Für eine Erneuerung der Vereinten Nationen
In: Entwicklungspolitik: Zeitschrift, Band 25, Heft 23/24, S. 14-47
ISSN: 0720-4957
265003 Ergebnisse
Sortierung:
In: Entwicklungspolitik: Zeitschrift, Band 25, Heft 23/24, S. 14-47
ISSN: 0720-4957
World Affairs Online
Blog: Responsible Statecraft
Alliance minders in Washington and Tokyo are feeling some anxiety today. Shigeru Ishiba has won the contest for leadership of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which means he will become Japan's next prime minister, succeeding Kishida Fumio — probably Tuesday.Ishiba, who is 67 and was first elected to the Diet in 1986, has vowed to shake up the 72-year-old security alliance between the United States and Japan, a bilateral alliance that in recent years has focused on maintaining U.S. primacy in East Asia and blocking China's rise. He views it (correctly, I think) as "asymmetrical," with Washington largely dictating Japanese foreign policy."I don't think Japan is a truly independent nation yet," Ishiba, the former defense minister, wrote in a book published just before the leadership race.Some have called Ishiba a Gaullist; he certainly is a nationalist. In his fifth run for the top party position, he suggested that Japan share command and control over U.S. troops on Japanese soil, and even raised the possibility of stationing some Japanese soldiers on American territory (Guam).Most controversial, though, has been his sweeping call for an "Asian NATO" that would include not just Japan but also South Korea and several Southeast Asian nations. This proposal, if adopted (and that's unlikely anytime soon), would replace the hub-and-spokes pattern of bilateral and mini-lateral alliances that emerged after World War II and that are dominated by the United States.The U.S. has about 85,000 troops stationed at military bases throughout East Asia, primarily in Japan and Korea. It also leads bilateral alliances with the Philippines, Thailand, Australia, and New Zealand. And it has been trying to draw India, which shares American hostility toward China, into its web by, for example, including it in the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) with Japan and Australia.Ishiba's proposal for a multilateral security alliance in Asia has fostered strange bedfellows in opposition. Beijing repeatedly has condemned any NATO-like framework that would try to contain or confront China. But Washington, too, dislikes a proposal that could undermine its central position in Asian security networks. A Biden official, speaking anonymously, dismissed it as "fantasy," while Daniel Kritenbrink, assistant secretary of state for East Asia, criticized it as hasty. "It's too early," he told a forum in Washington, "to talk about collective security in that context."In Tokyo, alliance minders are equally concerned but not panicking. Nishimura Rintaro, an associate at the Asia Group Japan, acknowledged that Ishiba wants to "fundamentally change" the U.S.-Japan security relationship. But he added: "I would venture to guess that that's not going to happen."Indeed, American and Japanese alliance minders have been here before. In 2009, the Democratic Party of Japan interrupted the long reign of the conservative LDP and installed a center-left prime minister. Yukio Hatoyama had campaigned on a platform that alarmed security officials and analysts in both Washington and Tokyo. For example, he called for "fraternal" cooperation with Japan's Asian neighbors, including China, and pledged to reduce the U.S. military footprint in Okinawa, home to more than 30 American bases. After less than nine months in office, Hatoyama was forced to step down.In a recent interview for a book, I asked the former prime minister why he was unable to shift Japanese foreign policy. He blamed the "Ampo Mura," the small village of alliance insiders who enjoy influence by maintaining the trans-Pacific status quo. Hatoyama reserved his strongest criticism for Japanese bureaucrats in the defense and foreign affairs ministries, as well as their U.S. counterparts.But Shigeru Ishiba is no Yukio Hatoyama. Although he wants to rebalance U.S.-Japan ties, and also favors greater engagement with Beijing, he is actually quite conservative and hawkish, even on China. He is a member of Nippon Kaigi, the ultra-nationalist group that believes Japan was not a villain in World War II; he favors greater defense spending; and he openly backs Taiwan. Ishiba riled Beijing in August by leading a group of lawmakers to Taipei, where he drew parallels between Russia's invasion of Ukraine and security threats in the Taiwan Straits. He hinted that Japan should help deter any Chinese invasion.China might have favored Ishiba in the LDP leadership contest — but only because the other candidates were even more hawkish. Beijing's worst nightmare was Sanae Takaichi, the far-right pol who won the first round of voting but could not muster a majority.It was surprising that Ishiba prevailed in round two. After years of criticizing other party leaders, especially former prime minister Shinzo Abe, he seemed unlikely to warm their hearts. But he is popular with LDP voters who have come to enjoy his maverick style, as well as his quirky hobby (he builds model trains, airplanes and ships). The party, dogged by tanking poll numbers in the wake of a funding scandal, must have figured Ishiba could help rescue the LDP brand before the next general election.Now the alliance minders will have to get busy. Ishiba "could push the envelope" on the U.S.-Japan Security Alliance, write Nicholas Szechenyi and Yuko Nakano at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington. But you can be sure that they and their powerful pals on both sides of the Pacific will push back. Very hard.
" This is a serious test of EU countries' resolve to uphold their obligations under the Arms Trade Treaty and EU Common Position on Arms Exports. Several states have failed this test in the space of just a few days ".2 This sentence was uttered by Mr. Ara Marcen Naval, Deputy Director for Arms Control and Human Rights. It refers to the application of the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) and its respect by European countries. In this context, European countries are accused of supplying arms to Saudi Arabia, as this country is involved militarily in Mali but also in the conflict which rages in Yemen since 2015. The latter conflict is problematic because it is the source of humanitarian crimes perpetrated by Saudi Arabia against Yemeni civilians. The Arms Trade Treaty, also known by the abbreviation " ATT ", is a United Nations' treaty which was initiated by many Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and some States, including the United-Kingdom (UK) and France. After many discussions and committee meetings since 2009, the Treaty was accepted on April 2, 2013 by the General Assembly of the United Nations. Finally, it came into force on December 24, 2014, after its signature by 130 States. The primary goal of the Arms Trade Treaty is to control the flow of small arms and light weapons between States. It aims at ensuring that weapons are not exported to countries that have illicit intentions and that might misuse it. Because the ultimate objective of the Treaty is to limit violations of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights. Thus, an ATT State Party should not sell weapons to a country which commits humanitarian crimes. In order to guarantee the proper functioning of the Treaty, the States must provide public two reports : one, in initial reports, on the measures taken to apply the Treaty and another, annual, listing the arms exported from the country. Today, the ATT is ratified by 108 States including some of the major arms exporters in the world, namely France, Germany and the United Kingdom. In March 2020, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) published its new international ranking of arms exporting countries. The first two places are occupied by the United States and Russia, but France and Germany, both members of the ATT, constitute the 3rd and 4th States respectively in terms of arms exports in the world. In figures, France has a share of 7.9 % and Germany of 5.8 % of the world market 3. In parallel, SIPRI also published the list of the major arms importers in the world. While arms sales to the Middle East increased by 61 % between 2010-2014 and 2015-2019, Saudi Arabia stands out by the increase by 130 % in its imports between 2010-2014 and 2015-2019 thus thrusting the country up to the first rank of arms exporters between 2015 and 2019 with 12 % of global imports 4. France has never denied its arms exports to Saudi Arabia, despite the country's involvement in the conflict in Yemen. Faced with this situation, it seems legitimate to question the effectiveness of the implementation of international treaties and particularly of the Arms Trade Treaty by France. In this specific case, we will endeavor to understand what are the reasons and explanations that incite France to undermine the implementation of the Arms Trade Treaty by continuing its arms exports to Saudi Arabia. The apparent contradiction between the ratification of certain countries, notably some European States, of the Arms Trade Treaty which advocates the control of arms exports between countries in order to prevent them from perpetrating States crimes against International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights and the exports of these same countries to States which are involved in conflicts that commit these crimes justifies these interrogations. During this study, I will try to explain why and how it is possible that France which ratified such a treaty does not respect it and continues selling weapons to countries that have been denounced by Human Rights advocates. More specifically, I will explain why France continues to sell arms to Saudi Arabia. This study is focused on France, but the same question and the same reflections can be true for other countries such as Australia who exports arms (which are likely to be found in the hands of terrorists in the Sahel region) to Mali and for many other countries. Thus, this thesis will try to explain how the Arms Trade Treaty is implemented and will show what factors undermine its implementation. My analysis herein shall focus on France, a State Party to the Arms Trade Treaty. I will highlight the French interests on the one hand and its application of the Arms Trade Treaty on the other hand. Nonetheless, this scheme is too simple. Naturally, French interests will have an impact on the French State's compliance with the ATT. To go a step further, we shall demonstrate that other variables may influence and interfere in this causal link, such as, for example, the degree of flexibility or rigidity of the Treaty.
