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Relevance. The problems of sustainable and balanced socio-ecological and economic development of the regions of Russia, especially under the influence of exogenous shocks, it is necessary to pay special attention to the issues of assessing the differentiation of regions, which is based on the triune concept of sustainable development. The development of a scientific and methodological apparatus for studying and modeling socio-ecological and economic relationships for assessing the sustainable development of regions today seems relevant. In the article, the author highlights the role of modeling, which allows using complex indices to assess the differentiation of regions.The purpose is to study and analyze the impact on the economy of exogenous shocks in the regional context, previously ‒ the COVID‒19 pandemic, and then ‒ the aggravation of geopolitical tensions.Objectives: to analyze indicative indicators reflecting the balanced development of socio-economic and environmental relationships, and to assess the impact of exogenous shocks on their change; to develop 3D and 4D models reflecting the situation of the subjects of the Russian Federation with a separate reflection of the environmental burden on the regions.Methodology. The methodological approach to the study of the situation of the regions of the Russian Federation using 3D and 4D modeling within the framework of the triune socio-ecological-economic concept using indicators included the use of economic-statistical and comparative analysis of the study of the dynamics of changes in indicators in the field of economic, social and environmental indicators in the context of the subjects of the Russian Federation; methods of classification, analysis and synthesis to identify differentiation of regions and the level of their imbalance.Results. The scientific novelty of the research results consists in the development of a scientific and methodological apparatus for studying and modeling socio-ecological and economic relationships to assess the sustainable development of the region under the influence of macroeconomic shocks.Conclusions. Based on the analysis of the situation of the regions in all three directions (economic, social and environmental) within the framework of the three-pronged concept of sustainable development, according to the three-sided prism, it can be stated that environmental issues in the regions are not given due attention and that priority is given to the short-term settlement of "emergency" situations.

In Ghana, the rising need for household energy from wood fuels and food needs is considered a major threat to forest resources conservation. Government and scientists believe that the alarming rate of deforestation and threats to important ecosystem services will not cease unless integrated land-use systems that meet the food and fuelwood demands of households are in place. Bamboo agroforestry is currently considered a possibility in view of the significant socioeconomic and ecological benefits obtained in some parts of Asia and some other tropical regions. Meanwhile, it is unclear whether bamboo would have social acceptability to be planted on farmers' fields and the extent to which bamboo-based intercropping systems will sustain food production and household energy security. In addition, knowledge of possible ecological interactions between mixed bamboo and arable crop systems are limited but would be necessary to inform management decisions applicable to improving the productivity of bamboo agroforestry systems. Using questionnaire interviews, literature review and field experiments, this study explored the traditional ecological knowledge and ecological aspects of bamboo agroforestry and accentuated implications on its adoption potential and suitability as a land-use system for household food security and fuelwood needs. The study was conducted in the Dry Semi-deciduous Forest Zone (DSFZ) of Ghana. Two exotic bamboo species; Bambusa balcooa and Oxytenanthera abyssinica were used for various bamboo intercropping and ecological trials. The premise of the study fits into Ghana's Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy and falls within the overarching aim of Work Package 4.4 of the BiomassWeb project sponsored by the German government. In Chapter one, the rationale, scope, research questions, and objectives are stated. In Chapter two, socioeconomic and cultural potentials of bamboo agroforestry are previewed on global, regional and local scales. Bamboo agroforestry potentials and research needs in Ghana are also established. The research methodology, study area, and field experimentation procedures are presented in Chapter three. Results from data collected from 200 farmers in the dry semi-deciduous forest zone of Ghana in Chapter four show that farmers' traditional knowledge of bamboo, particularly, its use for charcoal production and leaves for fodder are influential determinants of bamboo agroforestry adoption. Also, farmers' age, gender and the regular practice of leaving trees on farmlands and type of cropping system are the most significant predictors influencing bamboo integration into traditional farming systems. In Chapter five, where farmers' perception of bamboo litter for livestock fodder and litter quality trials on goat's production were prospected, only 26% of respondents were aware bamboo leaves could be fed to livestock. It was evident gender may be an influential factor in determining the acceptability of bamboo fodder. Out of the 64% respondents who expressed willingness to feed their animals with bamboo leaves if demonstrated to be suitable, 47% of them were males whilst 17% were females. The fodder quality analysis showed the highest crude protein and in vitro gas production occur in Oxytenanthera abyssinica. Besides, O. abyssinica diets gave the highest daily gain and the lowest feed to gain ratio. The treatment effect was significant on blood variables measured. It is concluded in this Chapter that, bamboo leaves are viable feed supplement for goats as shown by their nutrient profile and positive influence on growth performance of goats and that, farmers are willing to use bamboo leaves as fodder for livestock production, particularly, goats. In Chapter six, agronomic potentials of bamboo were explored by investigating the effect of bamboo agroforestry with maize, cowpea, and cassava as against monocultures of the crops and bamboo. The results show that regardless of fertilizer treatments, bamboo agroforestry and monocropped fields had comparable effects on soil properties and crop productivity within two years of establishment. Intercropping advantage over monocropping was evident for all crops with partial land equivalent ratios for fertilized and non-fertilized intercropping systems with cowpea recording 1.37 and 1.54, respectively; 1.38 and 1.36, respectively, for maize and 1.12 and 1.19, respectively, for cassava. Decomposition and nutrient release patterns in bamboo were comparable to those from five other traditionally used agroforestry Multipurpose Trees/Shrubs (MPTs) in Ghana in Chapter seven; indicating that bamboo could be a useful alternative agroforestry candidate species. In Chapters eight and nine, the socioeconomic and environmental potentials of bamboo agroforestry and its consequential potential for improvements in food and energy production for smallholder farming communities are discussed. Also, the overall potential of the bamboo agroforestry for potential adoption and upscaling is presented. The limitation of this thesis is indicated and perceived areas for further improvements are suggested. By dwelling on the prospects of bamboo, this thesis compels readers to focus attention on the evidence of how smallholder farmers could increase income streams and levels for socio-economic improvements using bamboo agroforestry to maintain productive systems for sustained agricultural and fuelwood production. This could facilitate the attainment of food and energy security in Ghana. With this, the findings of this study may encourage bamboo agroforestry adoption by smallholder farmers. It is suggested that the Government of Ghana and development partners should adopt bamboo agroforestry in land-use conservation and development efforts through policy reviews and invigoration. Particularly, lessons could be drawn from the findings of this study for the Ghana bio-energy production policy and the strategies for the flagship policy of planting for food and jobs, rolled out by the government in the quest to attain food and energy security in Ghana.

