Suchergebnisse

Índice Siglo y medio de consolidación disciplinar. De la década prodigiosa a la pérdida de ilusiones y las incertidumbres de fin de siglo. Rasgos básicos del planeamiento urbano español contemporáneo. Los riesgos: hacia la desregulación de uso del suelo por vía jurídica o de hecho. Caminos de innovación en el marco de la cultura de planeamiento. Resumen El urbanismo español en este fin de siglo presenta incertidumbres derivadas de factores como la erosión ideológica, la creciente dispersión legislativa, las rutinas profesionales y administrativas y la emergencia de un antiurbanismo sociológico. Tras enumerar algunos de los rasgos básicos del planeamiento español contemporáneo -su carácter municipalista, la escisión entre la planificación de las grandes infraestructuras y la planificación urbana, el afán compresivo de los planes generales, la separación entre urbanismo regulador y urbanismo transformador, el predominio de la extensión frente al mantenimiento y la reforma interior-, el autor se refiere a los riesgos derivados de una desregulación del uso del suelo, sea por vía jurídica o de hecho. Por último, señala algunas vías de innovación en el marco de la cultura del planeamiento: cambio de escala en los instrumentos de ordenación y gestión, simplificación de los documentos de planeamiento, integración de los modelos de transporte y usos del suelo, la articulación entre los objetivos básicos de planeamiento y los mecanismos de flexibilidad, el mayor énfasis en la recualificación frente a la extensión, el control de las externalidades. Abstract Spanish urban planning at this close of the century presents uncertainties stemming from factors such as ideological erosion, increasing legislative dispersion, professional and administrative routines, and the emergence of a sociological anti-urbanism. After pointing out some of the fundamental traits of contemporary Spanish planning - its municipalist character, the gap between the planning of large infrastructures and urban planning, the compressive zeal of the general plans, the separation between regulatory and operational urbanism, the prevalence of sprawl rather than maintenance and brownfield redevelopment -, the author addresses the risks arising from the de-regulation of land use, whether it be de facto or by law. Lastly he points out some channels of innovation within the framework of the planning culture: a change in scale in the planning and management instruments, streamlining of the planning procedures, integration of transport and land use, articulation between the basic planning objectives and the flexibility mechanisms, a greater emphasis on rehabilitation as opposed to sprawl, and control of externalities.

The following article aims to examine Mary Dorcey's poem "Come Quietly or the Neighbours Will Hear," included in the 1991 volume Moving into the Space Cleared by Our Mothers. Apart from being a well-known and critically acclaimed Irish poet and fiction writer, the author of the poem has been, from its beginnings, actively involved in lesbian rights movement. Dorcey's poem "Come Quietly or the Neighbours Will Hear" is to be construed from a perspective of lesbian and feminist discourse, as well as a cultural, sociological and political context in which it was created. While analyzing the poem, the emphasis is being paid to the intertwining of various ideological and subversive assumptions (dominant and the implied ones), their competing for importance and asserting authority over one another, in line with, and sometimes, against the grain of the textual framework. In other words, Dorcey's poem introduces a multilayered framework that draws heavily on various sources: the popular culture idiom, religious discourse (the references to the Virgin Mary and the biblical annunciation imagery), the text even employs, in some parts, crime and legal jargon, but, above all, it relies upon sensuous lesbian experience where desire and respect for the other woman opens the emancipating space allowing for redefining of one's personal and textual location. As a result of such a multifarious interaction, unrepresented and unacknowledged Irish women's standpoints may come to the surface and become articulated, disrupting their enforced muteness that the controlling heteronormative discourse has attempted to ensure. In Dorcey's poem, the operating metaphor of women's silence (or rather—silencing women), conceived of, at first, as the need to conceal one's sexual (lesbian) identity in fear of social ostracism and contempt of the "neighbours," is further equated with the noiseless, solitary and violent death of the anonymous woman, the finding of whose body was reported on the news. In both cases, the unwanted Irish women's voices of either agony, during the unregistered by anybody misogynist bloodshed that took place inside the flat, or the forbidden sounds of lesbian sexual excitement, need to be (self) censored and stifled, not to disrupt an idealized image of the well-established family and heteronormative patterns. In the light of the aforementioned parallel, empowered by the shared bodily and emotional closeness with her female lover, and already bitterly aware that silence in discourse is synonymous with textual, or even, actual death, the speaker in "Come Quietly or the Neighbours Will Hear" comes to claim her own agency and makes her voice heard by others and taken into account.