BASE
The podcast is a digital product of human activity, which fulfills a function of comprehension of being at the level of meanings, values, images, norms, and goals. It reflects the peculiarities of language and speech, consciousness and thinking of a person of a specific sociocultural tradition. The main underlying idea of this paper can be put as follows: covering various aspects of human life, it does not only describe the society but also gives an appreciation, promotes an understanding of the social processes of our time. The purpose of the paper is to examine the holistic essence of podcast's being as a phenomenon, to reveal the tendencies of its functioning in the World Wide Web, its role in society and information processes. The methodological basis for this study was the general scientific methods of empirical and theoretical generalization, induction and synthesis, the sociocultural method, the method of comparative analysis. In order to study podcasts' content, the contentanalysis method was also used. Podcast resources in the web were the empirical basis of this research. The achievement of this goal required solving a number of research tasks, such as: to reveal characteristic features of podcasts on the basis of their content analysis; to consider their ontological, epistemological foundations and social functions; to specify the place and the role of podcasts in society.The use of these methods made possible not only to describe and study podcasts with considering a wide range of their sociocultural meanings and subtexts but to consider their philosophical foundations, their social functions, and gnoseological aspects. The podcast was considered as a human activity in understanding the surrounding world.The content analysis of various podcast resources in the network gives grounds to suggest that in the socio-cultural plan, the podcast is an objectified result of man's mastering and understanding of the world, a modus by which a person seeks to «denote oneself», and reproduces oneself in the integrity of one's natural, linguistic, social, and cultural life. Among basic social functions of podcasts, the informative, cognitive, communicative, socializing, and compensatory could be named. The ontological basis of a podcast is communication, a dialogue, and people collective communication in the network, regardless of geographical and social boundaries. Further, the effectiveness and success of a podcast's existence and functioning in the web are determined by its content, and therefore its influence, both on the individual and on society as a whole. The scientific novelty of this study consists in applying an integrated, interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of this phenomenon, and the replenishment of knowledge about current trends in its use. Finally, the analysis of podcasts existence in the web, based on their content and characteristics, allowed the author to come to the following conclusions: the podcast reflects the system of social norms, spiritual values, cultural realities, and people's attitude to the surrounding world and to each other.In a functional aspect, a podcast is a digital «carrier», a means for storing and transmitting information, knowledge and experience, an intermediary, and a way of communication. Podcasts role is unique in various spheres (media, educational, scientific, and political) ; Подкаст – зафіксований у цифровій формі продукт людської діяльності, який виконує функцію рефлексії буття на рівні смислів, цінностей, образів, норм і цілей та відображає особливості мови і мовлення, свідомості і мислення людини певної соціокультурної традиції. Висвітлюючи різні сторони людського життя, він не тільки описує суспільство, але і дає йому оцінку, сприяє розумінню суспільних процесів сьогодення. Метою статті є розгляд цілісної сутності буття подкасту як феномену, виявлення тенденцій його функціонування, його ролі в суспільстві та інформаційних процесах. Методологічним підґрунтям дослідження подкасту стали загальнонаукові методи емпіричного і теоретичного узагальнення, індукції і синтезу, соціокультурний метод, метод порівняльного аналізу. При вивченні змісту подкастів використовувався метод контент-аналізу. Емпіричну базу дослідження склав масив подкастових ресурсів в мережі. Досягнення поставленої мети потребувало вирішення ряду дослідницьких завдань: виявити характерні особливості подкастів на основі їх контентного аналізу; розглянути онтологічні, гносеологічні підстави і соціальні функції подкастів; конкретизувати місце і роль подкастів у сучасному суспільстві. На основі цих методів описано і досліджено подкаст з урахуванням широкого спектра його соціокультурних смислів і підтекстів; розглянуто філософські підстави і соціальні функції подкасту; проаналізовано гносеологічні аспекти даного феномена, який розглядається як вид діяльності людини по осмисленню явищ навколишнього світу; визначено основні соціальні функції подкасту: інформативна, пізнавальна, комунікативна, соціалізувальна, компенсаторна. Онтологічна основа подкасту – це спілкування, діалог, спільна комунікація людей в мережі, незалежно від географічних і соціальних кордонів. Результативність, успішність функціонування подкасту у мережі визначається його змістом, а отже його впливом, як на конкретну людину, так і на суспільство. Наукова новизна даної розвідки полягає в застосуванні комплексного, міждисциплінарного підходу до аналізу даного явища, поповненні уявлень про сучасні тенденції його використання. Аналіз екзистенції подкастів у мережі, з урахуванням їхнього контенту і характеристик, дав змогу дійти наступних висновків: подкаст відображає систему соціальних норм, духовних цінностей, культурних реалій, відносин людей до навколишнього світу і до самих себе. У функціональному аспекті він є цифровим «носієм», засобом для зберігання і передавання інформації, знання і досвіду, посередником і способом комунікації, роль якого унікальна у різних сферах (медійній, освітній, науковій, політичній тощо)
BASE
Розкрито сутність понять "економічна безпека", "правове регулювання".Охарактеризовано нормативно-правову базу правового регулювання взаємовідносин між Україною та Європейським Союзом. Окреслено основні положення нормативних документів. Наведено низку загроз, які створюють проблеми для ефективного становлення економічної безпеки в державі. Запропоновано основні рекомендації, які допоможуть мінімізувати загрози. ; Problem setting. The essence of concepts "economic security", "legal regulation" is revealed, the legal and regulatory framework of the right regulation of relations between Ukraine and the European Union is described, the main provisions of normative documents are outlined. There are a number of threats that create problems for the effective formation of economic security in the state. The main recommendations are suggested, which will help minimize the threats.In modern market conditions, each country is trying to improve the quality of products, expand sales markets, enter the international market and increase the competitiveness of its products. To effectively ensure and protect commodity producers against unfair competition, there is a need to create an appropriate legal framework in which business entities would be located. But in the realities of the state it is difficult to protect the economic security of the country without the relevant legal legislation in this area.Recent research and publications analysis shows that this issue is topical and in the future becomes very important. However, among scholars this problem is not sufficiently investigated. The main scientists who were engaged in research in this matter are: E. Gida, M. Ermoshenko, J. Zhalilo, A. Korystin, I. Migus, V. Tambovtsev and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of general problem. However, it should be noted that most of the scientists focus their attention on delineating the notion of economic security, and not on the study of the legal regulation of the relationship between Ukraine and the EU in the field of economic security.The purpose of the article is to reveal the essence of such concepts as "economic security", "legal regulation"; analyze and characterize the legal framework for the legal regulation of relations between Ukraine and the European Union; outline the main provisions of regulatory documents; identify the main threats to economic security; to offer recommendations for minimizing existing threats.Paper main body. The development and development of the state's economic independence is one of the key values in the activities of the Government of any of the developing countries. Ukraine was not an exception, since it set a goal – for membership in the European