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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.-- et al. ; Nicotine stimulation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) powerfully inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages and in experimental models of endotoxemia. A signaling pathway downstream from the α7 nAChRs, which involves the collaboration of JAK2/STAT3 and NF-κB to interfere with signaling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), has been implicated in this anti-inflammatory effect of nicotine. Here, we identifiy an alternative mechanism involving interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase M (IRAK-M), a negative regulator of innate TLR-mediated immune responses. Our data show that nicotine up-regulates IRAK-M expression at the mRNA and protein level in human macrophages, and that this effect is secondary to α7 nAChR activation. By using selective inhibitors of different signaling molecules downstream from the receptor, we provide evidence that activation of STAT3, via either JAK2 and/or PI3K, through a single (JAK2/PI3K/STAT3) or two convergent cascades (JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/STAT3), is necessary for nicotine-induced IRAK-M expression. Moreover, down-regulation of this expression by small interfering RNAs specific to the IRAK-M gene significantly reverses the anti-inflammatory effect of nicotine on LPS-induced TNF-α production. Interestingly, macrophages pre-exposed to nicotine exhibit higher IRAK-M levels and reduced TNF-α response to an additional LPS challenge, a behavior reminiscent of the 'endotoxin tolerant' phenotype identified in monocytes either pre-exposed to LPS or from immunocompromised septic patients. Since nicotine is a major component of tobacco smoke and increased IRAK-M expression has been considered one of the molecular determinants for the induction of the tolerant phenotype, our findings showing IRAK-M overexpression could partially explain the known influence of smoking on the onset and progression of inflammatory and infectious diseases. ; This work was supported by grants to C. Montiel and F. Arnalich from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Government of Spain (SAF2011-23575) and Fundación Mutua Madrileña (FMM2011), Spain. ; Peer Reviewed

Review of Mere Civility: Disagreement and the Limits of Toleration by Teresa M. Bejan (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2017).

Rezension von: Christiane Eberhardt: Geheimes Schulwesen und konspirative Bildungspolitik der polnischen Gesellschaft im Generalgouvernement: 1939 - 1945. Frankfurt/M. u.a.: Lang 2003 (332 S.; ISBN 3-631-39868-9; 50,10 EUR).

This qualitative study explored the perspectives and experience of New Zealand O&M instructors in the use of tactile maps with people with vision impairment. In-depth, open-ended, and semi-structured interviews were used to gather information from four participants, who were qualified O&M instructors. The interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Three inter-related themes emerged from the data that effected the O&M's tactile map usage: (1) the tactile map and the O&M instructor, (2) student needs and experiences, and (3) time and resources. Microcapsule and thermoform maps were the least used map medium, with collage map techniques used frequently by half of the participants. The most preferred tactile maps were ready-made tactile map kits, and instructors drawing directly on the students' hand or back. Tactile maps were used mostly by the participants to meet the orientation needs of motivated students, who were blind, had no visual memory, or did not use their vision for orientation purposes. Tactile maps were considered a vital orientation tool when the participants were teaching such students, and the participants did not believe Global Positioning System (GPS) applications would fully replace tactile maps. However, in general, the participants revealed that tactile maps were used infrequently as an orientation tool in New Zealand because of caseload makeup, limited time, and limited resources. In order to increase the use of tactile maps, tactile map resources may need to be more readily available. In addition, further research is needed about the characteristics of people with a vision impairment, who benefit from tactile maps, along with the effect of tactile maps usage on an O&M instructor's caseload and time, so that O&M instructors can plan accordingly and people with a vision impairment can continue to benefit from this important orientation tool.

T. M. Thomas Isaac and Michelle Williams, Building Alternatives: The Story of India's Oldest Construction Workers' Cooperative. New Delhi: LeftWord, 2017, 320 pp., ₹495. ISBN: 978-9380118468.

Recensión de la obra: GEROTTO, S., PASCAL, M., Y SÁNCHEZ FERRIZ, R. (2020). Il sistema costituzionale svizzero. Milano: Wolters Kluwer Italia, Cedam.

