Suchergebnisse

The western countries often considered as those, which had achieved high cultural level and that are the announcers of liberalism and freedom, have legitimized euthanasia with national law by allowing killing a person for a disease or old age. In Lithuania as in the majority of countries of the Old Continent, the decreasing rate of birth, the obsolescent society and its changing attitude towards life, old age and pain force a liberal society to discuss about various forms of death and particularly euthanasia. As the life pace is running in a breathtaking speed causing many human traumas, which often make a person disabled; the diseases that still remain incurable force us to pay attention to the weak people who need help by providing them not with death but life. In this case the palliative help as an alternative to euthanasia stands for the weak. The problem of the topic rises from the intentions to legalize euthanasia, to prove "the right to die"in the court without submitting any other solutions to such a position. When spreading such the posture covered by mercy, the alternative is found in palliative help and care. Lithuania is the last country in Europe, which legalized palliative help – the tools of life quality improvement of the patient suffering from the dangerous, incurable and progressing disease and his relatives. These tools prevent from torment and palliate them, help to solve other physical, psychosocial and spiritual problems. This topic is particularly relevant to prove that the disease and old age do not destroy the person and therefore it is not allowed to kill him, that not everything that is legal may be moral at the same time, that by regulating the health system it is not allowed to lose the main purpose: to treat a person not to kill him. Research problem – the relevance of legislation protecting human life by encouraging the palliative help with regulating legislation to strengthen the respect to human life and dignified death and by repulsing the spread of euthanasia into the Lithuanian law and health system with the principles of palliative help. Research object – legal regulation of palliative help. Research aim – to analyze the legislation regulating palliative help, to analyze the legislation of the countries that have legalized euthanasia, to submit the main principles and objectives of palliative medicine as contradicting to the principle of stubborn untreatment which becomes an alternative to euthanasia. The thesis aims to reveal the reasons for choosing euthanasia by providing an alternative – palliative help. The right of dieing person to get a full treatment meeting his dignity and the dignified death is an integral field of legal regulation about this medical activity. Objectives of the thesis: 1. To analyze the suicide with the help of a doctor and the legal regulation of euthanasia as well as legal and moral boundaries of evaluation by separating active and passive euthanasia and highlighting the difference of stubborn untreatment. 2. To define the concept, principles and objectives of palliative help by analyzing the legislation regulating the palliative help. 3. To present the palliative help implementing and complying with them in Lithuania and Europe as fundamental legal principles. 4. To analyze the principles of palliative help as an alternative to euthanasia, the organization of palliative help in regulating legislation. Over twenty years of independence Lithuania that was able to radically change its health system by changing the human conscious, letting in itself more and more freedom has to take proper responsibility for its society and each member particularly that who lost his health, reached an old age and is dieing. When the society is rapidly getting older, the oncological diseases are spreading and changing the perception that health is much more than the absence of the disease, the topic of palliative help is relevant than ever before because it is an alternative to euthanasia.

In The Future of Human Nature, Jürgen Habermas raises the question of whether the embryonic genetic diagnosis and genetic modification threatens the foundations of the species ethics that underlies current understandings of morality. While morality, in the normative sense, is based on moral interactions enabling communicative action, justification, and reciprocal respect, the reification involved in the new technologies may preclude individuals to uphold a sense of the undisposability (Unverfügbarkeit) of human life and the inviolability (Unantastbarkeit) of human beings that is necessary for their own identity as well as for reciprocal relations. Engaging with liberal bioethics and Catholic approaches to bioethics, the article clarifies how Habermas' position offers a radical critique of liberal autonomy while maintaining its postmetaphysical stance. The essay argues that Habermas' approach may guide the question of rights of future generations regarding germline gene editing. But it calls for a different turn in the conversation between philosophy and theology, namely one that emphasizes the necessary attention to rights violations and injustices as a common, postmetaphysical starting point for critical theory and critical theology alike. In 2001, Jürgen Habermas published a short book on questions of biomedicine that took many by surprise.[1] To some of his students, the turn to a substantive position invoking the need to comment on a species ethics rather than outlining a public moral framework was seen as the departure from the "path of deontological virtue,"[2] and at the same time a departure from postmetaphysical reason. Habermas' motivation to address the developments in biomedicine had certainly been sparked by the intense debate in Germany, the European Union, and internationally on human cloning, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, embryonic stem cell research, and human enhancement. He turned to a strand of critical theory that had been pushed to the background by the younger Frankfurt School in favor of cultural theory and social critique, even though it had been an important element of its initial working programs. The relationship of instrumental reason and critical theory, examined, among others, by Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno, and Herbert Marcuse and taken up in Habermas' own Knowledge and Interest and Theory of Communicative Action became ever-more actual with the development of the life sciences, human genome analysis, and genetic engineering of human offspring. Today, some of the fictional scenarios discussed at the end of the last century as "science fiction" have become reality: in 2018, the first "germline gene-edited" children were born in China.[3] Furthermore, the UK's permission to create so-called "three-parent" children may create a legal and political pathway to hereditary germline interventions summarized under the name of "gene editing."In this article, I want to explore Habermas' "substantial" argument in the hope that (moral) philosophy and (moral) theology become allies in their struggle against an ever-more reifying lifeworld, which may create a "moral void" that would, at least from today's perspective, be "unbearable" (73), and for upholding the conditions of human dignity, freedom, and justice. I will contextualize Habermas' concerns in the broader discourse of bioethics, because only by doing this, his concerns are rescued from some misinterpretations.[1] Jürgen Habermas, The Future of Human Nature (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2003).[2] Ibid., 125, fn. 58. 8[3] Up to the present, no scientific publication of the exact procedure exists, but it is known that the scientist, Jiankui He, circumvented the existing national regulatory framework and may have misled the prospective parents about existing alternatives and the unprecedented nature of his conduct. Yuanwu Ma, Lianfeng Zhang, and Chuan Qin, "The First Genetically Gene‐Edited Babies: It's "Irresponsible and Too Early"," Animal Models and Experimental Medicine (2019); Matthias Braun, Meacham, Darian, "The Trust Game: Crispr for Human Germline Editing Unsettles Scientists and Society," EMBO reports 20, no. 2 (2019).

