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Der Beitrag erörtert die Art und Weise nationaler Geschichtsschreibung und deren Vermittlung in Afrika im Zuge der globalen Geschichte bzw. des Globalisierungsprozesses. Der Anspruch der Afrika-Historiker besteht darin, eine Balance zwischen der Positionierung Afrikas und seiner Länder sowie den globalen Kräften und ihrer Geschichte zu wahren: Beharren sie zu extrem auf Afrika, gelten sie als vaterländisch; wird die globale Geschichte zu deutlich gerühmt, kommt der Vorwurf der Xenophobie auf. Das erste Kapitel beschreibt in einem historischen Rückblick die Konfrontation Afrikas mit dem Phänomen der Globalisierung seit dem Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts. Im Anschluss folgt eine Skizzierung der Grundzüge der Globalisierung hinsichtlich der Entwicklung von Ideologie und Wirtschaft in Afrika. Auf dieser Grundlage diskutiert das dritte Kapitel die Besonderheiten der nationalen Geschichte Afrikas im Kontext der globalen Geschichte und formuliert entsprechende Vorschläge bezüglich seiner wissenschaftlichen Darstellung. Das vierte Kapitel liefert abschließend die vier Hauptthemen der national und global geprägten Geschichte des Kontinents: (1) Historisches Fundament, (2) Kolonialismus, (3) Dekolonisierung und Nationalismus sowie (4) der postkoloniale Staat und die Gesellschaft. (ICG2)

This book studies the wars Pakistan has fought over the years with India as well as other non-state actors. Focusing on the first Kashmir war (1947-48), the wars of 1965 and 1971, and the 1999 Kargil war, it analyses the elite decision-making, which leads to these conflicts and tries to understand how Pakistan got involved in the first place. The author applies the gambling model' to provide insights into the dysfunctional world view, risk-taking behaviour, and other behavioural patterns of the decision makers, which precipitate these wars and highlight their effects on India-Pakistan relations for the future. The book also brings to the fore the experience of widows, children, common soldiers, displaced civilians, and villagers living near borders, in the form of interviews, to understand the subaltern perspective. A nuanced and accessible military history of Pakistan, this book will be indispensable to scholars and researchers of military history, defence and strategic studies, international relations, political studies, war and conflict studies, and South Asian studies.

This open access book traces the development of sociology in Germany from the late 19th century to the present day, providing a concise overview of the main actors, institutional processes, theories, methods, topics and controversies. Throughout the book, the author relates the discipline's history to its historical, economic, political and cultural contexts. The book begins with sociology in the German Reich, the Weimar Republic, National Socialism and exile, before exploring sociology after 1945 as a 'key discipline' of the young Federal Republic of Germany, and reconstructing the periods from 1945 to 1968 and from 1968 to 1990. The final chapters are devoted to sociology in the German Democratic Republic and the period from 1990 to the present day. This work will appeal to students and scholars of sociology, and to a general readership interested in the history of Germany.

Introduction -- The ancient world -- Warrior genocides -- The Spanish conquest -- Settler genocide -- Modern genocides -- Communist genocides -- Anti-communist genocide -- Genocide in the post-Cold War world -- Conclusion

Gradation and the topical method of historical study: 1. Historical literature and authorities. 2. Books on collateral reading. 3. School text-books.--Supplements: Allen, W. F. History topics.--Fisher, J. A. Bibliography of church history. ; Hall, G. S. Introduction.--Hart, A. B. Methods of teaching American History.--Emerton, E. The practical method in higher historical instruction.--Ely, R. T. On methods of teaching political economy.--White, A. D. Historical instruction in the course of history and political science at Cornell University.--Collar, W. C. Advice to an inexperienced teacher of history.--Clarke, J. T. A plea for archaeological instruction.--Foster, W. E. The use of a public library in the study of history.--Adams, H. B. Special methods of historical study.--Morris, G. S. The philosophy of the state and of history.--Scott, H. E. The courses of study in history, Roman law, and political economy at Harvard University.--Seeley, Sir J. R. The teaching of history.--Adams, C. K. On methods of teaching history.- -Burgess, J. W. On methods of historical study and research in Columbia University.--Physical geography and history.--Higginson, T. W. Why do children dislike history? ; Mode of access: Internet.

Considers the conflation of history with sophistication in the class & gender politics of Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey (1972 [1818]) as an example of proto-Victorian negotiations of these issues. Austen's method is read as a process whereby refinement is manifested as particularization, in that characters who make distinctions automatically have conferred on them the distinction of being sophisticated. This is shown to be particularly true in the character Catherine's judgment of the Gothic novels she reads. Contrary to Nancy Armstrong's (1987) interpretation of this movement in the novel, which describes it as a singular shift from history to sophistication, it is argued that history is only submerged, not erased, from the novel. It is indicated by Austen's novel that, if the classification of fiction becomes more sophisticated, raising the novel's cultural stock, these changes are due to the fact that novels take historiography as their model rather than erase it from their pages. Based on this reinterpretation of the relation between history & sophistication, it is contended that the novel displays a sense that upper-middle-class sophistication might turn every upper-middle-class male body into a nauseating body. Austen's contempt for this male body is interpreted in the context of a social order that denies Austen all other forms of power except the power of style. D. M. Smith

"French Jesuit missionaries planted apple seeds in the Michigan wilderness more than a century before the travels of Johnny Appleseed. Seedlings grew into giant fruit-bearing trees that provided tangy apples to pioneers who followed. As the Detroit settlement grew, grafted apple trees were planted. By the late 1700s, orchards that bloomed with Fameuse, Calville Blanc d'Hiver, Pomme Gris and Detroit Red rivaled those of New England, and even President Thomas Jefferson received scions of Detroit trees to plant at his Monticello estate. Today, 850 farms boast over nine million apple trees. Sample the seasons of Michigan's apple history with author Sharon Kegerreis, from early settlements to today's vibrant industry."-- From back cover