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Community Justice Authorities (CJAs) were heralded on their inception as modernising Scotland's community justice system and resolving longstanding tensions between central and local government over community justice control, by encouraging partnership working and providing oversight at a regional level. However, they were largely unsuccessful and were quietly abolished barely a decade later.Using data from two projects, we analyse the policy 'narrative' (Kaplan, 1993) of CJAs in relation to features of a changing political context – particularly the (re-)establishment of Scotland's national government, its shifting relationship with local government, and policy convergence and divergence with England and Wales. CJAs' origins in local/national compromise created constitutional flaws which constrained their operation and ultimately sealed their fate, but they nonetheless began to develop distinct identities and contributions which have been largely overlooked. The case of CJAs illustrates how evolving local and national political contexts shape the development of justice institutions.

This book collects expert opinions, research, and risk assessments from within the Chinese financial policy establishment on prospects for the internationalization of the renminbi as a reserve currency around the world. As China's economy diversifies in the acquisition of global assets, the renminbi may partially displace the dollar or yen as a reserve currency, with unpredictable and profound potential consequences. This book, presenting for the first time in English, the Chinese perspective on the internationalization of the Chinese currency will be of great value to central bankers, financiers, and students of international finance. The International Monetary Institute at Renmin University is China's foremost think-tank on issues of currency internationalization, currency flows, central banking, and related topics. Research at the think-tank is conducted collectively by fellows and associates.--

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Introduction -- Central-Local Relations since the Layfield Report -- Intergovernmental Relations in Scotland Post-Devolution -- Central Grants and Local Spending in Britain -- Guided Democracy or Multi-Level Governance? New Trends in Regulatory Regimes in Central-Local Relations in the Nordic Countries -- Central Control over Local Government - A Western European Comparison -- Central-Local Financial Relations in South Africa -- Between Rhetoric and Reality: Does the 2001 White Paper Reverse the Centralising Trend in Britain? -- Abstracts -- Notes on Contributors -- Index.