2007 ; 1. Introduction -- 2. Household population and background characteristics of respondents -- 3. Fertility and reproductive health -- 4. Malaria -- Appendix A. Sample design and implementation -- Appendix .B. Estimates of sampling errors -- Appendix C. Data quality tables -- Appendix D. Persons involved in the 2006-07 Angola Malaria Indicator Survey -- Appendix E. Questionnaires ; Ministry of Health, Guyana Responsible Parenthood Association (GRPA), ORC Macro. ; "November 2007." ; "The 2006-07 Angola Malaria Indicator Survey (AMIS 2006-07) was implemented by Consultoria de ServicÌœos e Pesquisas--COSEP, Consultoria, Lda. and Consultoria de Gestão e AdministracÌœão em SauÌ?de--ConsauÌ?de, Lda. from November 2006 to April 2007. All activities were coordinated closely with the Angola Ministry of Health and the National Malaria Control Program. Funding for the AMIS 2006-07 was provided by USAID/Angola, the President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) and the UNDP-managed Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM). Macro International Inc. provided technical assistance through the MEASURE DHS project of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). MEASURE DHS provides support for the implementation of population and health surveys in countries worldwide." - t.p. verso ; "The 2006-07 Angola Malaria Indicator Survey (AMIS) was conducted under the auspices of the National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) within the Ministry of Health (MOH). It was implemented by two private organizations, the Consultoria de ServicÌœos e Pesquisas-COSEP, Consultoria, Lda. and the Consultoria de Gestão e AdministracÌœão em SauÌ?de-ConsauÌ?de, Lda. This is the first survey of its kind in Angola, and the realization of a standardized household survey constitutes an important landmark in the reinclusion of the country into the international community. COSEP, Lda. and ConsauÌ?de, Lda. would like to acknowledge the organizations and individuals who contributed greatly to the successful completion of the 2006-07 AMIS. First of all, our thanks go to the Government of Angola for its commitment to mounting the country's first malaria survey; to the Angola Instituto Nacional de EstadiÌ?stica, for its support of the survey even though it was embarked on important national surveys at the time; to the MOH and NMCP for their contributions towards highlighting survey needs and also for graciously donating Coartem® medicine to treat affected individuals; and to the National Laboratory, for its involvement in the training and microscopic analysis of blood samples. The agencies are particularly grateful to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) for financial and technical support for the survey, to the Malaria Branch of the Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) for inputs to the survey design, and to Macro International for substantial technical assistance offered throughout the survey. Thanks also are due to the United Nations Development Programme and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) for supplementary funding and support at critical times." - p. vii ; Published also in Portuguese as: InqueÌ?rito de indicadores dea maÌ?laria : Angola 2006-07. ; Also available via the World Wide Web. ; Funding: "This publication was made possible through support provided by USAID under the terms of Contract No.; contract number: GPO-C-00-03-00002-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID."--t.p. verso.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 39). ; Consultoria de ServicÌœos e Pesquisas--COSEP Lda., Consultoria de Gestão e AdministracÌœão em SauÌ?de--ConsauÌ?de Lda. [Angola], and Macro International Inc. 2007. Angola Malaria Indicator Survey 2006-07. Calverton, Maryland: COSEP Lda., ConsauÌ?de Lda., and Macro International Inc. ; "This publication was made possible through support provided by USAID under the terms of Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID."--t.p. verso.