This article includes some ideas on the crisis that took place in Osh, Kyrgyzstan in June 2010. Apart from a brief summary of the events, it describes viewpoints of the main 'actors' including the international organizations; it also seeks an answer to the question on what the reasons leading up to these tragic events were. Regarding possible sources of conflicts, including the factor of ethnic minorities, the question arises whether the various international mechanisms created for handling regional conflicts function properly, in a conducive way, and whether they can warn the international community of an evolving crisis and prevent conflicts. According to the facts, in the concrete case of the Osh crisis, the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities succeeded in fulfilling his task in the area of early warning; however, no concrete actions were taken by the above-mentioned 'actors' in regional and international politics to prevent the conflict. This paper has no intention of dwelling on this issue as it was very adequately addressed by an earlier article written by Sabine Machl. The ethnic conflicts of 1990 and 2010 in Central Asia demonstrate the vulnerability of the region, which also faces some additional challenges in the field of security. This article does not intend to examine all the aspects of the Kyrgyz crisis. However, as some experts at the time of the Osh events explicitly mentioned, the possibility of the infiltration of militants from Afghanistan and their involvement in the clashes and as Afghanistan itself is a country, where about half of the population belong to various ethnic 'minority' groups (Tajiks, Uzbeks, Hazaras, Turkmens, etc.), one cannot ignore the danger of the implication of the conflict going on in Afghanistan for its vicinity, including Central Asia. The awareness of this challenge was reflected in various ideas and suggestions (to address the Afghan crisis) emanating from these countries. The most comprehensive of these -- according to the views of the author of this article -- is the so called '6+3' initiative developed by Uzbekistan. One of the 'messages' of this article should be that, at the present, stronger and more consistent as well as concerted efforts are needed to deal with evolving conflicts and crises in the broader region of Central and West Asia, where these potential conflicts may develop not only by themselves, in separate countries or 'subregions', but they could include the danger of a 'spillover' which may also effect other countries. Adapted from the source document.

A pesar de la importancia creciente que los gobiernos, programas de reforma educativa y los especialistas asignan a las políticas tendentes al fortalecimiento profesional de los docentes, todavía estamos lejos de tener el profesorado que deseamos. En la última década varios países de América Latina reformaron el currículum de la formación inicial de maestros, tanto en sus contenidos como en su estructura y fundamentos y comenzaron un proceso de reconversión y acreditación de las instituciones a cargo. Sin embargo subsisten serios problemas tanto en el funcionamiento de las instituciones como en el perfil de sus cuerpos docentes y en la organización, planificación y conducción del subsistema formador. Este trabajo se propone identificar los principales problemas que presenta la formación docente inicial y continua en los países latinoamericanos y en el contexto de los cambios y nuevos desafíos que la escolaridad contemporánea le plantea al oficio docente. Para la identificación de los problemas se contemplan cuatro dimensiones fundamentales: la organización institucional; el currículum; los modelos, enfoques o concepciones de la formación; y el perfil de los formadores. Por último, y a partir del panorama descrito, se plantean cuáles son los principales retos para la formación y el desarrollo profesional docente. ; Despite the growing importance that governments, educational reform programs and specialists give to the issue of teachers and to the policies aimed at their professional development, we are still far from having the teacher bodies we wish for. In the last decade many countries from Latin America reformed the teacher-training curriculum -both in their contents and in its structure and foundations-, increased the hour load of the plans, and initiated a process of improvement and accreditation of the institutions. Nonetheless, serious problems persist at many levels: at the institutions, at their teams of teachers and at the organization of the teacher training subsystem. This paper intends to identify the main problems that pre service and in service- teacher training presents in the Latin American countries, in the context of changes and new challenges that contemporary schooling poses to the teacher office. For the identification of the problems, four main dimensions are considered: institutional organization, curriculum, the teacher training models, approaches or conceptions; and the profile of the teacher trainers. In the end, and from the overview described, the author raises which are the main challenges for teacher training and professional development of teachers. ; Grupo de Investigación FORCE (Formación Centrada en la Escuela) Universidad de Granada