Union (hereinafter – EU), which led to the need for economic reforms. To do this, it is necessary to conduct an analysis of the legal regulation of relations with the European Union from the beginning of the formation of these relationships as of today. For further understanding of this subject it is necessary to give a definition of the concept of "economic security".In our opinion, economic security should be understood as a certain system of protection against exogenous and endogenous threats, protecting commodity producers from imperfect competition and ensuring competitiveness in both the domestic and foreign markets.To maintain investment activity and protect the rights of investors, it is necessary to ensure effective protection of the right of private property, including judicial authorities, to harmonize the provision of Ukrainian legislation with the legislation of the European Union in protecting the rights of national, foreign investors and creditors, protecting economic competition, introducing incentive mechanisms for investment activities , proceeding from the best world practice.However, in addition to the existing regulatory framework of legal regulation in Ukraine, there are a number of threats that create problems for the effective development of economic security in the country:– reduction of gross domestic product;– growth of credit risks;– consideration of Ukraine as a raw material appendage for the world;– Shadowing of the national economy;– corruption and bribery;– a significant level of monopolization of the economy.The main recommendations that help to minimize the above-mentioned threats include:– control by the state, on export-import activities, in particular in the sphere of energy resources and food products;– checking the borrower's solvency, ensuring the transparency of the monetary system and restoring confidence in domestic financial institutions;– improvement and modernization of existing equipment and application of new technologies with the aim of producing new types of products with a view to their further export;– determining the benefits of legal economic activity;– activation of customs and tax authorities, in the manifestation and elimination of economic crimes;– demonopolization of the economy, protection of economic competition, simplification and optimization of the taxation system, the formation of a favorable business climate and conditions for accelerated innovation development.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. As our research shows, an important place in ensuring the economic security of the state is the legal regulation of relations both within the country and with external partners. But in the conditions of Ukraine's development and the definition of the course for full membership in the EU, it is advisable, in our view, to take into account the recommendations on minimizing the risks to the economic security of the state. In our opinion, the creation of an appropriate regulatory framework for the regulation of all spheres of economic development will help Ukraine to accelerate the process of EU membership.
BASE
In: Savina , E 2018 , Gear technical contributions to an ecosystem approach in the Danish bottom set nets fisheries . DTU Aqua .
The European Union is implementing a sustainable fisheries management framework called the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries, with the main basis provided in the objectives of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the Common Fishery Policy (landing obligation). As fishing can affect other components and not just targeted species, with for example physical damage to habitats or discarding of non-target species, the ecosystem as a whole must be considered. Although the fleet has reduced since the mid-1990s, gill- and trammel nets still represent about 80% of the Danish fleet in number of vessels. Gill- and trammel nets have the advantage of low energy consumption and good size selectivity. However, there is limited knowledge about the ecosystem effects of bottom set nets. Focus was given to methodological development (Paper IV), catch pattern (Papers I, II and III) and habitat effects (Paper IV). Regarding catch pattern, one can intend to minimize the catch that is unwanted (Papers I and II), or to maximize the part of the catch that is wanted, e.g., by adjusting the fishing tactic (Paper I) or by improving catch quality of the target species (Paper III). The limited information on passive gears is partly due to historical focus on active gears, but also because data collection and analysis calls for the development of appropriate innovative assessment methodologies to properly assess the new type of information which has to be gathered as part of an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries. A stereo imaging method to assess in-situ the dynamic behavior of passive gears was identified, adapted, tested and used (Paper IV). Comparing bottom set nets fishing operations can be challenging as the measure of fishing effort depends on various factors such as the combination of netting characteristics, net length, or soak time. Statistical methods that have recently been developed were identified and used for estimating the relative catch efficiency between two different designs of a passive fishing gear (Paper I) or to standardize data to a wide range of effort variables by including the landed portion of the fishing operation with the use of discard ratios (Paper II). Gear technologists can play a key role in searching for win-win solutions so that fishing can continue in an ecologically sustainable manner, i.e., avoiding unwanted catch and habitat damage. The selection properties of gillnets may be improved by changing the gear characteristics, e.g., mesh size or netting material, but in many cases the fisher's operational tactic plays a preponderant role, as new selective technologies involving more complex gear are usually limited in passive fisheries. Gear technological considerations, i.e., gear design and operational tactics, can help to implement an Ecosystem Approach to the Danish bottom set nets fisheries. The effects of gear design, i.e., light and heavy nets, on habitat effects (Paper IV) and fisher's tactic, i.e., soak duration or choice of target species, on catch pattern and quality (Papers I, II and III) were explored. In Paper I, the effect of fisher's soak tactic on catch pattern in the Danish gillnet plaice fishery was investigated by estimating the length-dependent catch efficiency, or relative size selectivity, of three different soak patterns, i.e., 12h at day, 12h at night and 24h. By adjusting their soak tactic, i.e., 12h at day, fishers participating in the costal summer fishery for plaice can maximize their catch by catching more plaice at commercial size when they are more available to the gear, and limit handling time by catching less dab and crabs when they are less available to the gear. In Paper II, discard ratios of regulated fish species under the landing obligation in the Danish bottom set nets fisheries for cod, plaice and sole in the North Sea were described using the discard data from observers at sea, and the effects of soak duration, depth, latitude and longitude on discards were investigated by the use of a beta distribution. Discard ratios ranged from 1.10 to 100%, with high variability between fishing operations, species and fisheries, discard of undersized individuals due to the use of small mesh sizes in the sole fishery being the main challenge identified. In the North Sea cod fishery, there was a decreased probability of cod discard with depth, with greater effect in the more recent years. In Paper III, the effect of soak time (12 and 24h) on catch quality, as well as if the registered damages on whole fish have an effect on processed products such as fillets, were investigated aboard a coastal gillnetter and at a specialized processing factory. Damage in fish was significantly more likely for whole than filleted fish, and significantly more likely for longer soak times. With the optimum soak time, gillnets can deliver good quality fish. In Paper VI, a stereo imaging method was identified, adapted, tested and used to quantify in-situ the movement of the leadline of light and heavy gillnets, deployed on the bottom in sandy habitats, using the Danish gillnet coastal plaice fishery as a case study. The direct physical disruption of the seabed of gillnets was minimal as the leadline was moving but not penetrating into the seabed. Whereas the general perception is that heavy gears are more destructive to the habitat, it was demonstrated here that light nets were moving significantly more than heavy ones.