Introduction In many European countries, Public Health (PH) and Preventive Medicine are not perceived as important tools 1 2.The general population, especially those working in non-healthcare related fields, underestimates the crucial role of PH policies as food & veterinary safety, energy efficiency, transport regulation, healthcare design and city planning 3-8. The Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach is instrumental in tackling this information gap 9 10. Originally conceived in the EU, HiAP is now included in WHO's Sustainable Development Goals. In the US, in 2018, the Association of Schools & Programs of Public Health (ASPPH) launched an international campaign called "This is Public Health" (TIPH), whose aim was "to brand public health and raise awareness of how [it] affects individuals, families, communities, and populations" 11. The Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER) responded by creating a European campaign to reproduce the American one. An open challenge was set, in which PH Schools – students and staff – were requested to formulate country-specific proposals. The Accademia Lombarda di Sanità Pubblica, coordinating the Schools and Programs of PH of Vita-Salute "San Raffaele" University, Milan, University of Parma, University of Pavia and Politecnico of Milan set up a proposal to increase PH awareness both in the general population and in healthcare workers. Materials and methods The preliminary phase was dedicated to the Project setup and was conducted by the ten new Residents of the Vita-Salute "San Raffaele" University, with the coordination and supervision of the PI and the Schools' Directors. The working group extensively discussed the need for an appropriate translation of the catchphrase and a new graphic rendering of the TIPH logo. An agreement was finally reached to adapt all the elements of the Campaign, re-elaborating them according to the Italian context. The word "health" has a double meaning in Italian ("salute" and "sanità"). Furthermore, people with limited English proficiency are a large part of the target population. Therefore, the Group opted for a non-literal translation ("Per la salute di tutti"). To further boost the Campaign online, the group created "TIPH – Italy" accounts and pages on the main social media (i.e. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram). Subsequently, the PI assigned tasks to each of the team's members from the various PH Schools involved. The operational phase is currently underway, and a series of activities are already in schedule. All laws and resolutions enacted by local governments (Lombardy Region and, in a future phase, Emilia Romagna Region) are being thoroughly analysed, to assess their direct or indirect PH impact. Spreading the project will be a key for its success. In the next months, multiple promotional events will be organised, addressing both operators and the public at large. Surveys will be administered before and after the events, both to assess baseline knowledge and attitudes towards PH initiatives, and to verify the interventions' effectiveness in raising awareness. Running a social media photo contest will be a useful option for targeting younger age groups, following in the steps of the US campaign. Side events will be organised, such as congress, meeting, press conferences, with the purpose of giving the latest updates about the Campaign. Conclusions Italy is a challenging country. A fairly strong National Health Service, with plenty of positive health indicators, coexist with impressive inequalities and contradictions, both in the North-South and in the rich-poor axis. In light of this scenario, stronger recognition of the role and the importance of PH is essential. PH awareness is ultimately directed at informing policymaking and improving community health 12. While the potential impact of TIPH in Italy is still to be fully explored, the basis for its potential success can only lie in the delivery of a culturally appropriate message. TIPH Italy is a wonderful opportunity of making PH accessible to the general population in an effective, yet entertaining way.

Medical moulage is the art of reproducing a healthy or afflicted body part as macroscopic model for the purpose of documentation, training or assessment. Casts, additionally modified by colouring or other techniques, and wax moulages have served as models since ancient times until photography was established. Modern moulage includes a complex combination of silicone casts, temporary tattoos, professional make-up, and other techniques to depict particular signs of disease on a healthy person or on a mannequin in simulation-based education. In the literature a comprehensive overview about the use of modern medical moulage in health professions education is missing. We aim to provide medical educators with such an overview of this promising aspect of simulation in education, describing how the moulages are being used in health professions education and assessment, and how the use of moulage is evaluated regarding its effectiveness. Hits for the search term "moulage" in the journal websites' search option of InCites Journal Citation Report listed journals of dermatology (all, n=63) and education journals (health related, including nursing and military medicine, n=22) constituted an initial data basis and included publications up until December 2017. Original research articles in English and German describing the use of modern medical moulage in health professions education (teaching and assessment) or evaluating such use were included. Based on these search results, iterative forward search (sources citing an included hit) as well as iterative backward search (sources cited within an included hit) was performed until no more articles matching inclusion criteria were found. For inclusion, articles had to specify either the depicted condition, information on whom the moulages were used, the training's or assessment's target population, the educational scenario in which moulages were used, or the mode of moulage evaluation. In sum, 50 articles were included in this review. The use of modern moulage included the simulation of signs of trauma like hematoma, abrasions, lacerations, burns, open and closed fractures, evisceration, or amputations and, in a more dermatological setting, integumentary diseases such as melanoma, herpes, psoriasis, diabetic ulcer or Ebola rashes. Moulage was either applied to mannequins or simulated patients. Target populations covered undergraduate and postgraduate learners in health professions including nursing students and registered nurses, medical students, residents, physicians, pharmacy students, emergency medical technicians, firemen, first responders, and army and navy personnel. 39 studies reported the use of moulage in teaching settings. These were predominantly instances of clinical skills teaching, but a different, noteworthy application was to facilitate affective learning objectives by applying the moulage to the students themselves and letting them experience certain illnesses. Eleven studies described the use of moulage for assessment purposes. In both, teaching and assessment, moulages were evaluated regarding the extent to which they looked realistic and the extent to which their use enhanced the credibility of the simulation. For teaching, moulage was additionally evaluated regarding its usability and teaching effectiveness. Different teaching modalities (with or without or with different moulages) were compared regarding their effect on learners' self-efficacy and performance. In assessment, moulages were evaluated indirectly by the extent to which simulated lesions (like incidental melanoma) were correctly detected by the examinees. In this review, we analysed and describe how modern moulage is used in health professions education. A certain degree of validity can be argued for both teaching and assessment settings. The range of signs and symptoms being simulated with moulage is probably wider then could be reported here, since the details of moulage simulation are often not elaborated upon in literature. As in other simulation settings, there is little understanding so far, as to how much simulation authenticity is necessary, i.e. when moulage application is worth the effort and makes a meaningful difference. On a more practical side, studies have demonstrated that moulage produced by professional make-up artists is of higher quality than health professions educators' own creations. Therefore, we suggest there should be more opportunities for health professions educators to professionalize themselves and we highlight the value of exchanging recipes and techniques of preparing modern medical moulage. Lastly, we emphasize the educational potential of modern medical moulage, as it offers possibilities well beyond clinical skills training.