Ziel der Arbeit war es herauszufinden, ob und in welchem Ausmaß Erich Kästners Werke ins Russische übersetzt wurden und wie die Rezeption des Autors in der ehemaligen Sowjetunion und im heutigen Russland erfolgte bzw. erfolgt. Dabei wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass politische, gesellschaftliche und kulturelle Veränderungen in der UdSSR bzw. in Russland Einfluss auf Kästners Rezeptionsgeschichte hatten. Ausgehend von einem Abriss der aktuellen Forschung auf dem Gebiet der Translationssoziologie, insbesondere im Bereich der Mächteverhältnisse zwischen den am Translationsprozess beteiligten Akteuren und dem Einfluss von Ideologien wird die Biographie Kästners mit Schwerpunkt auf der politischen Haltung und dem Verhältnis des Schriftstellers zur UdSSR näher erläutert. Darauf folgt eine detaillierte Auflistung der in der UdSSR und in Russland veröffentlichten Werke Kästners, wobei zwischen deutschsprachigen und russisch- bzw. ukrainischsprachigen Ausgaben unterschieden wird. Nach einer Einführung in das Thema ?Paratexte? werden verschiedene Paratexte und verlegerische Peritexte zu Erich Kästner von sowjetischen bzw. russischen Verfassern hinsichtlich Kästners Rezeption und Status untersucht. Anhand von Einträgen in diversen Nachschlagewerken, Vor- und Nachworten, Literaturrezensionen und verlegerischen Peritexten konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Rezeption Kästners in der UdSSR und in Russland politisch bedingt war und einer steten Veränderung unterlag. Historische Ereignisse wie der Zweite Weltkrieg oder die beginnende Öffnung der Sowjetunion während der Perestrojka spiegeln sich nicht nur in den Texten über Kästner wider, sondern auch in den sowjetischen und russischen Auflagenzahlen seiner Bücher. ; The aim of this work was to find out whether and to which extent the works of Erich Kästner have been translated into Russian and in which way the author was received in the former Soviet Union and is received in present-day Russia. It is assumed that political, social and cultural changes in the USSR and Russia influenced the history of Kästner?s reception. First of all an outline of current research on the topic of sociology in translation is given, especially concentrating on the proportions of power between the actors in a translation process and on the influence of ideologies. Kästner?s biography is then described with main focus on the political stand and the relation of the writer to the USSR. Afterwards Kästner?s works published in the USSR and in Russia are listed in a detailed way differentiating between German editions and Russian or Ukrainian ones. After an introduction to the topic of the so-called ?paratexts?, different paratexts and publisher?s peritexts about Erich Kästner written by Soviet and Russian authors are analysed in regard to Kästner?s reception and status. With the help of several encyclopaedia entries, prefaces, epilogues, literary reviews and publisher?s peritexts it has been found out that the reception of Kästner in the USSR and Russia was politically motivated and has changed continuously. Historic events like the Second World War or the upcoming opening of the Soviet Union during perestroika are reflected not only in texts about Kästner, but also in the number of Soviet and Russian editions of his books. ; vorgelegt von Andrea Plank ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in engl. Sprache ; Text dt., teilw. russ. - Teilw. in kyrill. Schr. ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2011 ; (VLID)215434

The interview covered: first involvement with SMU, President of SMU, Bukit Timah campus, roles and responsibilities, faculty recruitment, advertising campaigns, student feedback, autonomous universities, strategy, law school, higher education landscape, impact. Biography: President, SMU, 2001–2004 Board of Trustees, SMU, 2000–2001 Professor Ronald E Frank, or Ron as he affectionately known, joined SMU's board of trustees in 2000 and assumed his role as SMU's second president in September 2001. His presidency was a time of rapid growth for the young university. SMU had just admitted its second cohort of undergraduate students in August 2001. During his time as president two schools were added, the School of Economics and Social Sciences, and the School of Information Systems. New hiring and admissions resulted in nearly a tripling of the number of faculty and students at the university, and the first class of students graduated during his tenure. Professor Frank was involved in planning the university's new city campus which opened in 2005. During his presidency, SMU received two significant gifts. The donation by the global entrepreneur and philanthropist, Dr Li Ka Shing, endowed the new library at the city campus and provided scholarships for students from Hong Kong and China. The Lee Foundation's gift of $50 million, matched threefold by the Singapore Government, was then the largest contribution ever made to a Singaporean tertiary institution and led to the naming of the business school in honour of the late Dr Lee Kong Chian. After stepping down from the presidency, Professor Frank served on an advisory panel for SMU's senior leadership for several years. Professor Frank has taught at Northwestern, Harvard, and Stanford Universities, and at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in the US. During his two decades at Wharton he served as director of research and PhD programmes and vice dean. In 1984 he became dean of Purdue University's Krannert School of Management, and then served as dean of the business school at Emory University from 1989 to 1998. While at Emory he focused on increasing the ranking of the business school and building the school's endowment. Prof Frank is dean emeritus and Asa Griggs Candler professor of marketing emeritus of Emory University's Roberto C Goizueta Business School. He has been a prolific writer of marketing articles, books and journals, and for over a decade was the fourth most-cited author in marketing. He earned his master's degree in business at Northwestern University (USA) and his PhD in marketing from the University of Chicago (USA).