BASE
Розкрито сутність понять "економічна безпека", "правове регулювання".Охарактеризовано нормативно-правову базу правового регулювання взаємовідносин між Україною та Європейським Союзом. Окреслено основні положення нормативних документів. Наведено низку загроз, які створюють проблеми для ефективного становлення економічної безпеки в державі. Запропоновано основні рекомендації, які допоможуть мінімізувати загрози. ; Problem setting. The essence of concepts "economic security", "legal regulation" is revealed, the legal and regulatory framework of the right regulation of relations between Ukraine and the European Union is described, the main provisions of normative documents are outlined. There are a number of threats that create problems for the effective formation of economic security in the state. The main recommendations are suggested, which will help minimize the threats.In modern market conditions, each country is trying to improve the quality of products, expand sales markets, enter the international market and increase the competitiveness of its products. To effectively ensure and protect commodity producers against unfair competition, there is a need to create an appropriate legal framework in which business entities would be located. But in the realities of the state it is difficult to protect the economic security of the country without the relevant legal legislation in this area.Recent research and publications analysis shows that this issue is topical and in the future becomes very important. However, among scholars this problem is not sufficiently investigated. The main scientists who were engaged in research in this matter are: E. Gida, M. Ermoshenko, J. Zhalilo, A. Korystin, I. Migus, V. Tambovtsev and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of general problem. However, it should be noted that most of the scientists focus their attention on delineating the notion of economic security, and not on the study of the legal regulation of the relationship between Ukraine and the EU in the field of economic security.The purpose of the article is to reveal the essence of such concepts as "economic security", "legal regulation"; analyze and characterize the legal framework for the legal regulation of relations between Ukraine and the European Union; outline the main provisions of regulatory documents; identify the main threats to economic security; to offer recommendations for minimizing existing threats.Paper main body. The development and development of the state's economic independence is one of the key values in the activities of the Government of any of the developing countries. Ukraine was not an exception, since it set a goal – for membership in the European Union (hereinafter – EU), which led to the need for economic reforms. To do this, it is necessary to conduct an analysis of the legal regulation of relations with the European Union from the beginning of the formation of these relationships as of today. For further understanding of this subject it is necessary to give a definition of the concept of "economic security".In our opinion, economic security should be understood as a certain system of protection against exogenous and endogenous threats, protecting commodity producers from imperfect competition and ensuring competitiveness in both the domestic and foreign markets.To maintain investment activity and protect the rights of investors, it is necessary to ensure effective protection of the right of private property, including judicial authorities, to harmonize the provision of Ukrainian legislation with the legislation of the European Union in protecting the rights of national, foreign investors and creditors, protecting economic competition, introducing incentive mechanisms for investment activities , proceeding from the best world practice.However, in addition to the existing regulatory framework of legal regulation in Ukraine, there are a number of threats that create problems for the effective development of economic security in the country:– reduction of gross domestic product;– growth of credit risks;– consideration of Ukraine as a raw material appendage for the world;– Shadowing of the national economy;– corruption and bribery;– a significant level of monopolization of the economy.The main recommendations that help to minimize the above-mentioned threats include:– control by the state, on export-import activities, in particular in the sphere of energy resources and food products;– checking the borrower's solvency, ensuring the transparency of the monetary system and restoring confidence in domestic financial institutions;– improvement and modernization of existing equipment and application of new technologies with the aim of producing new types of products with a view to their further export;– determining the benefits of legal economic activity;– activation of customs and tax authorities, in the manifestation and elimination of economic crimes;– demonopolization of the economy, protection of economic competition, simplification and optimization of the taxation system, the formation of a favorable business climate and conditions for accelerated innovation development.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. As our research shows, an important place in ensuring the economic security of the state is the legal regulation of relations both within the country and with external partners. But in the conditions of Ukraine's development and the definition of the course for full membership in the EU, it is advisable, in our view, to take into account the recommendations on minimizing the risks to the economic security of the state. In our opinion, the creation of an appropriate regulatory framework for the regulation of all spheres of economic development will help Ukraine to accelerate the process of EU membership.
BASE
Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy ; Austrian Science Fund ; Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique ; Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science ; CERN ; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Colombian Funding Agency (COLCIENCIAS) ; Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport ; Croatian Science Foundation ; Research Promotion Foundation, Cyprus ; Secretariat for Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation, Ecuador ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council ; European Regional Development Fund, Estonia ; Academy of Finland, Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture ; Helsinki Institute of Physics ; Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules / CNRS ; Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives / CEA, France ; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany ; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece ; National Scientific Research Foundation ; National Innovation Office, Hungary ; Department of Atomic Energy ; Department of Science and Technology, India ; Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran ; Science Foundation, Ireland ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy ; Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning ; National Research Foundation (NRF), Republic of Korea ; Lithuanian Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Education ; University of Malaya (Malaysia) ; BUAP ; CINVESTAV ; CONACYT ; LNS ; SEP ; UASLP-FAI ; Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand ; Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education ; National Science Centre, Poland ; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal ; JINR, Dubna ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation ; Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation, Russian Academy of Sciences ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research ; NRNU MEPhI ; Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia ; Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion, Programa Consolider-Ingenio Plan de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion del Principado de Asturias ; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Spain ; ETH Board ; ETH Zurich ; PSI ; SNF ; UniZH ; Canton Zurich ; SER ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei ; Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics ; Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand, Special Task Force for Activating Research ; National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand ; Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey ; Turkish Atomic Energy Authority ; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ; State Fund for Fundamental Researches, Ukraine ; Science and Technology Facilities Council, U.K. ; US Department of Energy ; US National Science Foundation ; Marie-Curie program ; European Research Council ; Leventis Foundation ; A. P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium) ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic ; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India ; HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science ; European Union, Regional Development Fund ; National Science Center (Poland) ; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund ; Programa Clarin-COFUND del Principado de Asturias ; EU-ESF ; Greek NSRF ; Chulalongkorn University ; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand) ; Welch Foundation ; European Union ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council: IUT23-4 ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council: IUT23-6 ; National Science Center (Poland): Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428 ; National Science Center (Poland): Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2014/15/B/ST2/03998 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2015/19/B/ST2/02861 ; National Science Center (Poland): Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406 ; Welch Foundation: C-1845 ; European Union: 675440 ; Properties of the Higgs boson are measured in the H -> ZZ -> 4l (l = e, mu) decay channel. A data sample of proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1) is used. The signal strength modifier mu, defined as the ratio of the observed Higgs boson rate in the H -> ZZ -> 4l decay channel to the standard model expectation, is measured to be mu = 1.05(-0.17)(+0.19) at m(H) = 125.09 GeV, the combined ATLAS and CMS measurement of the Higgs boson mass. The signal strength modifiers for the individual Higgs boson production modes are also measured. The cross section in the fiducial phase space defined by the requirements on lepton kinematics and event topology is measured to be 2.92(-0.44)(+0.48)(stat) (+0.28)(-0.24)(syst) fb, which is compatible with the standard model prediction of 2.76 +/- 0.14 fb. Differential cross sections are reported as a function of the transverse momentum of the Higgs boson, the number of associated jets, and the transverse momentum of the leading associated jet. The Higgs boson mass is measured to be m(H) = 125.26 +/- 0.21 GeV and the width is constrained using the on-shell invariant mass distribution to be Gamma(H) < 1.10 GeV, at 95% confidence level.