After defining language as system of symbols, words and linguistic expressions, as well as the part of the culture, we pointed out the classification, and essential changes in many languages worldwide. Many contemporary languages can be classified to the spoken languages, languages in specific sciences (political sciences, economy, medicine, etc.), artificial languages(language of symbols, such as Esperanto or any programming language - Basic, Pascal, SQL, SPSS, C, Java, etc.) as well as a meta-language (more precisely in meaning of the statement). In various languages in the world, many changes have been already happened such as: changes in the meaning of the words (democracy, profile), or disappearance of some words, because specific political phenomena, process or services have disappeared (self-management organizations and communities, social ownership, floppy disk, etc.). Also, changes in languages are formation of new words and phrases regarding new political phenomena or processes (globalization, screening, monitoring, extremism), and most of those words are derived from the English language, often without translation to a particular language (computers, internet, communication). And finally, changes regarding linguistic typology, according different criteria - geography (localizm, dialects) occupation or education level. Due to geography criteria, English language can differ from standard American English, English at the universities Oxford and Cambridge, Australian English, and cockney to the Indian English, African-American English, or jacket English. In political sciences, as well in the methodology of political sciences, the language has great importance in determination of political process or phenomena, as well as their meaning and definition. Although there are problems related to the meaning of words and linguistic expressions in social and political sciences, some authors have clear and precise wording, such as Slobodan Jovanovic, Henry Kissinger, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Joseph Nyeand others. Throughout civilization, the language has reflected the distribution of power in the world. It is still considered that English language is lingua franca, the most popular language worldwide. However, it is estimated that the majority of world population will use other languages such as Chinese, Hindi, Spanish and Arabic by 2050. According to estimates linguist, there are approximately 6,000 existing languages but many languages of small communities will rapidly disappear during the 21st century. Also, many countries have taken certain measures to protect their languages, such as establishing the Fund for endangered languages or the Foundation for Endangered Languages. However, in the process of Serbia's EU accession, Serbian language includes many naturalizations (enlargement, comitology, screening, monitoring, etc.), and that can create even bigger problems, and certainly will not contribute to a better understanding and defining the terms in political and other social sciences. Beside, in political science there are many problems relating to the determination of the definition, meaning, and the implementation of several methods in the framework of the methodology of political science - comparative, statistical, and in particular, the data analysis. In the Republic of Serbia, insufficiently efforts have made to preserve the Serbian language and alphabet. Several years ago a law on the official use of Serbian language and alphabet has been adopted, and several associations such as the National Council for Serbian language and alphabet, Serbian association 'Cyrillic' and other advocates for the preservation of Serbian language, the official and public use of the Cyrillic alphabet. Also, in the Republic of Serbia has been adopted the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages where ten languages have been alleged, such as Albanian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Hungarian, Romanian, Slovak and others. ; U političkim naukama, kao i u metodologiji političkih nauka, jezik ima značajnu ulogu u određivanju političkih procesa i pojava. Tokom istorije, jezik je oslikavao raspodelu moći u svetu. Da li je još uvek lingua franca engleski jezik? I da li će to sutra postati kineski, arapski ili španski jezik? Osim toga, postoje mnoge promene između jezika u svetu, kao i unutar njih.U okviru različitih jezika u svetu dešavaju se mnoge promene, i to u značenju reči, jezičkoj tipologiji, nestajanju nekih reči ili nastajanju novih reči i izraza, i dr. U radu smo nastojali da ukažemo na koji način promene u jezicima utiču na razumevanje, shvatanje pojmova, ali i na proces definisanja u političkim naukama.