The study was based mainly on the socio-ecological assessment of bird species in Akinyele Local Government with reference to five villages. The study examined the location and the assessment of the bird species and the problem encountered in the area of damage done by the birds on agricultural produce. The villages chosen include Moniya, Onidundun. Akinyele, Ijaye and Isdigba. A total of 100 questionnaires were administered of which 20 questionnaires were distributed to each village, 88 were retrieved and analyzed using Descriptive statistical tools such as frequency court and simple percentages. Lists of some bird species within the study area include Vulture, Owl, Cattle Eaglet, Hawk, Pigeon, and Parrot among others. The study revealed that some birds are regarded as sacred, while some like vultures are forbidden to be consumed by anyone. Some birds are regarded as pests because of damages they cause to farm produce; these include maize, paper, cassava, cocoyam and yam. It is known that the stage of damage is the germination and growing stages. The economic benefits of some birds are; some bird's serves as time indicator, some are used for medicinal purpose, some serve as source of protein and some serves as sources of income. Also, some are predators to agricultural pest like grasshoppers. Recommendations were made that the government should make law against the illegal hunting of birds and enlighten farmers on how to protect their farms against bird attack. Research should be done to investigate the medicinal values of birds.

State statistical indicators of the economic development do not include subjective factors aff ecting country's population. So, rather optimistic assessments of Ukraine's economic indicators contradict pessimistic moods and feelings of Ukrainian youth. Th e relevance of this study is due to the fact that the Low level satisfaction with the socio-economic situation in Ukraine and own opportunities and prospects of Ukrainian youth is the basis for the formation of behavioral guidelines, in particular, migratory moods. Th e purpose of this study is to analyze the attitude of young people to the economic environment in Ukraine, young people's assessments of their own fi nancial situation, and the relationship of such subjective assessments to the migratory moods of young people. Th e study used general scientifi c methods and special sociological methods to process and analyze the results of the study "Youth of Ukraine 2018". According to the survey "Youth of Ukraine 2018", a signifi cant part of young people (88.9 %) thinks that economic situation became worse or didn't change during last year. Youth assessments of their fi nancial situation are also pessimistic 83.3 % of young people in Ukraine assess their family's fi nancial situation as average or below average. Th e novelty of this study is to analyze the relationship between youth subjective assessments of economic environment in Ukraine as an environment for the implementation of personal plans and intentions, youth assessments of their fi nancial situation and youth migratory attitudes. Migratory moods of young people are formed on the dissatisf action with their fi nancial situation and the economic situation in the country under the infl uence of various factors, among the main ones are the desire to improve their fi nancial situation through the desire to earn money or fi nd a job. Migratory moods of young people are manifested to varying degrees depending on their formation. Th e degree of formation of migration intentions signifi cantly depends on the real possibility of their implementation: the lower the level of material security, the more uncertain the migration guidelines. Th e young generation is a potential for the socio-economic revival of Ukraine, so its opinion, its assessments, its feelings are extremely important for the formation of adequate youth policy. Taking into account subjective factors which aff ect the behavioral orientations of young people is especially important in the formation of reasonable youth policy of Ukraine, and requires research, analysis and development of instruments based on such analysis.

Positioning Territorial Ecology in the Scientific and Institutional Context -- Main Methodologies Developed Around Urban and Territorial Metabolism: Contributions and Limitations -- A Wealth Creation Approach for a Territorial Diagnosis Methodology -- Territorial Ecology and the Challenges of the Socio-ecological Transition: Metabolism, Capacity and Resilience -- Principles for Innovative Territorial Projects -- Conclusion.

Classification of Civil, Industrial and Medical Nuclear Accidents -- Accidents Related to Nuclear Power Production -- The Extremely Serious Nuclear Accident at Chernobyl -- Fukushima's Serious Nuclear Accidents -- Industrial and Medical Radiology Accidents.