BASE
The European Union is currently aiming towards a circular economy. This economic model focuses on reusing materials and creating added value with recycled products using smart solutions. In this research, such an advanced approach was also chosen. Recovered municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI BA) was used to create aggregate-like products for civil engineering structures. The aim was to potentially increase the value and the image of this waste-derived aggregate in civil engineering applications. The use of waste-derived aggregates in civil engineering is especially attractive and beneficial. Natural and crushed rock aggregates are scarce in many locations and vast amounts of materials are required in different types of structures. Conversely, these drivers can also cause drawbacks in the appropriate use of waste-derived aggregates. For example, building highway noise barriers from such aggregates can hardly be considered as utilization; in fact, it is merely dumping the potentially high-value material from one site to another, and thus, avoiding high waste tax costs for landfilling. In this study, the aggregate-like products from recovered MSWI BA were therefore designed as a replacement of natural and crushed rock aggregates in the structural layers of road and field structures. In such structures, the costs of natural and crushed rock aggregates are generally higher than, for example, those used in the noise barriers, and therefore, added value from reusing this waste-derived aggregate could be gained. Europe produces approximately 20 million tonnes of MSWI BA every year. Untreated MSWI BA contains large amounts of both non-ferrous (NF) and ferrous (F) metals. As a result, the development for metal recovering technologies has been of interest to many parties for the past decade. In this study, an advanced Dutch dry treatment technology called ADR (Advance Dry Recovery) was used to treat approximately 60.000 tonnes of MSWI BA from one waste incineration plant in Finland between the years 2013 - 2014. The treatment process efficiently separates NF and F metals from MSWI BA, generating 75 – 85 % of mineral fractions in different grain sizes (0-2, 2-5, 5-12 and 12-50 mm). These mineral fractions were first characterized thoroughly based on their technical and environmental properties. The aim was to properly understand what type of materials were generated from the process. Thereafter, different material mixtures were designed from these mineral fractions using the mathematical proportioning of aggregates. The aim was to create aggregate-like products for different structural layers (filtration, subbase and base layers) of, for example, road and field structures. Three products were designed, which were considered the most well suited based on their correspondence to the grain size distribution requirements of respective natural and crushed rock aggregates. These products were further analysed from their technical, mechanical and environmental points of view in the laboratory. The aim of these analyses was to understand the possibly unique material properties (e.g., sensitivity to changes in moisture content) that can affect the usability and constructability of these aggregate-like products in civil engineering. Finally, the laboratory findings were verified with a field performance study in which an interim storage field was built within a waste treatment centre using these aggregate-like products designed from recovered MSWI BA. Based on the technical and mechanical properties of the material, the aggregate-like products from recovered MSWI BA were considered the most suitable to be used in the lower structural layers of road and field structures. For base layers, the material cannot be recommended unless an additional base layer of natural aggregate or alternatively thicker asphalt pavement is constructed on top. The main reason for this is that MSWI BA particles are prone to crushing and most likely unable to resist the high stresses occurring in the upper parts of road and field structures. This study also demonstrated that the stiffness and strength properties of recovered MSWI BA were strongly dependent on the material's aging and the changes in its moisture content, especially when the material dries out. For example, in this study the resilient modulus (Mr) was even quadrupled when the material's moisture content decreased 5-7 %. With respect to the environmental properties of ADR recovered MSWI BA, the leaching of antimony (Sb) and chloride (Cl-) were identified as the main possible hindrances to the utilization of this material in civil engineering in Finland. On the other hand, the leaching behaviour of these substances showed consistency between the laboratory experiments and the field studies. These results therefore supported the reliability of laboratory leaching test results on which the utilization decisions in real construction projects are generally based. In general, the findings of this study indicated that the aggregate-like products designed from recovered MSWI bottom ash can be a valuable replacement of natural aggregates in certain structures as long as their unique properties are taken into account. When properly used, the attractiveness of replacing natural aggregates with the recovered MSWI BA can be increased, and the dumping of this material in landfill sites and noise barriers can be decreased. Finally, this study has also provided important background data for the finnish policymakers in order for them to decide that recovered MSWI BA can be added to the scope of a renewed Government Decree (YM14/400/2016). This Decree will further facilitate the use of waste-derived aggregates such as recovered MSWI BA in civil engineering in Finland.
BASE
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi -- Kaynakça var. ; Social, economic, and gender issues are increasingly recognized as significant factors in countries of east and southern Africa that underlie the HIV epidemic, keep maternal mortality and fertility rates high, and increase the likelihood that social economic welfare of such people will be compromised. (Krug et al, 2002; Mugawe & Powell, 2006 pg63). In this regard therefore, my study focused on the finding out numerous causes and common forms of gender based violence, examining the effects of gender based violence on socioeconomic welfare majorly at household level and to assess the measures that have been employed in reimbursement of gender based violence in families and to inaugurate the full picture for its sustained occurrence in families in Kisagazi parish Lwamata S/C. During the study, it was revealed that there are mainly five forms of GBV that affect the people of Kisagazi parish notably; physical intimate partner violence which happened at highest rate mostly in 2000s and back but has now drastically reduced majorly because people have obtained education thereby cutting down illiteracy levels and drastic reduction in GBV levels, sexual violence (SGBV), psychological violence, early child marriage enforcement and economic violence whereby women are not allowed to claim ownership of anything in a family. This impacted socio-economic welfare at household level in the following documented disciplines including hindrance to agricultural production which is the backbone of the economy, high costs of nursing injuries inflicted onto GBV victims, neglect of responsibilities, spread of HIV/AIDS, divorce and separation, retarding education of children and uncontrolled spending all these hinder socio-economic welfare at household level. However, the stakeholders had fought tooth and nail to curb down the scourge through employment of the measures such as sensitization of masses, strengthening institutions, using government bodies, educative programmes and role of religious institutions, starting up self-help projects, among others. The study concluded that GBV cases were prevalent in Kisagazi parish but had reduced drastically due to change in demographic characteristics of the citizens such as education, levels of income, stable governments, extension of police service to the parish among others had made cases reduce for the betterment of socio-economic welfare in Kisagazi parish and that these factors had positively affected socio-economic development at household level and therefore recommended the need for involvement of stakeholders at different levels and also to make comprehensive policies and incorporate couples to the formulation of policies since they affect both partners. ; Declaration, i -- Supervisor's Approval, iii -- Dedication, iv -- Acknowledgements, v -- List of tables, ix -- List of figures, x -- List of maps, x -- List of appendices, xi -- List of Photos used, xii -- List of acronyms, xiii -- Abstract, xv -- CHAPTER ONE, 1 -- 1.0 Introduction, 1 -- 1.1 Background to the Study, 1 -- 1.2 Statement of the problem, 5 -- 1.3 Scope of the study, 7 -- 1.3.1 Area of the study, 7 -- 1.4.1 General objectives, 9 -- 1.4.2 Specific objectives, 10 -- 1.5 Research questions, 10 -- 1.6 Significance of the study., 10 -- 1.7 Review of related literature., 10 -- 1.7.1 Prevalence of GBV, 10 -- 1.7.2 Forms of Gender-Based Violence., 11 -- 1.7.3 Causes of Gender Based Violence, 14 -- 1.7.4 Impact of GBV on socio-economic development., 17 -- 1.7.5 Mitigating GBV and challenges associated, 19 -- 1.8 Research methodology, 21 -- 1.8.1 Research design, 21 -- 1.8.2 Study population and sampling design, 21 -- 1.8.4 Sampling procedure., 21 -- 1.9 Data collection methods and tools, 22 -- 1.10 Data analysis, 22 -- 1.11 Ethical consideration, 22 -- 1.12 Limitations of the study, 23 -- CHAPTER TWO, 24 -- PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION OF THE STUDY FINDINGS, 24 -- 2.0 Introduction, 24 -- 2.1 Demographic Characteristic of Study Respondents, 24 -- 2.1.1 Sex Distribution of Respondents, 24 -- 2.1.2 Age Distribution of Respondents, 26 -- 2.1.3 Marital Status of Respondents, 27 -- 2.1.4 Academic Qualification, 28 -- 2.1.5 The Occupations of Respondents, 29 -- 2.2 major forms of GBV experienced by people of Kisagazi parish, 30 -- 2.2.1 Physical intimate partner violence, 31 -- 2.2.2 Economic violence, 31 -- 2.2.3 Sexual violence, 31 -- 2.2.4 Psychological violence, 32 -- 2.2.5 Child marriage, 32 -- 2.3 Causes of GBV in families and communities, 34 -- 2.3.1 Poverty and property ownership, 34 -- 2.3.2 Alcohol and drug abuse, 34 -- 2.3.3 Polygamous relationships, 35 -- 2.3.4 Associating with bad groups, 36 -- 2.3.5 Others, 36 -- 2.4 Effects of GBV on socio-economic welfare, 38 -- 2.4.1 Hindering agricultural production, 38 -- 2.4.2 Fueling high school dropout rate, 38 -- 2.4.3 GBV has resulted into attempted commitment of suicide, 38 -- 2.4.4 Job insecurity and family instability, 39 -- 2.4.5 High Costs of nursing injuries caused by GBV, 39 -- 2.4.6 Neglect of responsibilities, 40 -- 2.4.7 Existence of child families., 41 -- 2.5 Measures to curb down GBV, 43 -- 2.5.1 Sensitization, 43 -- 2.5.2 Strengthening institution, 43 -- 2.5.3 Role of government agencies, 43 -- 2.5.4 Education, 44 -- 2.5.5 Workshops and role of religious institutions, 44 -- 2.5.6 Starting up self-help projects, 44 -- 2.5.7 Other measures, 44 -- 2.5.7.1 Media, 45 -- 2.5.7.2 Creating fear on perpetuators, 45 -- 2.6 Challenges associated with measures to mitigate GBV, 47 -- 2.6.1 Corruption, 47 -- 2.6.2 Reluctance on reporting, 47 -- 2.6.3 Unimplemented policies, 47 -- 2.6.4 Culture, 48 -- 2.6.5 Limited sensitization and ignorance, 48 -- 2.6.6 Limited monitoring of individual behavior, 48 -- CHAPTER THREE, 50 -- 3.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS, 50 -- 3.1 CONCLUSIONS, 50 -- 3.2 RECOMMENDATIONS, 51 -- 3.3 Further areas for research, 51 -- References, 52
BASE
Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy ; Austrian Science Fund ; Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique ; Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science ; CERN ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Science and Technology ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Colombian Funding Agency (COLCIENCIAS) ; Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport ; Croatian Science Foundation ; Research Promotion Foundation, Cyprus ; Secretariat for Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation, Ecuador ; Ministry of Education and Research ; Estonian Research Council ; European Regional Development Fund, Estonia ; Academy of Finland ; Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture ; Helsinki Institute of Physics ; Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules/CNRS ; Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives/CEA, France ; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung, Germany ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Germany ; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany ; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece ; National Scientific Research Foundation ; National Innovation Office, Hungary ; Department of Atomic Energy ; Department of Science and Technology, India ; Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran ; Science Foundation, Ireland ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy ; Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, and National Research Foundation (NRF), Republic of Korea ; Lithuanian Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Education, and University of Malaya (Malaysia) ; Mexican Funding Agency (BUAP) ; Mexican Funding Agency (CINVESTAV) ; Mexican Funding Agency (CONACYT) ; Mexican Funding Agency (LNS) ; Mexican Funding Agency (SEP) ; Mexican Funding Agency (UASLP-FAI) ; Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand ; Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland ; National Science Centre, Poland ; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal ; JINR, Dubna ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation ; Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation ; Russian Academy of Sciences ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research ; Russian Competitiveness Program of NRNU MEPhI ; Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia ; Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion, Programa Consolider-Ingenio, Plan de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion del Principado de Asturias, Spain ; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Spain ; Swiss Funding Agency (ETH Board) ; Swiss Funding Agency (ETH Zurich) ; Swiss Funding Agency (PSI) ; Swiss Funding Agency (SNF) ; Swiss Funding Agency (UniZH) ; Swiss Funding Agency (Canton Zurich) ; Swiss Funding Agency (SER) ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei ; Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics ; Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand ; Special Task Force for Activating Research ; National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand ; Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey ; Turkish Atomic Energy Authority ; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ; State Fund for Fundamental Researches, Ukraine ; Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK ; U.S. Department of Energy ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; Marie-Curie program ; European Research Council ; EPLANET (European Union) ; Leventis Foundation ; A.P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium) ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic ; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India ; HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science ; European Union ; Regional Development Fund ; Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education ; National Science Center (Poland) ; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund ; Programa Clarin-COFUND del Principado de Asturias ; Thalis program - EU-ESF ; Aristeia program - EU-ESF ; Greek NSRF ; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship ; Chulalongkorn University ; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand) ; Welch Foundation ; Estonian Research Council: IUT23-4 ; Estonian Research Council: IUT23-6 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2014/14/M/ST2/00428 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2014/13/B/ST2/02543 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2014/15/B/ST2/03998 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2015/19/B/ST2/02861 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2012/07/E/ST2/01406 ; Welch Foundation: C-1845 ; A search for supersymmetry is presented based on multijet events with large missing transverse momentum produced in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of root s = 13 TeV. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1), were collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2016. The analysis utilizes four-dimensional exclusive search regions defined in terms of the number of jets, the number of tagged bottom quark jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta, and the magnitude of the vector sum of jet transverse momenta. No evidence for a significant excess of events is observed relative to the expectation from the standard model. Limits on the cross sections for the pair production of gluinos and squarks are derived in the context of simplified models. Assuming the lightest supersymmetric particle to be a weakly interacting neutralino, 95% confidence level lower limits on the gluino mass as large as 1800 to 1960 GeV are derived, and on the squark mass as large as 960 to 1390 GeV, depending on the production and decay scenario.
BASE
Stereotypes about Catholicism, Catholics and their role in the history of Ukrainian Polonia and Magnateria of Above Dnipro river territory in the late 18th – early 19th century require fundamental scientific research in this area. The author tried to reveal general trends and characteristics of Russian tsarist regime policy and other authorities regarding to the Roman Catholic Church as a center and initiator of consolidation of the right bank nobility in the struggle against religious oppression and denationalization. The author also stressed that the above events have been mentioned in the context of the national liberal struggle and patriotic movements strengthen in connection with Petersburg's annexation of Above Dnipro river territory.Thus, the aim of the article is to clarify the role and importance of the right bank nobility and Catholic clergy in preservation of national and religious identity under the conditions of Russian government policy aimed at eliminating of the established social, economic and religious norms. After the Ukrainian Right Bank territory joining (after the third division of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) the Russian Empire had gotten the region with a complex social, political and confessional situation. The Above Dnipro river territory was joined as a successor of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth political institutions, with well-formed corporations and organization of local self-administration. For centuries, the dominated Polish nobility – a privileged stratum of the population that had special rights to own property; freedom to political and economic activities; the nobility was exempt from taxes, which determined ited its elite position in the social-class system of the Polish state. It should not be forgotten that there were three cults of Christianity profession: Roman Catholicism, Greek Catholicism (uniatism) and orthodoxy in the late 18th century. Each of these churches had their spiritual elite who observed the influence of both the clergy and the parishioners.Under the pressure of tsarist's repression the Catholic Church lost its former influence in the region and actually turned from government support into the opposition institution. It was one of the leaders of the opposition movement. Instead Orthodox Church, under the protection of Russian authorities, had become one of the varieties of bureaucracy on the spiritual and ideological field, which was implemented by the spiritual elite. Spiritual elite, along with the political elite, fought with the representatives of Catholicism for ideological sphere of statehood (dogma and religion). Collaboration between political and spiritual elites, aimed at supporting the Russian-autocratic government, established a strong opposition to all non-Russian regional elite, including opposition of right bank Polish elite, which dominated in the region for centuries. This reliance on agents of the state apparatus (the nobility, officials and Orthodox clergy) in the region gave the opportunity to the Russian government effectively carry out incorporate policy.The policy of the tsarist government to the Catholic clergy was accompanied by confiscations and repression, and the status of the church had changed significantly from a privileged state institutions, with the support of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth government in the 18th century to the opposition to the Russian authorities in the 19th century. It is also important that the right bank gentry supposed the Catholic Church as an ally in the struggle for national and religious liberation, and that, in turn, actively promoted these ideas among believers, particularly before and during the Polish uprising in 1830–1831 and was punished by tsarist government. Denationalization of nobility was also occurred by encouraging the transition of the Catholic and Uniate into Orthodox Church, but magnates offered resistance to preserve the core of national identity. So basically nobles – Ukrainian descents, and the Poles – more as an exception to the rule were the converts. However, that question as the defining of other instruments to carry out the policy of depolonization of Ukrainian Right Bank territories require a separate study in scientists. ; В данной статье рассмотрены вопросы, связанные с реализацией российскими властями политики деполо-низации на территории украинского Правобережья, что вошло в состав Российской империи после третьего раздела Речи Посполитой. Значительное внимание уделено комплексу мер по уменьшению влияния католи-ческой церкви на социально-экономическую, политическую и конфессиональную жизнь края, особенно после активного участия католических и униатских священников, а также магнатов в ноябрьском антироссийском восстании 1830–1831 гг. Помимо этого, прослежено реакцию правобережной шляхты на антикатолические меры царского правительства и обращения в православие жителей Правобережья, и выяснено, что магнатерия в большинстве случаев оставалась верной конфессиональной принадлежности, видя в этом способ сохранения национальной идентичности. ; У пропонованій статті розглянуто питання, пов'язані з реалізацією російською владою політики деполонізації на території українського Правобережжя, що увійшло до складу Російської імперії після третього поділу Речі Посполитої. Значну увагу приділено комплексу заходів щодо зменшення впливу католицької церкви на соціально-економічне, політичне й конфесійне життя краю, особливо після активної участі католицьких й уніатських священників і магнатів, католиків за віросповіданням, у листопадовому антиросійському повстанні 1830–1831 рр. Крім того, простежено реакцію правобережної шляхти на антикатолицькі заходи царського уряду та навернення в православ'я жителів Правобережжя, з'ясовано, що магнатерія у своїй більшості залишалася вірною конфесійній приналежності, убачаючи в цьому спосіб збереження національної ідентичності.