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Artículos en revistas ; Edición del informe de la V Conferencia Altius en la Oxford Union ; What are the goals of education, and how should they be interpreted in our time? The challenges posed by the emergence of technologies like Artificial Intelligence demand a renewed reflection on the nature and scope of the educational process, in order to address the question of how to educate the human mind to cope with these problems and opportunities. The aim of this paper is to explore a framework for the relationship between education, values and new technologies within the present social and economic context. In it, the role of rationality, emotions, empathy, creativity and the possibility of developing a broader concept of mind for empowering human beings and helping us to better understand ourselves and the world will also be examined. In essence, the paper contains a summary of the main ideas discussed in the Fifth Altius conference on Educating for the Future at the Oxford Union, which took place between September 28 and 30, 2018. Due to the Chatham House Rule * This paper is an edited version of the report on the Fifth Altius Conference at the Oxford Union. It is written on behalf of the Altius Society at Oxford, with the collaboration of Altius scholars Ashkaan Golestani, María Alegría Gutiérrez, Pamina Smith, Joshua Tan, and Sven Wang. The Altius Society wants to express its special gratitude to Ashkaan Golestani for his valuable help in editing the text, and to Garry Jacobs (who has participated in the last three Altius conferences as a speaker and attendee and whose questions have greatly contributed to the debates) for his suggestion of publishing this report in Cadmus. The Altius Society at Oxford (https://www.altius-society.com/) was founded by Carlos Blanco Pérez and Alexandre Pérez Casares in 2012 with the aim of becoming a global forum where senior practitioners, academics, and political figures, as well as young promising scholars and professionals gather to discuss the most relevant strategic trends of the 21st century and their impact on the future of our societies and economies. Based on the ideal of intellectual cooperation across academic disciplines, the past themes of the Altius conferences at Oxford have been The future of democracy in the Western hemisphere (2014), The extension of life (2015), The brain of the future (2016) and The future of communication (2017). Throughout these years, Nobel laureates, Fields medalists, and world-renowned philosophers have spoken at the Altius conference in the Debating Chamber of the Oxford Union. Among the speakers at the Fifth Altius conference it is worth mentioning the names of the following: Sheldon Glashow (1979 Nobel laureate in Physics), Peter Agre (2003 Nobel laureate in Chemistry), Oliver Hart (2016 Nobel laureate in Economics), Sir Richard Roberts (1993 Nobel laureate in Medicine), Howard Gardner (Professor at Harvard University), Rose Luckin (Professor at University College, London), Jeffrey Sachs (Professor at Columbia University), Manuela Veloso (Professor at Carnegie Mellon University), Anne Watson (Professor at the University of Oxford), Simon Blackburn (Professor at the University of Cambridge), Andreas Schleicher (Director of the PISA report), Archie Brown (Professor at the University of Oxford), Mikołaj Dowgielewicz (former Polish minister for European Affairs), Peter Atkins (Professor at the University of Oxford), Miguel Ángel Moratinos (former Spanish minister for Foreign Affairs), Olivier Crouzet (Dean of Studies at École 42, Paris), Lady Barbara Judge (former Chairman of the UK Pension Protection Fund), and David Berry (Professor at the University of Sussex). CADMUS Volume 3 - Issue 6, May 2019 Educating for the Future C. Blanco-Pérez, A. Pérez-Casares & R. Rodrigáñez-Riesco 130 131 requirements, attribution has been avoided. Thus, the report is focused on the presentation of the most relevant concepts and arguments expressed by the speakers and exchanged with the audience. In any case, the report is not exhaustive and it does not necessarily reflect the order of events followed at the Oxford Union. Rather, it is aimed at exposing, in a concise manner, the principal themes that were explored during the conference and the key practical suggestions drawn from different sessions. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Almost two decades after the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak, the Chinese government is again confronting a mysterious illness caused by an agent similar to the SARS coronavirus. How China responds to the outbreak have implications for ASEAN states, especially in anticipation of an influx of Chinese visitors during the coming Lunar New Year holiday.

The spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19) has jolted the world economy suspending business activities and forcing millions of people to stay at home. According to estimates, COVID-19 crisis would leave 25 million unemployed in Pakistan pushing millions towards hunger and poverty. Sectors like tourism and travel, stock markets, entertainment, manufacturing etc. are the worst hit. The global economy projection is 2.9% to 2.4% while China's economic forecast has been downgraded from 6.1% to 4.9% (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD] 2020). The world GDP growth is expected to decrease from earlier projection of 2.9% to 2.4%. European Union will be the most affected in terms of trade loss due to COVID-19 which is estimated as $ 15,597 million (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development [UNCTAD] 2020). The United States is the second most affected country with trade impact of $ 5,779 million. India also falls among top 15 affected countries with trade impact of $ 348 million. Chemicals sector, textile and apparel, automotive, electrical machinery, leather products, metals & metal products, wood products, and furniture are the sectors, which received a severe blow in India.

