offence established in the Convention. This analysis is limited to the text of the Convention and GRECO's recommendations. Secondly, it tries to provide an answer to the question what is the line between two offences – fraud and trading in influence. Other issues related to the criminalization of trading in influence have not been included in this research. Practical implications. The results of this research may be useful in further research on trading in influence, also, this study would be relevant to the scholars and practitioners (judges, prosecutors, pre-trial investigation officers). Originality/Value. The criminalization of corruption-related offences is a key topic for discussions. So far, in Lithuania the majority of legal studies have been concentrated on bribery, sanctions for corruption offences. In absolute majority of scientific articles on corruption offences the implementation of the Article 12 of the Convention is only mentioned, but not thoroughly analyzed. Scientists from foreign countries analyzed their national regulation of trading in influence and compared with international standards as well as the regulation of some other countries.

Purpose. The aim of this research is to reveal some issues of the criminalization of trading in influence. Design/methodology/approach. This analysis is based both on theoretical and empirical methods. Findings. Preliminary results of this research reveal the tendency to include all elements of active and passive trading in influence, provided in the Article 12 of the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (hereinafter – the Convention), into the definition, established in the national criminal law. Therefore, for example, there are a lot of terms, also superfluous terms, in the definition of active and passive trading in influence in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania. However, the usage of superfluous words in definition could really complicate the proper application of the criminal law.In the case of pretended and not real influence, the protected interest of both trading in influence and fraud is important to distinct these crimes. However, the pretended and not real influence is the feature of trading in influence in Lithuania because the legislator pursued the implementation of all recommendations of the Group of States against Corruption (hereinafter – GRECO). Research limitations/implications. First of all, this research reveals the concept of trading in influence as a principal offence established in the Convention. This analysis is limited to the text of the Convention and GRECO's recommendations. Secondly, it tries to provide an answer to the question what is the line between two offences – fraud and trading in influence. Other issues related to the criminalization of trading in influence have not been included in this research. Practical implications. The results of this research may be useful in further research on trading in influence, also, this study would be relevant to the scholars and practitioners (judges, prosecutors, pre-trial investigation officers). Originality/Value. The criminalization of corruption-related offences is a key topic for discussions. So far, in Lithuania the majority of legal studies have been concentrated on bribery, sanctions for corruption offences. In absolute majority of scientific articles on corruption offences the implementation of the Article 12 of the Convention is only mentioned, but not thoroughly analyzed. Scientists from foreign countries analyzed their national regulation of trading in influence and compared with international standards as well as the regulation of some other countries.

The article analyzes the state of counteracting corruption in Ukraine and the role of prosecutors in organizing counteraction to these manifestations. It is emphasized that today the state of counteraction to corruption is rather low in comparison with the developed European countries, which hinders the full realization of the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution of the citizens, the comprehensive development of civil society creates a negative image of the Ukrainian state in the international arena. The main purpose of the work is to determine, on the basis of the generalization of the existing criminal procedural legislation, the practice of its application and analysis of the specialized literature, the role of the prosecuting authorities in criminal proceedings concerning corruption offenses. It is stated that Ukraine has used the experience of the leading European countries in the fight against corruption and for this purpose it has been amended the existing criminal and criminal procedural legislation, as well as created and standardized activities of such bodies as the SAP, NABU, NAZC, DBR, which are responsible. organization and implementation of measures for combating corruption and responding to the crimes committed.In addition, considerable attention is paid to Ukraine's cooperation with the European institutions in combating corruption. It was stressed that the Ukrainian state has implemented a considerable amount of recommendations of the European institutions, which allowed it to join GRECO and as a consequence improved cooperation with the EU in the fight against corruption. It is emphasized that today all measures aimed at reforming Ukraine's law enforcement system with the aim of improving the effectiveness of combating corruption have not been fully completed, and this process needs to be refined in the light of European and world trends. ; У статті проаналізовано стан протидії корупції в Україні та роль органів прокуратури в організації протидії цим проявам. Наголошено, що на сьогодні стан протидії корупції досить низький у порівнянні з розвиненими європейськими країнами, що заважає повноцінній реалізації гарантованих Конституцією прав та свобод громадян, всебічному розвитку громадянського суспільства створює негативний імідж української держави на міжнародній арені. Основна мета роботи полягає у тому, щоб на підставі узагальнення чинного кримінального процесуального законодавства, практики його застосування та аналізу спеціальної літератури визначити роль органів прокуратури у криміналь-них провадженнях щодо корупційних злочинів. Сформульовано, що Україна використала досвід передових європейських країн у протидії корупції та з цією метою було внесено зміни у чинне кримінальне та кримінальне процесуальне законодавство, а також створені та унормована діяльність таких органів як САП, НАБУ, НАЗК, ДБР, на які покладено обов'язок організації та здійснення заходів щодо протидії корупційним проявам та реагування на вчинені корупційні злочини. Крім того приділена значна увага співпраці України з європейськими інституціями щодо протидії корупції. Наголошено, що українська держава виконала значний обсяг рекомендацій європейських інституцій, що дозволило приєднатися до GRECO і як наслідок покращило співпрацю з ЄС у питаннях проти-дії корупції. Підкреслено, що на сьогодні ще не повністю закінчено всі заходи, які направлені на реформування правоохоронної системи України з метою покращення ефективності протидії корупції і цей процес необхідно удосконалювати враховуючи європейські та світові тенденції.

An investigation is carried out on the election of the members of the General Council of the Judiciary at two levels: 1. International, comparing it with the position of different European institutions such as the European Court of Human Rights, the Council of Europe, the Consultative Council of European Judges, the European Network of Councils for the Judiciary, the Venice Commission even the Court of Justice of the European Union itself; 2. At an internal or national level, analyzing the position of the Constitutional Court, the different parliamentary groups, legal professionals and academic doctrine. SummaryI. INTRODUCTION. II. INTERNATIONAL SCOPE: 1. Brief comparative note of countries in our environment. 2. Assessment of the ECtHR. 3. Council of Europe: 3.1. Recommendation CM/Rec (2010) 12. 3.2. GRECO: a) Report year 2017. b) Report year 2019. c) Report year 2021. 4. Magna Carta of European Judges. 5. European Network of Councils of the Judiciary. 6. Venice Commission. 7. Court of Justice of the European Union. III. NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE: 1. Constitutional Court. 2. Parliamentary Groups: 2.1. Socialist. 2.2. Popular. 2.3. Ciudadanos. 2.4. Other Parliamentary Groups. 2.5. By way of conclusion. 3. Justice Professionals: 3.1. Associations of judges: a) APM. b) JJpD.c) AJFV. d) IGF. 3.2. General Council of the Legal Profession. 4. Positioning of the doctrine. IV. CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSAL. ; Se realiza una investigación sobre la elección de los vocales del Consejo General del Poder Judicial a dos niveles: 1. Internacional, comparándola con la postura de diferentes instituciones europeas como el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, el Consejo de Europa, el Consejo Consultivo de jueces europeos, la Red europea de consejos del Poder Judicial, la Comisión de Venecia incluso el propio Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea; 2. A nivel interno o nacional, analizando el posicionamiento del Tribunal Constitucional, los diferentes grupos parlamentarios, los profesionales de la justicia y la doctrina académica.