Warfare is an indissoluble aspect of humanity, and is an equally indissoluble part of mythology. Greek mythology is replete with strife between the gods themselves, allegories of human strife, and the most epic aspects were the succession myths, with the primordial couple Gaia and Ouranos overthrown by the Titans, who were, in their turn, overthrown by the Olympians. Warfare is a common trope in all branches of fiction, including science-fiction (SF), and the old pulp magazines were replete with such stories, narratives that featured exotic weapons and that often had Faustian implications, with devastating consequences. Military organisations take technological advances very seriously, as several military works show, to the extent that the 'line between science and science fiction […] has never been totally clear. One of the earliest and most famous SF novels dealing with atomic warfare was Herbert George Wells's The World Set Free (1914), which prefigures the misuse of atomic energy as a weapon of mass destruction. Wells was cognizant of the fact that technological development would lead to such deadly weapons as '[t]he history of mankind is the history of the attainment of external power. Man is the tool-using, fire-making animal'. Warfare can be nuclear, biological, chemical or cyberwarfare. And it is abundantly clear that the entire corpus of work dealing with warfare and SF is too vast to be discussed. Reginald Bretnor has made inroads into this lacuna with three anthologies that assemble both fiction and essays with regard to potential future trends in warfare of all types. Furthermore although the author of this paper is a medical doctor, even the health aspects are too great to realistically discuss in one paper. Hence, only the intersection of infertility in warfare within the genre will be analysed. The approach will thematic, and will attempt to list and taxonomise all narratives that deal with infertility inflicted by warfare in the SF. Many of the narratives now appear dated with entirely new ways of waging warfare that were too far-fetched for 'that Buck Rogers stuff', such as electronic warfare, since for the 'present and for the foreseeable future, electronic systems serve and will continue to serve as the foundation of systems for the control of forces and weapons […] in all branches of the armed forces'. What follows is a brief reading of key texts, a necessarily concise exercise due to the multitude of narratives that have delved into this intersection. ; peer-reviewed