The spread of COVID-19, an unprecedented anomaly of our times, is so wide and rapid that even most advanced economies are unable to respond to it quickly and appropriately. If this situation persists longer, not only the global health system may collapse but also there are apprehensions of large-scale socioeconomic meltdown. The Global North is currently the most-affected region due to Coronavirus outbreak where most of the governments have clamped complete lockdowns (Map A). These countries not only drive the global economy, trade and politics but also paved the way for labour migration from the Global South, which is underdeveloped or least developed. The Global South is heavily dependent on financial remittances from migrants. In 2019, the global flow of remittances to developing countries was recoded US$ 550 billion, which is larger than Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Official Development Assistance (ODA) (Plaza et al. 2019). This flow of remittances helped the developing countries to reduce poverty, overcome food insecurity, support balance of payments, and contribute to national economic growth. Pakistan is among top 10 recipients of global remittances (Plaza et al. 2019). In 2019, Pakistan received Rs 21.8 billion foreign remittances, which contribute to about 8 percent of its GDP. In the meantime, the migrant workers in GCC countries dropped to about 60 percent in 2018 compared to 2015, which is mainly due to the nationalization policies opted by these countries (Plaza et al. 2019). The decline in demand for Pakistani migrant workers is alarming and needs immediate attention of the government. Likewise, the strict regulations imposed by the European Union against refugees and asylum seekers during the migrants crisis in 2019 also aggravated the situation. In this backdrop, this policy review looks into the ways how COVID-19 spread can impact remittance flows and what should be the policy options to mitigate this impact.

Funder: Government Department of Business ; Funder: Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) ; Funder: Vice-Chancellor Fellowship from the University of Bristol ; Funder: Shanghai Thousand Talents Program ; Funder: Academy of Medical Sciences (AMS) Springboard Award ; Funder: BBSRC Innovation fellowship ; Funder: NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol ; BACKGROUND: This study was to systematically test whether previously reported risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) are causally related to CKD in European and East Asian ancestries using Mendelian randomization. METHODS: A total of 45 risk factors with genetic data in European ancestry and 17 risk factors in East Asian participants were identified as exposures from PubMed. We defined the CKD by clinical diagnosis or by estimated glomerular filtration rate of 25 kg/m2. CONCLUSIONS: Eight cardiometabolic risk factors showed causal effects on CKD in Europeans and three of them showed causality in East Asians, providing insights into the design of future interventions to reduce the burden of CKD. ; This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank resource under Application Numbers '40135' and '15825'. J.Z. is funded by a Vice-Chancellor Fellowship from the University of Bristol. This research was also funded by the UK Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit [MC_UU_00011/1, MC_UU_00011/4 and MC_UU_00011/7]. J.Z. is supported by the Academy of Medical Sciences (AMS) Springboard Award, the Wellcome Trust, the Government Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS), the British Heart Foundation and Diabetes UK [SBF006\1117]. This study was funded/supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol (G.D.S., T.R.G. and R.E.W.). This study received funding from the UK Medical Research Council [MR/R013942/1]. J.Z., Y.M.Z. and T.R.G are funded by a BBSRC Innovation fellowship. J.Z. is supported by the Shanghai Thousand Talents Program. Y.M.Z. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [81800636]. H.Z. is supported by the Training Program of the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China [91642120], a grant from the Science and Technology Project of Beijing, China [D18110700010000] and the University of Michigan Health System–Peking University Health Science Center Joint Institute for Translational and Clinical Research [BMU2017JI007]. N.F. is supported by the National Institutes of Health awards R01-MD012765, R01-DK117445 and R21-HL140385. R.C. is funded by a Wellcome Trust GW4 Clinical Academic Training Fellowship [WT 212557/Z/18/Z]. The Trøndelag Health Study (the HUNT Study) is a collaboration between HUNT Research Centre (Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Trøndelag County Council, Central Norway Regional Health Authority and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. M.C.B. is supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) Skills Development Fellowship [MR/P014054/1]. S.F. is supported by a Wellcome Trust PhD studentship [WT108902/Z/15/Z]. Q.Y. is funded by a China Scholarship Council PhD scholarship [CSC201808060273]. Y.C. was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China [2016YFC0900500, 2016YFC0900501 and 2016YFC0900504]. The China Kadoorie Biobank baseline survey and the first resurvey were supported by a grant from the Kadoorie Charitable Foundation in Hong Kong. The long-term follow-up is supported by grants from the UK Wellcome Trust [202922/Z/16/Z, 088158/Z/09/Z and 104085/Z/14/Z]. Japan-Kidney-Biobank was supported by AMED under Grant Number 20km0405210. P.C.H. is supported by Cancer Research UK [grant number: C18281/A19169]. A.K. was supported by DFG KO 3598/5–1. N.F. is supported by NIH awards R01-DK117445, R01-MD012765 and R21-HL140385. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the National Institute for Health Research or the Department of Health.