BASE
In an architectural judgment It is apparent that a mismatch between predicted and exercised conclusions of spatial design process could be recognized specially in the early phase of design; the figure which eventually we call architecture (or built environment) is deep-rooted in the programmatic approach to architectural design or the concepts. In spite of the development of design and documentations of construction arrangements which are normally follow the authorization/legislation organizations formats/templates, the conceptual part as a qualitative/spiritual issue, which is potentially shaping the illustrative/imaginative visual division of built object, seems has been considered as a part of architectural creativity; Traci Matthews (FDOT, 2003) defines process as "a sequence of activities executed by a human or machine, often with the goal of transforming a set of inputs into outputs. A complete description of a process includes naming of the steps within the process and using models of the system in various abstractions". He also adds about method: "A methodology is simply the implementation of a specific process." Exploration of what –these days- has been calling "architectural concept" and "methods of architectural programming" and the issue of its interrelation to design process and exploration of the conceptual and historical structure that, hopefully, shapes current issues in architectural theories in addition with politics, ideology and, in a general view, the cultural context, whenever we make a revolutionary leap in personal development, scientific theory or any other qualitative or quantum shift of paradigm or framework, that to which subject becomes object for consideration could be considered as our perceptions and evaluations, those things that subject us to themselves, become things we can behold. As psychologist Robert Kegan (1982) has suggested, rather than be held by our perspective, we can hold it and choose our way of thinking. We can thus step back from patterns that bind and keep us in their hold, and instead choose whether to "hold" those ways or other ways. We can either be hold by a thinking pattern or choose to have the pattern. In fact, the space between architectural creativity and a managerial approach to the case of design must be filled with structural process-based components; here the main issue appears, how does this advent happen and how does this understanding occur? Loon (2008) is right when he is talking about computer dominance in architectural offices even in exploration of conceptual design possibilities; it is even overtaking the current methodologies. He believes that "the bridge between the non-cognitive intuitive design process and the ultra- systematic computer as a potential design medium is missing". Nowadays it is not hard to find many types of software which have been designed specifically in order to form generation in architecture; even there are some courses in architectural faculties just for working with form generating computer applications. Special processes like (Building Information Modeling) BIM have been developed just for dealing with building data during its design and construction life cycle. Collier (1995) like many architectural critics/theorists believe that the architecture must be technically/spiritually a value production activity; in the book of "Design, Technology and Development Process" by using a rich and diverse range of examples from different countries, cultures and historical periods, he explains his fundamental ideas. Collier firstly, sets the scene by exploring generation of buildings and types of architecture and structures to illustrate basic ideas that influence them and then, he discuss the nature of the development and analysis its process. Gaver & Martin (2000) have reported mapping a design space for a project on information appliances, "we produced a workbook describing about twenty conceptual design proposals. On the one hand, they serve as suggestions that digital devices might embody values apart from those traditionally associated with functionality and usefulness. On the other, they are examples of research through design, balancing concreteness with openness to spur the imagination, and using multiplicity to allow the emergence of a new design space." (2000, p209). Tarrah [Designer Magazine] have had the opportunity to hold an mini-brainstorming [idea generation gaming] session in order to bring the creativity and innovation issues in accordance with architectural design up. 1. Collier, Tonny. (1995). Design, Technology and the Development Process in the Built Environment (Ed.). New York: E&FN Spon. 2. Florida Department of Transport. (2003). the report of "A Process Review and Appraisal of the Systems Engineering Capability for FDOT". Retrieved from: http://www.floridaits.com/SEMP/Files/PDF_Report/030220‐TMI‐V2.pdf 3. GAVER, Bill & MARTIN H. (2000). Alternatives: Exploring information appliances through conceptual design proposals. In: CHI '00: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM Press, pp 209‐216. Retrieved from: http://www.cs.chalmers.se/idc/ituniv/kurser/04/projektkurs/artiklar/p209‐gaver.pdf 4. Loon, P.P. (2008). A decision‐based design approach. Design Processes: What Architects & Industrial Designers can teach other about managing the design process. Delft: Delft University Press. 5. Kagen, Robert. (1982). The Evolving Self. Boston: Harvard University Press. ; Bilingual workshop report Coordinator and Coach: Bahram Hooshyar Yousefi, Dipl.-Ing. (SE: Arkitekt, SAR/MSA), M.P.M., Dr.techn Contributors: Parisa Alimohammadi [Architect, Assistant Professor in IAU], Peyman BaniShoraka [Designer, Graphic Artist], Korouah Hajizadeh [Architect] Observer: Soroosh Bakhtminoo [Editor-in-Chief of Designer Magazine, Architect] DESIGNER Editorial: Sheida Haghighatpour
BASE
This paper gives an overview of activities which have been carried out in the fi eld of Linguistic Landscapes (LL) at Rēzekne University College (Rēzeknes Augstskola, RA) since 2008. Between 2009 and 2012, LL research was carried out within the framework of one of the work groups of the TILRA project funded by the European Social Funds (ESF). TILRA has had the overarching aim to support research in the humanities which may be helpful for understanding local identity and contribute to the regional development of Latgale. In this light, LL research has proven to be of high value for triggering effects in education at all levels, academic research and for enhancing discussions within politics and regional development. The paper fi rst provides a summary of the basic principles of the LL approach as they have been developed in the international linguistic community throughout the past decade. It addresses how the method has gained more and more popularity world-wide and moved from mostly quantitative and descriptive reports of the languages on signs in the public sphere to by far more interdisciplinary studies. Today, scholars in the fi eld of LL do research on signs of all kinds with regard to aspects such as functions of languages, semiotics, or the negotiation of and confl icts on ownership of and power in a territory. After this general introduction, the paper reports of how the LL method has been taken to the Baltic States, at fi rst in education and research at RA. The first of these activities were limited to Latvia (Rēzekne, Ventspils), but soon research was also taken to Lithuania (Alytus, Druskininkai) and Estonia (Pärnu, Narva). The paper then provides examples of the results of the research. On the one hand, a data base with almost 5,000 signs from the 6 towns in the Baltic States where research was carried out has been created. This data base allows for a detailed contrastive analysis of signs in the public sphere with regard to aspects such as the number and hierarchies of languages on the signs and their locations and functions. In cases of, for instance, signs at shops, also the type of shop is included. The research found 23 different languages, of which the titular languages of the Baltic States (Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian) dominated, followed by English and Russian. English appears mostly as a language of high prestige, often with predominantly symbolic value. Other languages were rare, and also the regional language of Latgalian was identified on only a small proportion of the signs in Rēzekne. In total, about one third of the signs in the data base is multilingual, the other two thirds displaying only one language (most often, but not always, the respective titular language). On the other hand, the data base has been supplemented by qualitative data obtained through 46 interviews (conducted in Rēzekne, Narva and