In der Diplomarbeit ?Vergleichende Familienrechtsentwicklung zwischen dem Iran und Österreich? arbeitet der Autor der Diplomarbeit die Familienrechtsentwicklung im Iran vor und nach der islamischen Revolution heraus. Die Familienrechtsentwicklung in Österreich ? beginnend im 19. Jahrhundert ? stellt er anschließend der iranischen gegenüber. Dabei kommt er zu dem Ergebnis, dass sich die Entwicklungen teilweise sehr ähneln:So wie die österreichischen Gesetzgeber versuchten die Religion vom Staat zu trennen, möchte auch die Pahlawie Dynastie eine Säkularisierung erzielen. Die Vermutung liegt nahe, dass die Pahlawie Dynastie nur deshalb an ihrem Vorhaben scheiterte, weil die Umsetzung zeitlich gesehen zu schnell passierte. In Österreich dauerte genau diese Umstellung, die immer wieder Rückschritte und Erfolge verzeichnete, von 1855 bis 1945. Im Iran wurde nach der islamischen Revolution von 1979 die Vormachtstellung der Religion wieder hergestellt.Die in der Diplomarbeit bearbeiteten Themen, angefangen bei der Verlobung bis hin zur Scheidung, sind folgende:Vergleichende Familienrechtsentwicklung im Überblick, Verlöbnis, Abschluss der Ehe, Form der Eheschließung, Scheidung;Zu jedem Thema werden die österreichische und iranische Familienrechtslage historisch beleuchtet und danach miteinander verglichen. Der Autor der Diplomarbeit musste hierfür viele juristische Texte in persischer und arabischer Sprache ins Deutsche übersetzen.Der Rückblick in die österreichische Geschichte, spiegelte die Gegenwart der iranischen Familienrechtslage wieder. Somit konnte Österreich bereits viele geschlechtsspezifische Diskriminierungen ausgleichen, woran die Oppositionellen im Iran jetzt gerade arbeiten. Die Arbeit wurde unter der Betreuung von Herr. Ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Markus Steppan am Institut für Österreichische Rechtsgeschichte und Europäische Rechtsentwicklung geleitet. ; The thesis ?Comparison of family law?s development in Iran and Austria? describes the family-law-development in Austria and Iran from the early 19th century. The comparison between both family laws results in the realisation that the development turned out to be very similar.As the Austrian legislators tried to separate religion from government, so the Pahlawie Dynastie too aimed at secularism. There is the presumption, that the Pahlawie Dynastie failed because of the very speed they used in converting the government in a way they wanted it to be, while the Austrian government took their time to separate religion from government. Though they worked it out in 100 years, they had to suffer defeats, but also recorded successes. After the Islamic revolution in 1979, religion conquered its way back into political affairs.The themes edited in the thesis, are as followed:Comparative family-law-development in an overall view, engagement, marriage, marriage formula, divorce;To each topic you will find the historical development in both states as well as the comparison at the end of each topic. The thesis? author had to translate the legally Persian and Arabic texts into German.The review into the Austrian history reflected the presence of the Iranian family law, as it is now. The Austrian government was able to compensate many gender related discriminations while the Iranian government is still working to getting to this point.Mr. Ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Markus Steppan at the Institute of Legal History and European Law Development guided this thesis. ; vorgelegt von Nassabeh Mohammed Shamsedin ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2011 ; (VLID)216852

Выдвинутые прежде теории коррупции могут быть разделены на теории политической коррупции и теории экономической коррупции. При подходе политической коррупции, основанном на коммунитарианизме, демократические государства рассматриваются как общности, и демократия уважается как «общественное благо». В качестве антикоррупционных мер делается упор на усиление прозрачности доходов чиновников, ужесточение наказаний должностных лиц, четкое определение отношений между чиновниками, политиками и избирателями. При подходе экономической коррупции, предполагающем смешение утилитаризма и коммунитарианизма, так же, как и при подходе политической коррупции, подразумевается общность, в которой распространены капиталистическая свобода и демократия. Сторонники теории экономической коррупции полагают, что «счастье как выгоду» можно измерить. Важными мерами антикоррупционной политики они считают конкуренцию и борьбу за эффективность. Антикоррупционная политика, основанная на подходе экономической коррупции, имеет склонность принуждать любые государства к осуществлению одинаковых мер без учета особенностей истории и культуры каждой страны. Новый подход, предложенный автором, учитывает власть, влияющую на принятие решений продажных игроков. При новом подходе, основанном на либерализме, важное значение придаётся субъектности властного игрока и подчинённого, так как власть ограничивает свободу других субъектов. Для регулирования использования власти следует ослаблять власть правителей, держащих в своём подчинении силовые механизмы. Должны неукоснительно проводиться расследования преступлений, задержания и аресты, выдвижение обвинений и вынесение судебных решений. ; The theories of corruption, presented before, can be divided into political corruption and economic corruption. Under the approach of political corruption, based on communitarianism, democratic states are regarded as communities, and democracy is esteemed as «common good». As measures against corruption the improvement of transparency of officials' income, strengthening punishment on them, being strict with relations between politicians, officials and electors are stressed. Under the economic corruption approach, presupposing the mixture of utilitarianism and communitarianism, a community with capitalistic freedom and democracy is assumed as well as under the political corruption approach. Supporters of the theory of economic corruption approach believe that «happiness-profits» can be measured. Anti-corruption policies based on this economic corruption approach is inclined to force any states to implement the same measures without considering specificity of history or culture of every state. A new approach, presented by the author, recons power which influences decision making of corrupt actors. Under the new approach, based on liberalism, subjectivity of an actor in power and a subordinate is attached importance, because power restrains freedom of other subjects. To regulate power operations, the power of rulers holding violent devices should be weakened. Criminal investigation, arrest, detention, indictment and judgment should be executed strictly.