First published under title: Mémoires sur la guerre, ou l'on a rassemblé les maximes les plus nécessaires dans l'opération de l'art militaire, Amsterdam, 1730; also, Paris, 1731. cf. France. Dépôt de la guerre. Bibliothéque. Catalogue, t. 1, p. 19. ; Edited by Gillet de Moivre, with a life of the author by Jules de Pas, comte de Feuquières, and a notice by C. H. Lefébvre de Saint-Marc. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In the article a source study basis of the research of the socio-political activity of one of the most famous characters of socio-political processes in Western Ukraine in the interwar period of the 20th century – Matvii Stakhiv is analysed. It is pointed out that there is a whole range of source materials for investigating M. Stakhiv's socio-political and scientific activity. The comprehensive study of Stakhiv's socio-political and scientific activity is impossible without the involvement of six groups of documents for the scientific circulation: 1) the materials of state authorities, provincial departments, county chief's and police about the political situation, the activities of political parties in Western Ukraine; 2) documents Ukrainian parties, their record keeping documents; 3) documents of Ukrainian emigre scientific and political institutions; 4) materials of the Ukrainian and Polish press; 5) memoirs and diaries of well-known socio-political figures, scientists and civil servants of the Second Polish Republic; 6) M. Stakhiv's scientific and scientific-journalistic studies. The authors have come to the conclusion that the combination of the mentioned sources with the multiplanned scientific literature makes it possible to characterize in detail not only M. Stakhiv's socio-political and scientific activity but also to investigate thoroughly socio-political life in Western Ukraine in the given period. ; У статті проаналізовано джерелознавчу базу дослідження громадсько-політичної діяльності одного з найвідоміших дійових осіб суспільно-політичних процесів Західної України у міжвоєнний період ХХ ст. – Матвія Стахіва. Відзначено, що для вивчення громадсько-політичної і наукової діяльності М. Стахіва існує цілий комплекс джерельних матеріалів. Зроблено висновок про те, що поєднання окреслених джерел із різноплановою науковою літературою дає змогу всебічно охарактеризувати не лише громадсько-політичну і наукову діяльність М. Стахіва, але й ґрунтовніше дослідити суспільно-політичне життя Західної України у зазначений період.

The book How the Dismal Science Got its Name: Classical economics and the Ur-text of racial politics, by David M. Levy, is reviewed.

Cole, M. (ed.), Education, Equality and Human Rights: Issues of Gender, 'Race', Sexuality, Disability and Social Class (5th Edition) (London: Routledge, 2022), 350 pp. £28.99 (paperback), £120.00 (hardback), ISBN: 9781032010991.

BARTON, D. & HAMILTON, M. LOCAL LITERACIES: READING AND WRITING IN ONE COMMUNITY. LONDRES E NOVA YORK: ROUTLEDGE, 1998, 299 PÁGS.

The article examines the role of Mikhail Nikolaev,the first President of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), in the development of our republic and country, during the period of global changes in the life of society. The authors of the article consider various aspects of the multifaceted activities of the recognized leader of our people, thanks to which our republic occupies its rightful place among 89 subjects of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the article lies in the fact that due to the strategic course determined by Nikolaev and implemented by the successors of his cause, the popularly elected leaders of the SR(Y) V. A. Shtyrov, E. A. Borisov and A. S. Nikolaev, our republic has made and continues to make its worthy contribution to the development of Russian federalism and strengthening the unity of our multinational and multi-confessional Homeland, during the period when we celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and will participate in the next eighth presidential elections of the Russian Federation in March 2024, and also began active preparations for the 400th anniversary of Yakutia's entry into the Russian state, which will be celebrated in 2032. The aim of the research is to create an image of a true leader who can inspire and become a role model for current and future generations of activists, public figures and politicians at the regional and federal levels. The objectives of the study are to determine the effectiveness of regulatory regulation in order to achieve high results in government activities. The authors conclude that today the ideas and initiatives implemented in the regulatory decisions of the first President of Yakutia M. E. Nikolaev are successfully implemented in the region and, moreover, are scaled to the federal level and are highly appreciated in the world community.