В Україні, як і в більшості європейських країн, поширеність хронічних захворювань кровообігу є пріоритетною проблемою громадського здоров'я, які істотно впливають на тривалість життя населення, зумовлюючи третину причин інвалідності та дві третини всіх випадків смерті. Проаналізований досвід організації профілактики захворювань системи кровообігу в Україні.В Украине, как и в большинстве европейских стран, распространенность хронических заболеваний кровообращения является приоритетной проблемой общественного здоровья, которые существенно влияют на продолжительность жизни населения, вызывая треть причин инвалидности и две трети всех случаев смерти. Проанализирован опыт организации профилактики заболеваний системы кровообращения в Украине.In Ukraine, as in most European countries, the prevalence of chronic diseases of circulatory system is a priority public health problem. According to statistics of the World Health Organization (WHO) Ukraine leader among European countries in terms of mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD). Thus, in 2011-2012,440 thousand Ukrainians died of CVD. Studies indicate widespread risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Ukraine (33. 5 % of adults revealed hypertension, 56. 8 % are overweight, 44 % of men and 16. 5% of women smoke). The experience of developed countries confirmed ability to control risk factors and reduce morbidity from cardiovascular disease. Through programs in Japan the death rate from stroke declined by 4 times, 2 times in Germany, in Finland the project "North Karelia" through measures against such risk factors as hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, the incidence of coronary heart disease among male population of working age decreased to 80 %. Ukraine has announced the strategic direction of preventive activities in national health care. From 20062010 it was introduced "State program of prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases for 20062010 ", which aims to prevent disease and reduce cardiovascular and vascular brain disease, disability and mortality their complications, prolonging her quality of life of the population. 356 Вісник проблем біології і медицини 2014 Вип. 3, Том 1 (110) The program helped to increase the average life expectancy, estimated to reduce mortality from stroke by 3%, coronary heart disease up to 5 %, reduce the level of primary disability caused by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in the working age to 5 % in 2008 and to 10 % in 2010. Initiated and performed «The program of prevention and treatment of hypertension in Ukraine», approved by the President of Ukraine 4. 02. 1999r. Number 117/ 99, interdisciplinary program « Health of the Nation», the basis for the implementation of which was the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine № 14 dated 10 January 2002 «State program of prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases for 2006-2010" approved Cabinet of Ministers № 761 of May 31,2006. Since its introduction more than 10 years have passed. It was assumed that after 10-12 years of focused effort can expect a decrease in mortality from cerebral stroke by 20 30% of coronary heart disease by 10 %, which generally leads to an increase in overall life expectancy. The initial phase of implementation of the program was aimed at identifying active patients with arterial hypertension and widespread public awareness about the disease and its consequences, the stratification of risk groups for complications, implementation of new treatment technologies, education and training of health workers, and others. Ukraine has a government social program to reduce the harmful effects of tobacco on health, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers Ukraine on September 3, 2009 number 940, and as a result over the past 4 years, the number of smokers in Ukraine has decreased by 17%. Commitment to a healthy lifestyle in the prevention of cardiovascular disease applies to people who have a doctor's specialty. Therefore, at the initiative of the Association of preventive and anti-aging medicine as part of the national program for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases "cardiovascular risk under control" was created the I National Register of controlling cardiovascular risk in physicians. In modern conditions it is important to potential and rationality in the health care system, which according to the policy of " Health 2020: Ukrainian Dimension", is to improve the performance of its operations and reduce costs by increasing the amount of investment attracted to implementation of measures to promote health and prevent disease, and increase the effectiveness of treatment and rehabilitation of patients with circulatory diseases.

Актуальность проведенного исследования отражает интерес научного сообщества к проблемам взаимоотношения власти и общества, личности и государства в кризисные периоды Отечественной истории, которым явилась тотальная Первая мировая война 1914–1918 гг. Патриотическая деятельность региональных самоуправлений была проявлением инициативы и самодеятельности общественных и государственных структур. Цели исследования отражают авторский замысел и композицию статьи. Изучены мотивы, общественная реакция и опыт становления общероссийских и региональных земских союзов в военные годы. Уточнены финансовые возможности и материальные ресурсы земских органов, которые были направлены на реализацию патриотической помощи больным и раненым воинам. Выявлено привлечение земствами как собственных ресурсов, так и пожертвований и правительственных субсидий. Использованы первичные материалы Тамбовского государственного архива и журналов земского собрания, которые позволили системно и панорамно рассмотреть заявленную проблему. Уточнены особенности юридического статуса местных самоуправлений в период войны, в т. ч. деление их на губернские и уездные. Приведены статистические данные о количестве раненых и обеспечении их санитарно-меди-цинскими материалами. Сделан вывод, что главную задачу, заключавшуюся в организации госпитального лечения больных и раненых воинов, земство выполнило. Тамбовская губерния была обеспечена тем количеством коек, какое было установлено для нее планом внутренней эвакуации. Лазареты снабжались пищей, одеждой, лекарственными препаратами и перевязочными материалами. Само население приняло широкое участие в содержании лазаретов, именных коек, жертвуя деньги, продукты и одежду. Специально изучены феномен военных инвалидов военного времени, уточнена их численность и меры социальной защиты. Автору удалось выявить особенности деятельности общественных организаций военных инвалидов. Показано, что после 1917 г. повсеместно стали возникать региональные, городские союзы и отделы увечных воинов, делегировавшие своих представителей в Советы и исполкомы. Все же механизм и система государственной социальной политики по отношению к увечным защитникам отечества были далеки от совершенства, отставали от требований времени, не создавали достойных условий жизни