El propósito de este trabajo es presentar las ideas fundamentales del pensamiento político constitucional de Juan Bautista Alberdi en su obra «Bases y puntos de partida para la organización política de la República Argentina», editado en 1852 y que fue un precedente significativo para la sanción de la Constitución Nacional de 1853. Conforme al objetivo de este estudio, se analizan los efectos que inspiran la publicación de sus escritos y cómo Alberdi trató de premisas fundamentales para ejercer el poder constituyente, así como los objetivos de la Constitución dentro de la situación social y política de América a mediados del siglo XIX. El autor presenta su punto de vista sobre el concepto de «Federación mixta» como una forma de estado transaccional para el Estado argentino, que combina los precedentes «unitarios» y «federales», como lo demuestra la historia institucional, y también analiza los requisitos necesarios para el ejercicio efectivo de la forma republicana de Gobierno. Por último, se presentan brevemente algunas de las demandas formuladas por Alberdi para lograr un desarrollo socio-económico y cultural y el crecimiento de la población, fundamental para la validez de un Estado constitucional.The purpose of this article is to present the fundamental ideas of the political-constitutional thinking of Juan Bautista Alberdi in his writing «Bases y puntos de partida para la organización política de la República Argentina» («Bases and Starting Points for the Political Organization of the Argentine Republic») which was edited in 1852 and was a significant precedent for the sanction of the National Constitution of 1853. Pursuant to the objective of this study, the purposes that inspire the publication of his writing are analyzed and so are Alberdi´s fundamental premises for the exercise of the constituent power as well as the aims sought by the Constitution within the socio-political situation of America by the middle of the XIX century. Then the author presents his point of view on the concept «joint federation » as a form of transactional state for the argentine State, which combines «unitarian» and «federal» precedents as shown by the institutional history, and he also analyzes the necessary requirements for the actual exercise of the republican form of government. Finally, some of the demands formulated by Alberdi to achieve a socio-economic and cultural development and population growth, paramount for the validity of a Constitutional State, are briefly presented.

Рассматривается специфика мотивации совершения террористических преступлений членами радикальных исламистских группировок, характеризующей субъективную сторону преступлений в сегменте этнорелигиозного терроризма, получившего в современном мире наибольшее распространение. Обосновывается гипотеза выбора двух основных мотивов преступной деятельности террористов под лозунгами ислама догматико-правовой легитимации террора с позиции религии и корпоративного поощрения террористической деятельности. ; Ethnoreligious terrorism has now become widely spread in the world. It is possible to assign special motives of participants of terrorist actions to criminological features of ethnoreligious terrorism. Committing a crime the person realizes the social and international danger of the act, expects and desires a certain criminal result. Thus, the correct estimation of any behaviour, including the criminal one, is impossible without understanding its motives and purposes. The motive and purpose are mental phenomena, which, combined with the fault, are the subjective part of a crime. The problem of the analysis of the motive of criminal activity is most delicate and difficult. In this case the researcher should face consideration of religious and ethnic factors of the criminal characteristics of a criminal-terrorist or a criminal group. European researchers subjectively describe the person of terrorists in Islamic radical groups representing them as egocentrics and psychopaths. Actually, they are globalised young men who identify themselves with the virtual and imagined Muslim umma. They move from one venue of jihad to another, they visit preparation camps. They never refer to traditions or traditional Islam. In preparation camps young insurgents learn only those fragments of the Koran where it is told about the struggle with the infidels and voluntary martyr death for faith. Radical lawyers publish instructions based on the Koran and Sheriyat to justify terror. Therefore, the first motive for the Mojahedins who are terrorists is the conviction that all their actions are legal from the point of view of Islam. The second significant motive for acts of terrorism in radical groups is the corporate approval of terror reached by the oath for fidelity bayat. According to the legal substantiation of jihad all the Muslims who are going to battle, should swear the fidelity oath to their political or military leaders. According to the author, arguments of permission of terror from the position of religion and its approval by the terrorist corporation are the basic motives of terrorist activity for the members of Islamic radical associations.