Druskininkai) with people working in the field of tourism, but also with passers-by in the streets. The interviews focus on e.g. roles of languages in tourism, reflections of regional identities in the LL or connections between the LL and language policies. With regard to tourism, English was found to be of highest importance as a lingua franca, but also Russian plays an important role. The research also asked explicitly whether small private signs may reflect linguistic or ethnic conflicts, but no such examples were found, and interviews confirmed that on a small, local level, the LL is not a place where such conflicts take place. The paper then reports of impacts which the LL activities have had with regard to the popularization of linguistic topics in society at large. By now, several schools in Latvia have used the LL approach in their activities and adapted it to their individual purposes. Other debates to which the LL research has contributed and where LL research and the publications created during the project have proven to have an impact on broader societal developments, are e.g. the relation between language use in private and in public domains, the functions of different languages in the internet, reflections of paralinguistic notions and the economic potential of languages, the latter in particular with regard to the Latgalian language. Finally, the paper highlights directions of future research. This includes the analysis of language contact in micro situations such as on specific notice boards or the use of LL data in discourse analytical studies. More broadly speaking, it is envisaged also to analyse existing LL patterns in the Baltic States in contrast to LL studies in other parts of the world, e.g. the role of Latgalian in the LL vis-à-vis other regional or minority languages in Europe. The paper also provides an overview of important publications which have been prepared or triggered as a result of the LL research, including several master theses and an on-going PhD project. In total, the paper thereby shows how the TILRA project has contributed to establishing research and awareness of the LL approach in the Baltic States, and how it at the same time has given LL research in the Baltic States a recognized standing among international LL researchers. The paper is supplemented by a list of LL publications, including many of those publications published by the project's participants both in Latvian and international contexts, and by the questionnaire which served as a point of departure for the semi-structured interviews during the research.
BASE
"Counterinsurgency (COIN) requires an integrated military, political, and economic program best developed by teams that field both civilians and soldiers. These units should operate with some independence but under a coherent command. In Vietnam, after several false starts, the United States developed an effective unified organization, Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support (CORDS), to guide the counterinsurgency. CORDS had three components absent from our efforts in Afghanistan today: sufficient personnel (particularly civilian), numerous teams, and a single chain of command that united the separate COIN programs of the disparate American departments at the district, provincial, regional, and national levels. This paper focuses on the third issue and describes the benefits that unity of command at every level would bring to the American war in Afghanistan. The work begins with a brief introduction to counterinsurgency theory, using a population-centric model, and examines how this warfare challenges the United States. It traces the evolution of the Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) and the country team, describing problems at both levels. Similar efforts in Vietnam are compared, where persistent executive attention finally integrated the government's counterinsurgency campaign under the unified command of the CORDS program. The next section attributes the American tendency towards a segregated response to cultural differences between the primary departments, executive neglect, and societal concepts of war. The paper argues that, in its approach to COIN, the United States has forsaken the military concept of unity of command in favor of 'unity of effort' expressed in multiagency literature. The final sections describe how unified authority would improve our efforts in Afghanistan and propose a model for the future."--P. iii. ; "April 2010." ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Summary -- The stage -- The state and the insurgency : theory in the American context -- Different models -- Public support : the center of gravity -- The American response -- COIN operations -- Today's challenges in Afghanistan -- Conventional bias -- Provincial reconstruction teams -- Afghanistan by design -- Origins -- The concept -- Structure -- Chain of command -- Nation team -- A shift in strategy -- The move to Kabul -- Reorganizing the military -- Civil-military reality -- Problems at the national and regional levels -- Changes in Kabul -- Regional dynamic for the PRTs -- INTRA-PRT dynamics -- Lack of guidance and uncertain command -- Cult of personality -- The difficulty of distant command -- Military dominance -- Antecedents from Vietnam -- A long road -- Focus on counterinsurgency -- Failure to change -- The arrival of Komer -- CORDS : "can OCO really do something?" -- Civil-military integration, at last -- Vertical organization -- Team structure -- Assessment by participants -- Chain of command -- Performance in the field -- Problems -- Effects and evaluation -- Results -- Finale -- Lessons from Vietnam -- The Army's reaction to the Vietnam War -- Why the segregated response? -- Cultural differences -- The Military -- State and other civilian agencies -- Pink on pink -- "It didn't take Lincoln this long" -- World War II, its general, and the American psyche -- The American way of war -- Team America -- MacArthur's legacy -- The role of unity of command : an examination of doctrine and language -- Unity of effort : the fruit of unity of command -- The path to unified authority within the military -- Joint doctrine and the principle of command -- Unity of command begets unity of effort -- Unity of effort : the best hope in absence of unity of command -- The multiagency alternative -- Differences in joint publication terminology -- Foreigners -- JP 3-08 terms and the broader government -- Prospects -- Insurgency -- The concerns about unified authority -- The ameliorative effects of unified authority -- Eliminating remote management -- Diminishing the role of personality : lifting the floor, not raising the roof -- Coupling authority with responsibility -- A new structure -- Model -- The country team -- The tactical level -- ISAF -- Achieving the new model -- CODA. ; "Counterinsurgency (COIN) requires an integrated military, political, and economic program best developed by teams that field both civilians and soldiers. These units should operate with some independence but under a coherent command. In Vietnam, after several false starts, the United States developed an effective unified organization, Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support (CORDS), to guide the counterinsurgency. CORDS had three components absent from our efforts in Afghanistan today: sufficient personnel (particularly civilian), numerous teams, and a single chain of command that united the separate COIN programs of the disparate American departments at the district, provincial, regional, and national levels. This paper focuses on the third issue and describes the benefits that unity of command at every level would bring to the American war in Afghanistan. The work begins with a brief introduction to counterinsurgency theory, using a population-centric model, and examines how this warfare challenges the United States. It traces the evolution of the Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) and the country team, describing problems at both levels. Similar efforts in Vietnam are compared, where persistent executive attention finally integrated the government's counterinsurgency campaign under the unified command of the CORDS program. The next section attributes the American tendency towards a segregated response to cultural differences between the primary departments, executive neglect, and societal concepts of war. The paper argues that, in its approach to COIN, the United States has forsaken the military concept of unity of command in favor of 'unity of effort' expressed in multiagency literature. The final sections describe how unified authority would improve our efforts in Afghanistan and propose a model for the future."--P. iii. ; Mode of access: Internet.
BASE