для военных инвалидов. ; Relevance of the research, reflected in the article, is obvious. It shows the interest of the scientific community to the problems of the relationship between power and society, individual and state in crisis times of Patriotic history, which was First World War of 1914–1918. The patriotic activities of regional governments were a manifestation of initiative and independent activity of social and state structures. The objectives of the study reflect the author's intent and composition of the article. The reasons of public reaction and experience of becoming national and regional alliances of Zemstvo unions in war years are studied. The financial capabilities and material resources of Zemstvo bodies that were aimed at implementation patriotic the sick and wounded soldiers are scrutinized. The engaging by zemstvas both own resources and donations and government grants are disclosed. The primary materials of Tambov State Archives and magazines of zemstvo assemblies that allowed considering systematically the stated problem are used. The legal status of particular local government during the war including their division at the provincial and district are clarified. The statistical data on the number of wounded and providing them with sanitary and medical supplies are given. It is concluded that the main task is to organize the hospital treatment of sick and wounded soldiers, the district council fulfilled. Tambov province was provided by the amount of beds, which was set up for its internal evacuation. The hospitals were supplied with food, clothing, medicines and dressings. The population itself participated in infirmaries supply, registered beds, donating money, food and clothing. The phenomenon of military disabled of wartime verified their numbers and social protection measures are specifically studied. The author was able to identify features of the military activities of public organizations of disabled persons. It is shown that after 1917 the regional, city departments and unions maimed soldiers, sent their representatives to the Soviets and executive committees, began to emerge. Yet the mechanism and the system of state social policy in relation to the crippled defenders of the fatherland were far from perfect, lagged behind the demands of the time, and did not create decent living conditions for war invalids. The main result of the study is that the local authorities were able to do in the shortest time that failed to make public entities from the center, creating a strict system of medical care of sick and wounded soldiers of the Russian army.

Photocopies of journal articles. * Agrichemical safety practices on farms in the Western Cape. London L. SA Med J 1994 ; 84 : 273-278. * Notification of pesticide poisoning in the Western Cape 1987 - 1991. London L, Ehrlich R, Rafudien S, Krige F, Vurgarellis P. SA Med J 1994 ; 84 : 269-272. * Critical Issues in agrichemical safety in South Africa. London L, Myers JE. Am J Ind Med 1995 ; 27(1) : 1-14. * Repeatability and validity of a field kit for estimation of cholinesterase in whole blood. London L, Thomson ML, Sacks S, Fuller B, Bachmann OM, Myers JE. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1995; 52 : 57-64. * Biological Monitoring of workers exposed to organophosphate pesticides: Guidelines for field application. London L. Occupational Health Southern Africa July/August 1995 ; 1(4) : 13-17. ; Despite playing an important role in crop protection and increasing food production, chemicals used in agriculture may have a range of unanticipated effects on human health. Such effects may range from overt and acute poisonings to gradual-onset chronic morbidity. In South Africa, data on such morbidity are sparse, and subject to much underreporting as one of the included papers illustrates. The dearth of such data has much to do with the marginalised living and working conditions in agriculture and the lack of attention to occupational and environmental health on farms in the country. We have little sense of the extent of hazardous exposures in agriculture, nor of their health impacts on rural populations. Even less so, have methods for the control of poisoning by pesticides been investigated amongst farm workers in South Africa. A public health response to this problem should aim at all levels of prevention (primary, secondary and tertiary), by characterising the extent and distribution of the problems caused by pesticides, identifying risk factors and groups at highest risk for poisoning, as well as testing intervention strategies and technologies. The set of papers presented below attempts to do that by linking a series of investigations into different aspects of agrichemical hazards in South Africa, with a focus on the Western Cape. The first paper examined various aspects of potential exposure to agrichemicals on farms in the Stellenbosch region, taking into account both environmental and occupational routes of exposure. The second paper describes the profile of agrichemical poisoning in the province from 1987 to 1991, identifying high risk groups and characterising the completeness and nature of reported poisonings. The third paper developed from the author's growing realisation of the need to contextualise problems related to agrichemical exposures and effects within the overall legislative and public health framework in South Africa. This paper therefore identifies the key public health issues that need addressing with regard to pesticide safety. Finally, the last two papers address aspects related to workplace interventions for the prevention of agrichemical poisoning. One paper deals with the evaluation of a field kit (for validity and repeatability) for monitoring workers exposed to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, while the last paper elaborates guidelines for the use of cholinesterase testing in the primary and secondary prevention of organophosphate and carbamate poisoning. In this series, therefore, the papers attempt to address the problem of agrichemical hazards within a public health framework, tracing the problem from potential exposure to acute outcomes, through reviewing the legislative and occupational health environments, through to technologies and policy guidelines related to workplace intervention. In doing so, the papers use the term "agrichemical" to refer to all chemicals used in agriculture for pest and weed control. This supersedes the term "pesticide" which has ambiguous meanings in the technical environment. Readers are therefore advised to understand the term "agrichemical" to include the generic aspects of chemical usage on crops in agriculture. The research on which these papers was based was spawned by the involvement of the author in a larger research project investigating long-term neurobehavioural effects of organophosphate exposure on deciduous fruit farm workers over the period 1991 - 1994. This latter piece of research is not referred to here as it was the basis for another degree at the University of Cape Town.