Анализируются взгляды известного историка русского зарубежья А.А.Кизеветтера на роль народных масс в эволюции российской государственности в Средневековье, высказанные им в работе «Общие построения русской истории в современной литературе» в 1928 году. Отмечается, что ученый приходит к выводу, что для научного осмысления роли народного творчества необходим анализ не только эволюции государственности, но и истории русской колонизации, народного хозяйства, культуры и быта российского общества. ; The article analyses the views of famous Russian foreign countries historian A.A.Kizevetter about the role of folk mass in the evolution of Russian statehood in the XVI-XIX centuries expressed in his work General models of Russian history in modern literature in 1928. Here the author is engaged in polemics with B.E.Nolde and I.I. Bunakov who tried to prove the normality of Bolsheviks victory. The contents of the work gives the possibility to speak about some changes in scientists theoretical outlooks during the emigrant period of his life. (1922-1923) If in pre-revolutionary period of his scientific work he was a successive states supporter, then he defended the thesis about folks mass leading role in history, in state construction in particular. Middle sections of the population and in the first place provincial nobility were not content with the position of silent tool in the hands of government power and influenced states policy in the XVI-XIX centuries. Studying society and authorities cooperation problems, to his opinion, must not be limited with the sphere of state construction. It is necessary to analyze the history of Russian colonization, national economy, culture and daily life of Russian society for scientific interpretation of the role of national creative work. A.A. Kvazevetter paid attention to dialectics of general and special in the history of Russia. Undoubtedly, one must not deny the originality of Russias historic way which is caused by climate conditions, Byzantine and Tatar influence. But this peculiarity is relative on the background of historic process general regularities. Their action can be traced in all European nations. Ranking himself among scientific realistic school whose representatives restricted themselves with the frames of real historic events and disputed the ideas of unity and regularities of historic process, he deemed it necessary that changes of societys existence conditions led to state forms changes. The reflections of the famous scientist about the fates of Russian statehood have not lost urgency up to now as they agree with the trends of historic knowledge development.

AbstractThis article includes some ideas on the crisis that took place in Osh, Kyrgyzstan in June 2010. Apart from a brief summary of the events, it describes viewpoints of the main 'actors' including the international organizations; it also seeks an answer to the question on what the reasons leading up to these tragic events were. Regarding possible sources of conflicts, including the factor of ethnic minorities, the question arises whether the various international mechanisms created for handling regional conflicts function properly, in a conducive way, and whether they can warn the international community of an evolving crisis and prevent conflicts. According to the facts, in the concrete case of the Osh crisis, the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities succeeded in fulfilling his task in the area of early warning; however, no concrete actions were taken by the above-mentioned 'actors' in regional and international politics to prevent the conflict. This paper has no intention of dwelling on this issue as it was very adequately addressed by an earlier article written by Sabine Machl. The ethnic conflicts of 1990 and 2010 in Central Asia demonstrate the vulnerability of the region, which also faces some additional challenges in the field of security. This article does not intend to examine all the aspects of the Kyrgyz crisis. However, as some experts at the time of the Osh events explicitly mentioned, the possibility of the infiltration of militants from Afghanistan and their involvement in the clashes and as Afghanistan itself is a country, where about half of the population belong to various ethnic 'minority' groups (Tajiks, Uzbeks, Hazaras, Turkmens, etc.), one cannot ignore the danger of the implication of the conflict going on in Afghanistan for its vicinity, including Central Asia. The awareness of this challenge was reflected in various ideas and suggestions (to address the Afghan crisis) emanating from these countries. The most comprehensive of these — according to the views of the author of this article — is the so called '6+3' initiative developed by Uzbekistan. One of the 'messages' of this article should be that, at the present, stronger and more consistent as well as concerted efforts are needed to deal with evolving conflicts and crises in the broader region of Central and West Asia, where these potential conflicts may develop not only by themselves, in separate countries or 'sub-regions', but they could include the danger of a 'spillover' which may also effect other countries.

The emergence of risky behavior is characteristic in adolescence. Of all
forms of risky behavior in adolescence, the use of psychoactive substances -
cigarettes, alcohol and illegal psychoactive substances particularly stand
out, because of the frequency and degree of prevalence of use, and because of
the impact that they have on youth development in this sensitive stage of
growing up. Unfortunately, today we are witnessing the fact that such
behavior in adolescents has gained an increasingly epidemic character mainly
due to the characteristics of the social context in which young people are
growing up. The main objective of this research, conducted in the framework
of the doctoral dissertation of the author, was determining relations between
relevant sociodemographic factors: gender, age, school success, financial
status and place of residence of respondents, with the appearance and
intensity of use of three types of psychoactive substances - cigarettes,
alcohol and illegal psychoactive substances among the general population of
adolescents. The sample represents non-clinical young population, and it
consists of 529 adolescents, students of the 2nd and 4th class of secondary
school (17 and 18 years old). The data was collected by using Scale use of
PAS (psychoactive substances) in adolescents, which was designed for the
purpose of this research, as well as using a set of questions intended for
the registration of socio-demographic variables. Respondents filled in
questionnaires in groups, during the school lessons. The data show a
relationship between the three studied socio-demographic variables with the
occurrence and degree of use of psychoactive substances in the adolescence
period, such as gender, age and school success of the respondents. As regards
gender of respondents associated with the occurrence and degree of alcohol
and illegal substance use in adolescents, male adolescents more likely use
alcohol and illegal psychoactive substances. Age of respondents associated
with the use of all three types of psychoactive substances in adolescence,
found that older adolescents were more likely to use cigarettes, alcohol and
illegal psychoactive substances. School success of the respondents is
associated with the occurrence and degree of use of all three tested
categories of psychoactive substances - cigarettes, alcohol and drugs, and
the obtained findings indicate that with the decline in school success, the
prevalence of all three types of psychoactive substances increases in
adolescence. Besides the theoretical significance, the applicability of the
findings is reflected in the field of primary prevention and health
protection of youth.

Un análisis de las novedades que presenta la Ley del Parlamento
Vasco 2/2006, de 30 de junio, de Suelo y Urbanismo en la regulación del estatuto
de la propiedad del suelo urbano, tanto de los criterios para su clasificación y categorización,
como los deberes establecidos para los propietarios de este tipo de
suelo. Asimismo, se destaca cómo el nuevo régimen del suelo urbano tiene incidencia
en los procesos de revisión y modificación del planeamiento vigente, haciéndose
hincapié en el estudio de las siguientes medidas: a) los límites mínimos
y máximos a la edificabilidad urbanística; b) las reservas para dotaciones públicas;
c) las limitaciones a los cambios de planeamiento. La autora anuncia una huida de
la actividad urbanística hacia el suelo urbano que requiere de menos obras de urbanización,
reservas para dotaciones y usos protegidos que el suelo urbanizable.
Lurzoruari eta hirigintzari buruzko Eusko Legebiltzarraren ekainaren
30eko 2/2006 Legeak hiri-lurzoruaren jabetzaren estatutuaren arautzeari
dakarzkion berritasunak aztertzen ditu, bai sailkatzeko eta kategorizatzeko irizpideei
dagokienez, bai lurzoru-mota horren jabeentzat ezarritako betebeharrei
dagokienez. Era berean, nabarmendu egiten da lurzoruaren araubide berriak
eragina duela indarreko plangintza berrikusteko eta aldatzeko prozesuetan, eta
hurrengo neurrien azterketan jartzen da arreta: a) hirigintza-eraikigarritasunaren
mugak; b) zuzkidura publikoetarako erreserbak; c) plangintza-aldaketetarako mugak.
Egileak hirigintza-jarduerak hiri-lurzorurantz ihes egingo dutela iragartzen
du, lurzoru urbanizagarriak baino urbanizazio-obra, erabilera babestu eta zuzkiduretarako
erreserba gutxiago behar baititu.
An analysis of the new features in the Basque Parliament Act 2/2006,
of June 30th, on Land and Urbanism of the regulation of the rules of the urban land,
both by the criteria of its classification and designation and the duties established for
the new land owners of this type of land. Likewise, it is emphasized how the new regime
on city land has an impact on the process of revision and change in current planning,
stressing the study of the following measures: a) minimum and maximum limits
to the development potential; b) reserves for the public equipment; c) limitations
to changes to the planning. The author announces an escape by the urban activity
towards the city land which requires less urban works, equipment reserves and protected
uses than building land.